云南大山包黑颈鹤自然保护区鸟类多样性及其与生境结构的关系

2015—2016年4个季节,采用样线法和样点法结合调查鸟类并基于遥感信息分析生境结构,研究了大山包自然保护区9个1 km~2样点鸟类多样性及其与生境的关系。结果表明:大山包共有鸟类16目41科127种,包含国家重点保护鸟类14种;雀形目、雁形目、鸻形目鸟类为主,共27科80种,数量最多的是斑头雁(Anser indicus)、小云雀(Alauda gulgula)、黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis),共占总数量的50.09%;种类以留鸟(占49.61%)和鸣禽(51.97%)为主,数量以冬候鸟(58.13%)和水鸟(60.28%)为主;40.94%的种类和60.28%的数量均偏好水域湿地生境类型;Pearson相关系数表明,水域面积占比与冬季和春季鸟类数量显著相关(P0.05),森林-灌丛面积占比与夏季和秋季鸟类种类显著相关(P0.05);大山包是重要的鸟类栖息地和越冬地,其生境结构对鸟类种类和数量有巨大影响;营建水域、森林-灌丛、沼泽湿地等多种生境类型及其空间组合,是保护大山包鸟类多样性的重要途径。     

内蒙古伊金霍洛旗红海子湿地公园鸟类种类组成及生态分布

2012年10月—2013年9月,对红海子湿地公园鸟类资源进行调查。结果表明:共发现鸟类116种,隶属于16目36科,其中,夏候鸟49种,冬候鸟9种,留鸟24种,旅鸟34种;鸟类种类和数量有所增加;依据地形地貌和植被类型,在调查区选择了湿地、林地、草地和居民区4种生境,其中,湿地鸟类多样性指数(3.042)和均匀度指数(0.687)最高,居民区多样性指数(0.599)和均匀度指数(0.227)最低,优势度指数湿地最低(0.079),居民区最高(0.766),相似性指数林地和草地最高(0.667),湿地和居民区最低(0.204);本文对该湿地主要优势鸟种与环境的关系、湿地鸟类种类和数量较前几年增加的原因进行了分析,推测出水质变化可能是导致鸟类疾病发生和死亡的原因。     

东洞庭湖湿地鸟类群落结构及其多样性

2004年5月—2007年2月对东洞庭湖湿地鸟类资源进行了调查,共记录鸟类297种,隶属17目52科150属,其中古北界鸟类144种(另新北界鸟类2种),东洋界鸟类92种,广布种鸟类59种。冬候鸟或旅鸟166种,留鸟81种,夏候鸟50种。该湿地有国家I级重点保护鸟类7种、II级重点保护鸟类40种,国际湿地公约名录中的鸟类34种。东洞庭湖水禽资源尤为丰富,其种类和数量具明显季节性变化,全年水鸟种类和数量均是冬季较多,夏季较少。东洞庭湖生境多样化程度较高,退田还湖后湖面扩大、食源充足,鸟类的多样性指数(4.40)较高,远高于省内陆地环境和国内的湿地;但均匀性指数(0.54)均较其低,这与湿地环境及东洞庭湖湿地鸟类受到人类因素的干扰有关。     

