前沟藻18S rDNA序列克隆和分子鉴定分析

旨在扩增一株未知微藻18S rDNA,并进行序列分析和物种鉴定分析.提取该微藻总DNA,用PCR技术扩增其18S rDNA,对序列进行测序,在GenBank进行序列比对分析,用ClustalX软件构建进化树;用光学显微镜进行形态学分析.经测序其序列长度为1 736 bp,G+C为47％;同源性分析表明,与GenBank中多个强壮前沟藻种的18S rDNA基因序列同源性迭99％;与前沟藻属的其它藻种同源性均迭95％以上.而与裸甲藻属和环藻属的藻株同源性为85％左右.经光学显微镜观察,该藻具有典型的强壮前沟藻形态.结合该藻18S rDNA序列分析和粗略的形态学分析,推断该藻可能为前沟藻属的强壮前沟藻.微藻形体微小,结构简单,需借助电子显微镜才可准确地从形态学上签定其种属,鉴定工作繁琐费时;而利用分子技术,则可能使鉴定工作变得简单快捷.     

淡水刚毛藻目一新组合种及其系统发育分析

作者于2012-2014年先后在湖北省采集到4株刚毛藻目的丝状绿藻。经鉴定,其形态特征和莫拉瓦刚毛藻Cladophora moravica Gardavsk(1986)非常相似;但相较于刚毛藻属各个种的形态,4株藻体更接近黑孢藻科的分类特征。基于SSU和LSU rDNA序列构建的系统发育树显示,4株刚毛藻目的丝状绿藻均属于黑孢藻科拟湖球藻属(Aegagropilopsis)。据此,作者建议将该种名称作为一个新组合处理,即莫拉瓦拟湖球藻Aegagropilopsis moravica(Dvoˇrák)Zhao et Liu com.nov。拟湖球藻属仅含有3个种:莫拉瓦拟湖球藻、硬枝拟湖球藻和棒状拟湖球藻,其形态特征与湖球藻相近且易混淆,故采用核基因组序列分析方法区分二者是非常有效的。     

产油微藻筛选和鉴定及其产油性能的研究

为了筛选具有产油能力的微藻,从自然界水体中分离出14株微藻,根据形态特点对它们进行了初步鉴定。对其中12株微藻在自养和异养条件下的生长特性和产油性能进行了比较。通过微藻的生长曲线,生物量和油脂含量等指标,从中筛选出高产藻株并对该藻株进行了分子生物学鉴定。结果表明:藻株Y06在12种微藻中的油脂产量和产率最高,经18S rDNA鉴定确定为栅藻(Scenedesmus abundans)。藻株Y06在自养条件下的油脂产率为9.40 mg/(L.d),在异养条件下的油脂产率为201.29 mg/(L.d)。     

一株高脂土壤小球藻的分离鉴定及脂质分析

对采自山西省庞泉沟国家自然保护区的土壤中的藻种进行分离鉴定, 获得了一株优良的高脂绿藻。经显微形态观察鉴定, 该藻株的形态特征属于小球藻属Chlorella (Chlorellasp. PQG67)。进一步对其rbcL和18S rDNA基因序列进行分析并构建系统树, 结果表明基因序列与普通小球藻Ch. vulgaris同源并聚为一支, 确定其为一株普通小球藻Ch. vulgaris PQG67。在不同光照强度下连续培养后测定其油脂含量稳定在30%左右, 在不同NaCl浓度胁迫条件下可达40%以上, 并通过叶绿素荧光值测量探索该藻株生长趋势。通过傅立叶变换红外光谱图对其油脂积累过程分析, 显示该藻株脂类成分在1634/cm附近, 有vC=O伸缩振动谱带, 随着培养时间的延长, 脂质含量的相对强度也在增加。可见该藻株具有较高的生长速率及产油能力, 是一株具产业化应用潜力的优良产油藻株。     

一株产油微藻的筛选及分子鉴定

利用通气培养系统, 对10株经过初步生长筛选的微藻进行培养, 以总脂单位体积产率为主要指标, 筛选具有产油潜力的优良藻种。结果表明, 10株微藻的生物质干重、总脂含量分别为0.81.6 g/L、14.8%39.7%, 总脂单位体积产率大于30 mg/(Ld)的有6株, 其中藻株HY-6总脂单位体积产率达到最高的50.8 mg/(Ld), 是一株具有潜力的产油微藻。运用形态学特征和18S rDNA及ITS系统学分析相结合的方法对藻种HY-6进行分类鉴定。依据形态学特征, HY-6为球状单细胞, 具有1个明显的蛋白核, 杯状色素体周生, 从而初步判断该藻株可能属于小球藻属(Chlorella)或拟小球藻属(Parachlorella); 18S rDNA及ITS系统学分析表明HY-6与小球藻属分为两个不同的进化支, 但与凯氏拟小球藻(Parachlorella kessleri)的亲缘关系较近, 且具有较高的自展支持率, 因此将其鉴定为凯氏拟小球藻(P. kessleri)。研究结果将为产油微藻资源的收集、筛选及后续研究提供基础。       

