北草蜥精子的超微结构--兼评不同类群蜥蜴精子形态的差异

应用透射电镜对北草蜥精子的超微结构研究结果表明,北草蜥精子头部顶体囊始终呈圆形,由皮质和髓质组成;顶体囊单侧脊的皮质与髓质问具电子透亮区;穿孔器1个,无穿孔器基板;具顶体下腔;细胞核长形,核内小管缺,核前电子透亮区缺,核肩圆。尾部颈段具片层结构。中段短,多层膜结构缺;纵切面上具2层线粒体;横切面上每圈线粒体6个;2组致密体,具连续的环状结构;线粒体与环状结构的排列模式：rs1／mi1、rs2／mi2;纤维鞘伸人中段,具终环。主段前面部分具薄的细胞质颗粒区;纤维3和8至主段前端消失;轴丝呈“9＋2”型。蜥蜴科内不同种类的线粒体数目不同,但都具有2组致密体。不同类群蜥蜴的顶体囊、顶体下腔、核前电子透亮区、穿孔器基板、核肩,以及线粒体与致密体的数目和排列方式等精子超微结构特征都为研究蜥蜴的系统发生提供了辅助信息。     

蓝尾石龙子精子的超微结构

蓝尾石龙子(Eumeces elegans)附睾以2．5％戊二醛和1％锇酸双重固定,按常规制作超薄切片,用H-600透射电镜研究观察精子的超微结构。精子由头部和尾组成,头部由顶体复合体和核组成,尾由颈段、中段、主段和末段组成。头部的顶体囊前部扁平,分为皮质和髓质,顶体下锥由类结晶状的顶体下物质组成,穿孔器顶端尖,、穿孔器基板塞子状,细胞核延长,核内小管缺,核伸展部前端具一电子透明区,核肩圆,核陷窝锥形。颈段具片层结构,近端中心粒和远端中心粒的长轴呈直角,9束外周致密纤维与远端中心粒相应的9束三联微管相联,向后与轴丝相应的9束双联微管相联,中央纤维与2个中央单微管相联。中段短,含有线状嵴的柱状线粒体,由连续的规则小卵状或小梯形致密体组成线粒体间的环状结构,纤维鞘伸入中段,终环紧贴于细胞膜的内表面。线粒体与环状结构的模式为：rs1／mi1,rs2／mi2,rs3／mi3,rs4／mi4,横切面上每圈线粒体数目为10个。主段前面部分具薄的细胞质颗粒区。纤维3和8至主段前端消失。轴丝复合体呈“9 2”型。蓝尾石龙子精子超微结构与已描述的石龙子科种类比较发现,与蜓蜥群和胎生群的石龙子相似;但没有发现石龙子科精子的独征。     

中国石龙子成熟精子的超微结构

利用透射电镜观察中国石龙子附睾成熟精子的超微结构。顶体囊前部扁平、由皮质和髓质组成 ,穿孔器中度倾斜、顶端尖 ,穿孔器基板塞子状 ,细胞核长形 ,核内小管缺 ,核前电子透亮区小 ,核肩圆 ,核陷窝锥形。颈段具片层结构 ,近端中心粒和远端中心粒的长轴呈直角 ,9束外周致密纤维与远端中心粒相应的 9束三联微管相联 ,向后与轴丝相应的 9束双联微管相联 ,中央纤维与 2个中央单微管相联。中段短 ,多层膜结构缺 ,含有线状嵴的柱状线粒体 ,不规则卵状致密体组成不连续的环状结构 ,纤维鞘伸入中段 ,具终环。线粒体与环状结构的模式为 :rs1 /mi1 ,rs2 /mi2 ,rs3/mi3,rs4 /mi4。主段前面部分具薄的细胞质颗粒区。纤维 3和 8至主段前端消失。轴丝呈“9 2”型。中国石龙子精子超微结构具有塞子状的穿孔器基板、致密体形成不连续的环状结构和纤维鞘始于ms2等特征与巨石龙子群和蜓蜥 -胎生群不同。没有发现石龙子科精子的独征     

中国石龙子精子形成的超微结构研究

采用透射电镜观察中国石龙子精子的形成过程。结果表明:早期精细胞中有高尔基复合体和线粒体集合,由高尔基复合体所分泌的前顶体囊泡,逐渐向核移动,以后的过程可分为四个时期。时期Ⅰ:前顶体囊泡移至核膜时,核膜凹陷形成封闭的顶体囊泡,囊泡底部靠近核膜处有一电子致密的顶体颗粒,近端中心粒及鞭毛开始出现。时期Ⅱ:顶体囊泡变扁平,细胞核延长,染色质浓缩成短丝状的染色质纤维。时期Ⅲ:核进一步延长,染色质纤维变粗变长,按核纵向排列有序。时期Ⅳ:染色质纤维浓缩至最大限度,电子透明的核质消失,核呈高电子致密,顶体复合体发育完全。     

中国雨蛙精子结构及其在系统发育上的意义

研究了中国雨蛙（Ｈｙｌａｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）精子的超微结构,并初步探讨其在系统发育上的意义,中国雨蛙精子由头部和尾部两部分组成,头部一有棒状的细胞核,核内染色质高度浓缩,细胞核前方有顶体。顶体圆锥状,顶体下腔之中一圆锥状的顶体下锥和细小的囊泡,精子尾部细长,主要由轴丝,致密纤维和线粒体组成,尾部没有波动膜。从蟾蜍科,雨蛙科和蛙科的精子结构看,无尾两栖类在进化过程中,精子结构趋向简单,雨蛙科精子的结     