盐城自然保护区新洋港河口不同生境冬季鸟类群落组成及其梯度变化

沿海湿地是鸟类重要的栖息地,人类活动导致的湿地生境变化对鸟类群落造成了一定的影响。在盐城自然保护区新洋港河口内,人类活动大体上导致了由陆向海方向,形成芦苇沼泽、农田、鱼塘和滩涂4种不同干扰程度的生境。分别在不同生境中设置3条长3 km的样线,对越冬鸟类的种类、数量进行了调查,运用多响应置换过程测试、指示种分析、双向聚类分析和除趋势对应分析等统计方法,研究了不同生境中冬季鸟类的指示物种、群落结构及梯度变化,结果表明:1)4种生境共记录鸟类67种,其中鱼塘生境的鸟类种类最多,为37种;滩涂生境的D'多样性指数在各生境不同时段中为最高,芦苇沼泽生境的H'多样性指数在各生境不同时段中为最高。与其余生境比较,芦苇沼泽、滩涂的均匀度也更高。生境间的差异性与鸟类群落的组成有关。2)MRPP分析表明,芦苇沼泽、农田生境的鸟类组成差异不显著(P0.05);其余组合各生境间的鸟类组成具有显著差异。灰鹤等9种鸟类可分别作为4种不同生境的指示种。3)双向聚类分析法把12种观测条件分为4大类,与生境划分非常吻合。在剩余信息40%水平上,鸟类可聚为7类。利用12种观测条件作为变量进行DCA排序的结果表明,鸟类类群在轴1上可以分为3个集群,分别为适应开阔水域环境的鸟类、依赖水生植被环境的鸟类和依赖陆地植被环境的鸟类。根据结果分析,生境异质性、干扰程度及潮水涨落等与鸟类多样性组成有密切关系;不同生境具有明显的指示种;鸟类群落结构为适应生境变化而出现一定的梯度变化。应加强芦苇沼泽的保护,在开垦农田、鱼塘和在光滩引入互花米草时应考虑到人类活动对鸟类多样性的影响。     

乌鲁木齐市不同生境繁殖期的鸟类群落多样性及功能集团分析

2016—2019年对乌鲁木齐市7种生境(高寒草甸、针叶林-灌丛、草原、农田、荒漠、湿地和城市公园)的繁殖期鸟类进行实地调查。共记录鸟类178种,隶属19目45科,其中雀形目Passeriformes最具代表性,共86种(占48.3%);居留型以夏候鸟和留鸟为主,共153种(占86.0%);分布型以古北型为主,共82种(占46.1%);珍稀濒危和重点保护物种共33种(占18.5%)。鸟类群落物种数及个体数最多的为湿地生境,荒漠、针叶林-灌丛生境次之,各生境物种数(H=30.628,P0.001)存在显著性差异。湿地生境鸟类的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最高,高寒草甸生境的最低;草原生境的Pielou均匀度指数最高,高寒草甸生境的最低;高寒草甸生境的Simpson优势度指数最高,草原生境的最低;针叶林-灌丛生境的物种丰富度指数最高,荒漠生境的最低。草原与针叶林-灌丛生境之间的Sorensen相似性系数最高(0.59),高寒草甸与荒漠之间的最低(0)。湿地生境鸟类群落的捕食集团以食虫性为主,其他生境以杂食性为主。湿地生境中鸟类营地面巢的居多,高寒草甸生境中鸟类营洞巢的居多,其他生境中鸟类营编织巢的居多。上述结果表明,乌鲁木齐市周围的湿地生境应该得到优先保护。     

甘肃黑河内陆河湿地自然保护区候鸟多样性

甘肃黑河为我国第二大内陆河,位于其中游的黑河湿地自然保护区为内陆河流湿地生态系统自然保护区。2008年分季节采用样线法和样点法调查该保护区湿地、农田村庄、人工林和荒漠4种生境的鸟类种类和数量。调查共记录保护区分布的鸟类17目35科116种,其中夏候鸟73种(占鸟类种类的62.93%),迁徙过路鸟20种(占17.24%),留鸟17种(占14.66%),冬候鸟6种(占5.17%)。其中,属于《湿地公约》的水禽56种。在湿地生境共记录鸟类70种,占保护区鸟类种数的60.34%,其中繁殖期在湿地生境栖息的鸟类有50种,绝大部分为夏候鸟(47种),留鸟只有3种;迁徙季节分布有44种鸟类,其中迁徙过路鸟(只在迁徙季节见到)有17种,占迁徙季节鸟类种类数的38.64%。村庄农田、人工林以及荒漠生境中,繁殖期和迁飞期共记录鸟类57种,夏候鸟有33种,留鸟有17种,迁徙过路鸟只有3种。甘肃张掖黑河湿地保护区是众多水禽在我国西北地区的重要繁殖地和迁徙停歇地,是我国候鸟迁徙西部路线上的关键区域。     

河南黄河湿地国家级自然保护区不同生境鸟类多样性分析

2006年9月～2007年8月,对河南黄河湿地国家级自然保护区鸟类进行野外调查,结合文献共统计鸟类16目53科247种.对山地、滩地、水域、人工林4种生境鸟类物种数、鸟类数量等级、多样性、鸟类群落间相似性进行了分析.滩地鸟类物种数及G指数(属的多样性)和F指数(科的多样性)值均最高.山地和人工林鸟类组成有相似性.     