卵孢金孢藻(Chrysosporum ovalisporum)——中国水华蓝藻新记录

卵孢金孢藻(Chrysosporum ovalisporum(Forti)Zapomelováet al.)是一种在欧洲地中海地区和澳大利亚较常见的水华蓝藻,但我国目前还未有该物种分布的报道。本文对采自上海市滴水湖中的藻种进行分离培养,获得了一株纯化藻株CFWA01007,经光学显微镜观察,初步判定其为卵孢金孢藻,对其形态特征进行了详细描述并测定了其16S rRNA基因序列,结果与来自欧洲和北美的Chrysosporum ovalisporum(Forti)Zapomelováet al.相似度极高,故判断其即为卵孢金孢藻,这是该种在中国的首次发现。对该种的分类学和生态学特征进行了讨论。     

淡水球状绿藻一新种——汾河麦可藻

麦可属(Mychonastes)是一种分布广泛的超微型球状绿藻,是微藻能源生产、水质净化方面的潜力藻种。该研究对采自山西省太原市汾河公园的水样分离得到的一株球状绿藻(FHGY-19)进行藻株形态显微观察,并进行18S rDNA系统发育与ITS2二级结构分析鉴定,以明确FHGY-19的分类位置以及生态利用潜力。结果表明:(1)FHGY-19藻株为单细胞,球形,直径1.5~2.5μm,无黏质被膜,杯状叶绿体1个,周生,不具蛋白核,以2~4个似亲孢子进行繁殖,常见2个似亲孢子包被于母细胞壁内。(2)18S rDNA系统发育分析表明,藻株FHGY-19位于麦可属分支内部,与麦可属内的其他成员共同形成环藻目内一独立的单系分支,且FHGY-19与麦可属分支中的Mychonastes sp.5C3和Mychonastes sp.2C1亲缘关系较近,表明藻株FHGY-19为麦可属一成员。(3)ITS2 rDNA系统发育分析表明,FHGY-19与同是单细胞类型的Mychonastes frigidus、同球麦可藻(M.homosphaera)、M.pusillus、M.rotundus和M.ovahimbae聚为一支,且FHGY-19与5个藻种在ITS2二级结构上的总CBCs(碱基补偿替换)和保守区域HelixⅢ上的CBCs数分别为16个/7个、13个/6个、12个/4个、11个/4个和14个/5个,但藻株FHGY-19与系统发育树另一支的6个物种在ITS2序列长度、二级结构中总CBCs及HelixⅢ上的CBCs数均不同,表明FHGY-19的ITS2二级结构不同于已描述的11个种,为麦可属一新种。研究鉴定确认FHGY-19藻株为麦可属一新种,命名为汾河麦可藻(Mychonastes fenhensis sp.nov.)。FHGY-19藻株保存于太原师范学院淡水藻种库。     

一株溶藻细菌NP23的初步分离鉴别及其溶藻作用研究

从水体中分离得到一株具有溶藻能力的细菌,命名为NP23。经形态特征、生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA序列分析表明,该菌株属于肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)。研究了该菌株对湖泊中优势藻的溶藻效果,初步探讨了其溶藻方式及溶藻物质。结果表明,该菌株对小球藻、惠氏微囊藻、栅藻和蛋白核小球藻具有一定的去除效果,叶绿素a的去除率分别为64.1%、53.1%、87.2%和84.4%,而且在10-108CFU/mL菌浓度范围内,藻的去除率与菌液的浓度成正相关;该菌株对小球藻、栅藻和蛋白核小球藻是间接溶藻,对惠氏微囊藻是直接溶藻;该菌株对栅藻的溶藻物质是蛋白类物质,对蛋白核小球藻的溶藻因子是菌体胞外分泌的具有热稳定性的非蛋白类物质。     

1株虎源致病性肠球菌的分离鉴定及序列分析

从病死老虎肺脏中分离到1株肠球菌,并对该菌做了生理生化鉴定、药敏试验,致病性试验。本菌对多种抗生素高度耐药,对小白鼠有强致病性,其LD50为2.7×109.2cfu。并用PCR方法扩增分离菌株16S rDNA基因,获得1 415 bp片段,该片段核苷酸序列提交GenBank,登陆号为HM346186,将分离株的16S rDNA核苷酸序列与GenBank上其他肠球菌进行同源性分析。结果表明,分离株的16S rDNA核苷酸序列与肠球菌(EU285587)的同源性为100%,因此该分离菌株被鉴定为致病性肠球菌,命名为YN-1株(云南-1株)。     

链形藻类的中国新记录属—中眼藻属

中眼藻属(Mesostigma)被认为是与高等植物亲缘关系最近的单细胞鞭毛藻类, 是研究高等植物起源的关键类群之一。已有研究表明中眼藻主要分布于静止的淡水水体中, 诸如池塘、水库和小型湖泊等, 然而中国至今仍未有该藻的报道。本研究在重庆合川和福建九龙江采集到2株单细胞鞭毛藻类, 对其进行形态观察并基于18S rDNA序列进行了系统发育分析。研究结果表明这2株藻为中眼藻属的绿色中眼藻(Mesostigma viride)。此外, 研究从三峡库区的环境DNA中也鉴定出中眼藻的存在, 且主要出现在秋季, 说明秋季可能是在中国内陆采集中眼藻的最佳季节。研究是中眼藻属在中国的首次报道, 为今后的中眼藻相关研究奠定了基础。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.