宁夏沙坡头自然保护区四种生境夏季鸟类群落变化

1999年夏季采用样线法调查了宁夏沙坡头自然保护区 4种生境鸟的种数和数量 ,并与 1986年用相同取样方法得到的数据 (Liu&Chang ,1990 )进行比较 ,以了解 13年间鸟类群落的变化并探讨其原因。 1999年共记录到 6 7种鸟 ,比 1986年新增 36种 ,同时减少 10种。荒漠生境鸟类的数量减少到不足 1986年的 5 0 % ,但种数、群落多样性和优势度与 1986年接近 ;湿地生境鸟类的种数和数量都增加 1倍多 ,群落多样性和优势度略有增加 ;固沙林生境鸟类的种数从 8种增加到 34种 (增加了食虫、荒漠鸟类 ) ,但数量略减少 ,群落多样性增加 6 7% ,优势度减少 6 3% ;村庄农田生境鸟类种数与 1986年接近 ,数量、群落多样性和优势度都减少。湿地鸟类群落的状态变好 ,是鱼塘水域增加的结果 ;固沙林鸟类群落的状况看似好转 ,但潜伏着虫害所致的荒漠化危机 ;村庄农田生境鸟类群落状态变差 ,与农村传统土房大量消失有关。     

陕西省黄河湿地冬季鸟类群落初步研究

1998～2008年,采用直接计数法对陕西省黄河湿地冬季鸟类群落组成、鸟类物种多样性及数量变化进行了调查.在预先设置的5条调查样带中共记录到鸟类14目33科117种.观察结果表明,该地区鸟类多样性指数和均匀度指数分别为4.497和0.654.栖息地可分为人工渔塘、芦苇沼泽、滩涂湿地、农田和人工林5种类型.这些生境中鸟类组成及物种多样性差异均较大,其鸟类多样性指数分别为2.826、3.571、3.202、1.205、2.496,以芦苇沼泽中的鸟类多样性指数最高,滩涂湿地中鸟类数量最多,农田中鸟类优势度最高.通过对该地区鸟类群落组成及多样性分析研究以及黄河湿地冬季鸟类栖息地现状评价,为湿地鸟类资源的保护提供科学依据.     

天津滨海国际机场鸟类群落结构及多样性特征

于2015年3月—2016年2月,采用固定半径样点法和样带法,对天津滨海国际机场飞行区内的鸟类群落结构及多样性特征进行了调查。结果表明:天津滨海国际机场分布鸟类12目31科52种,其中留鸟7种(13.46%),夏候鸟17种(32.69%),冬候鸟5种(9.62%),旅鸟23种(44.23%);广性分布鸟类8种,优势种6种;综合鸟类的飞行高度、体重、数量、遇见频率及生境利用率等因素对飞机飞行安全的影响,对鸟类危险等级进行了评估,严重危险鸟类有红隼(Falco tinnunculus)、喜鹊(Pica pica)和麻雀(Passer montanus)3种;秋季鸟类多样性指数最高,春季优势度最高,湿地苇丛的多样性指数和均匀度指数最高,场内建筑区的优势度指数最高,机场围界区与场内建筑区的鸟类群落相似度最高。通过对不同季节、不同生境鸟类多样性的对比分析,搞清机场飞行区内被鸟类利用的生境特征及鸟类分布与活动规律,进而为机场开展鸟撞防范工作提供依据。     

有关棕头鸥和遗鸥两近似种的分类与分布问题研究

本文根据近几年的野外观察结果并分析有关文献资料,系统地比较研究了棕头鸥和遗鸥两近似种的分类和分布现状,直接依据野外活体形态并对照系列标本对两种鸥的成、幼鸟和雏鸟的形态及野外临别特征给出了较精确的描述,澄清了这两种鸥以往在分类上的混淆有分布认识上的错位,同时从生态－动物、地理和行为学的角度对两种鸥的现有分布和今后分布态势的演进做了分析论证。     

遗鸥鄂尔多斯种群研究的最新报道*

野外工作结果表明,1993年遗鸥鄂尔多斯种群繁殖群体的数量达到90年代以来的最高值,共计1510余巢;同时桃力庙- 阿拉善湾海子对于遗鸥鄂尔多斯种群的生存具有特别重要的意义,且出现于那里的湿地鸟类集中地反映了鄂尔多斯高原荒漠型湿地鸟类群落的特点,依据《拉姆萨公约》所推荐的评判标准应考虑将该地点列入《国际重要湿地名录》。     

遗鸥（Larus relictus）繁殖生态研究

本文对世界濒危鸟类—遗鸥的繁殖地生境、留居时间和分布、繁殖行为、种群数量、食性及天敌等做了较系统的记述。于繁殖地,所见遗鸥皆参与繁殖,性比1:1;有581巢,分属8个巢群,巢的密度0.121—0.547巢/m~2,每巢含卵1—4枚,种群繁殖期约两个月,孵化期24—26天,孵化率100％。     

鄂尔多斯桃力庙-阿拉善湾海子湿地鸟类群落研究与湿地生境评估

近年来的野外工作结果表明,桃力庙 － 阿拉善湾海子(以下简称桃 － 阿海子)对于遗鸥鄂尔多斯种群的生存具有特别重要的意义,出现于那里的湿地鸟类集中地反映了鄂尔多斯荒漠型湿地鸟类群落的特点;鉴于我国于1992年7月已成为《具国际重要意义特别是作为水禽栖息地的湿地公约》(简称《拉姆萨公约》)的缔约国,本项研究比照《公约》所推荐的评判标准对桃 阿海子作了评估,提出该地点依据《公约》标准应被列入《国际重要湿地名录》。     

The Taolimiao-Alashan Nur:its Wetland Bird Community and the Wetland Habitat Assessment

1IntroductionStudiesonbirdsinOrdoswereinitiatedintheprojectofinvestigationontheavifaunaofInnerMongoliaAutonomousRegion.On29thApril1987,skinsofapairofgullswerecol-lectedatasmalllakenotfarfromthe'Ikolimiao-AlashanNur,towhichitwaslateron,bykindhelpofDr.MartinWilliams,identifiedastheRelictGull(Larusrelictus)(Duffetal.[991).InMayof1990,alargebreedingcolonyoftheRelictGullwasfoundattheT-ANut,thenregularfieldobservationsonthegullandonotherwetlandbirdsaroundthelakewerehencestartedand,during199…     

ON THE BREEDING OF THE WHITE-RUMPED SWIFT (APUS CAFFER CAFFER) IN GATOOMA

Crawford, R. J. M., Cooper, J. &; Shelton, P. A. 1982. Distribution, population size, breeding and conservation of the Kelp Gull in southern Africa. Ostrich 53:164:177.

The Kelp Gull Lams dominicanus in Africa occurs coastally between Luanda, Angola and Delagoa Bay, Moçmbique. It breeds between Cape Cross Lagoon, South West Africa/Namibia and Riet River, eastern Cape, South Africa. Censuses of nests and breeding birds at all known southern African breeding localities in the period 1976–1981 indicated that 11 199 pairs bred at 52 localities; 79.5% of this population occurred in South Africa, 57,1% in the Saldanha Bay to Dassen Island region, southwestern Cape. Of the breeding pairs 83% occurred on offshore islands and rocks. Colony size at islands is related to their surface area andMayalso be influenced by food availability and the level of human disturbance. The species breeds in a wide variety of habitats ranging from cliffs and rock stacks to wooden platforms, lowlying vegetation among sand dunes and estuarine sandbars. Any available material is used in the construction of nests, whichMaybe as dense as 4/m² Clutch size is 2–3 eggs. In 1978 breeding took place earlier in South Africa than in South West Africa/Namibia. 92% of the population breeds m sites which are legally protected. Kelp Gulls have decreased or increased in numbers at some breeding localities but there is no clear overall trend. Any increases in colony size near urban areasMayresult in added airstrike hazards.     

Possible effects of local enrichment by gulls on feeding-site selection by wintering Barnacle Geese Branta leucopsis

The selection of salt-marsh feeding sites by wintering Barnacle Geese Branta leucopsis was investigated on Schiermonnikoog, The Netherlands. Use of sites by geese was estimated by counts of goose droppings. Geese spent significantly more time grazing in sites with evidence of Herring Gull Larus argentatus and Lesser Black-backed Gull Lfuscus breeding activity than in nearby non-gull sites. The nitrogen content of red fescue grass Festuca rubra was significantly greater in gull sites. We suggest that the geese preferred to feed in these locations because of the improved nutritional value of the grass. The higher nitrogen content of F. rubra in gull sites was most likely the result of nutrient inputs from gull droppings rather than goose droppings.     

陕西定边苟池湿地发现遗鸥繁殖群分布

2013年5月23日,在陕西省定边苟池湿地发现遗鸥 (Larus relictus) 繁殖群,统计结果为434巢。分为南、北两个巢群,南部巢群341巢,北部巢群93巢,南、北两个巢群间距8 m。遗鸥筑巢于坑洼相连的盐碱沼泽中一处较大"岛屿"上,巢址高出水面30~50 cm。定边苟池湿地是我国又一处新的遗鸥繁殖地。     

Genetic Affinities Within the Herring Gull Larus argentatus Assemblage Revealed by AFLP Genotyping

To date, the taxonomic status of circumpolar breeding populations of the Herring Gull Larus argentatus, the Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus, and the closely related Yellow-legged Gull Larus cachinnans has been based on differences or similarities in phenotype, morphology, and feeding and premating behavior. To shed some new light on the many taxonomic uncertainties surrounding these taxa, we describe the results of a large DNA study based on comparing the distribution of 209 biallelic markers among 109 gulls, representing 11 gull taxa of the Herring Gull assemblage and the Common Gull Larus canus. A detailed phylogenetic analysis failed to show clustering of individuals into groups representing either geographic origin or phenotype. Alternatively, birds were grouped into taxa defined on the basis of phenotype and geographic origin or phenotype alone. Genetic analyses revealed significantly different genetic distances between all pairs of taxa. However, based on these genetic distances, again no consistent phylogenetic tree could be constructed. Analysis of molecular variance indicated that about 77% of the total genetic variability among these gulls could be explained by within-taxon differences. Only 23% of the total genetic variability was due to genetic differences between taxa, irrespective of their species or subspecies status. Although this seems to challenge the current taxonomic treatment of the herring gull assemblage, our results are too premature and too incomplete to recommend a drastic change. Received: 27 January 2000 / Accepted: 18 September 2000     

THE ANNUAL RE-OCCUPATION OF BREEDING SITES BY THE FULMAR

The Fulmar has a long period at the breeding colony prior to egg-laying. The pattern of annual occupation and build-up in numbers has been examined in detail at Marsden, Co. Durham, at a colony in which over 100 eggs are laid annually (Order 3 of Fisher's classification). The re-occupation of the cliff starts in early November with an occasional visit by one or two birds. The main period of activity at the cliff is during the morning and, as the numbers build up, the diurnal period of occupation increases. By mid-December the first birds to arrive in the colony do so before dawn and the last to leave remain well after dark until near midnight. Almost throughout the pre-egg stage, the colony is deserted each night and re-occupied the next day and birds only stay regularly overnight just before egg-laying. A similar pattern of occupation occurs after breeding but in the reverse order. The numbers of birds at the colony in January and February exceed the breeding population and include many non-breeders. The non-breeders progressively decline in numbers until May when only the breeding birds remain with a few non-breeding birds. The daily variation in the numbers of birds at the cliff is influenced by the wind speed. In general, the birds leave the colony under freshening conditions and the number present at the colony can be interpreted in terms of the wind conditions over the last three days. It is suggested that the synchronised departures are primarily feeding trips, the birds using the strong winds to reach feeding areas, except that the departure just before egg-laying is linked to egg development and synchronised laying in the colony. Competition between Fulmars and Kittiwakes for nesting sites usually results in the Kittiwakes gaining the site. This is achieved by the Kittiwakes taking over the Fulmar sites during one of the latter's departures.