无蹼壁虎精子头部形成的研究

本文用透射电镜观察了无蹼壁虎精子头形成的过程。早期精细胞具有显著的高尔基复合体、线粒体集合及细胞质桥、接着高尔基体成熟面分泌出前顶体囊泡,并逐渐向核移动。以后精子形成可分四个时间：时间Ⅰ,当前顶体囊泡移至核膜时,核膜凹陷形成封闭的顶体囊泡,囊泡底部靠近核膜有一电子致密的顶体颗粒;时间Ⅱ,细胞核延长,顶体囊泡变扁平;时期Ⅲ,细胞核进一步延长,核内染色质纤维变粗并沿核纵轴方向排列有序;时间Ⅳ,精子发育     

毛蚶与青蚶精子超微结构及其所反映的蚶科进化关系

应用透射电镜技术,比较研究了毛蚶与青蚶精子的超微结构。毛蚶精子顶体为圆锥形,约为核长的1／2;精核无核前窝,具核后窝;中段横切面常见5个(偶见4个)线粒体环绕于中心粒周围;精子末段由轴丝及包绕轴丝的质膜组成,轴丝为典型的“9 2”结构。青蚶精子顶体轴向纵切面呈伞状,覆盖于细胞核前端,约为核长的1／3;精核具核前窝和核后窝;中段横切面常见有5个(偶见6个)线粒体环绕于中心粒周围;末段结构同毛蚶。顶体的形态、核前窝和核后窝的有无、中段线粒体的数量等是探索蚶科动物种间进化关系的线索。     

长江华溪蟹精子超微结构的研究

透射电镜下观察长江华溪蟹成熟精子的形态和超微结构。精子呈椭球形,无鞭毛,具数条由核延伸而成的辐射臂精子。由球形的顶体,膜复合体,核杯及辐射臂组成,顶体由头帽,亚帽带,丁体囊及中央管组成。在中央管的基部发现有中心粒。核膜与质膜紧贴在一起形成了精子的界膜。     

中华蝈螽与中华螽斯精子超微结构研究(直翅目,螽斯总科)

研究了中华蝈螽Gampsocleis sinensis与中华螽斯Tettigonia chinensis精子的超微结构.两种精子的顶体复合体侧生于核上且包裹了核的一部分,顶体复合体横切面两侧角分离或两侧角与细胞核远离,或仅见其一侧角;中华蝈螽顶体外层在顶体本体两侧角外多呈晕圈状;轴丝为典型的9 9 2型;轴丝两侧的副纤维结构为2副微管;轴丝与线粒体衍生体之间的连接带3条;中华蝈螽有的横切面中两扁平膜池连接在一起;两种精子的中心粒侧体部位具五纵层细胞器.     

乌梢蛇精子头部形成的超微结构

摘要：为了解乌梢蛇（Zaocys dhumnades）精子形成的规律,用透射电镜对其头部超微结构进行了观察。结果表明,乌梢蛇精子头部形成可分为4个阶段：阶段Ⅰ,前顶体囊泡内的颗粒物质融合形成1个顶体颗粒而发育为顶体囊泡,随着顶体囊泡的增大,在顶体囊泡与核膜之间形成了致密的纤维物质层。阶段Ⅱ,顶体囊泡变扁平,顶体颗粒分散...     

The Ultrastructure of the Spermatozoa of Squamata—I. Scincidae,Gekkonidae and Pygopodidae (Reptilia)

Abstract Squamate autapomorphies seen in sperm of the Scincidae (e.g. Ctenotus robustus, Carlia pectoralis, Cryptoblepharus virgatus, and Lampropholis delicata) are penetration of the fibrous sheath of the axoneme into the midpiece, and the paracrystalline subacrosomal cone. Sphenomorphus group spermatozoa (e.g. Ctenotus) and the Egernia group (Tiliqua) differ from the more derived Eugongylus group (C. virgatus, L. delicata and C. pectoralis) in that the acrosome is elongate and apically depressed; the perforatorium is strongly oblique; the midpiece is relatively short, with four dense ring structures in longitudinal succession; mitochondria are columnar; and enlarged peripheral fibres 3 and 8 do not show the gross anterior enlargement seen in Carlia and Lampropholis. Heteronotia binoei (Gekkonidae) sperm have no epinuclear electron-lucent region; nuclear shoulders are smooth, as in sphenomorph but not Eugongylus group skinks; mitochondria are columnar; unlike skinks, the median surfaces of the mitochondria are indented by triangular, sometimes longitudinally, interconnected dense bodies. In Lialis burtonis (Pygopodidae) sperm, the perforatorium extends virtually to the tip of the fore-shortened apically domed acrosome; nuclear shoulders are absent; the mitochondria alternate singly or in groups with one or more dense bodies which also form an interrupted collar around the distal centriole. Spermatozoal ultrastructure suggests that a common ancestry of snakes and pygopods deserves consideration.     

Comparative analysis of the sperm ultrastructure of three species of Phyllomedusa (Anura, Hylidae)

We describe the sperm ultrastructure of three species of frogs in the genus Phyllomedusa . According to micrographs, total size of the spermatozoon of Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis is significantly smaller than those of Phyllomedusa bicolor and Phyllomedusa tarsius . The acrosome complex consists of two conical structures covering the nucleus, the acrosome vesicle and the subacrosomal cone. The subacrosomal cone of P. bicolor and P. tarsius is less electron-dense and appears more granular in transverse section than in P. hypochondrialis . In P. bicolor and P. tarsius , the nuclear space is reduced and the subacrosomal cone fills most of the space between the acrosome vesicle and nucleus. The anterior region of the nucleus in the spermatozoa of P. bicolor and P. tarsius ends abruptly, while in P . hypochondrialis it is sharp-ended. In P. bicolor and P. tarsius , the axial fibre is much larger than in P . hypochondrialis . The sperm ultrastructure of Phyllomedusa appears conservative at the intrageneric level. Future studies on the sperm ultrastructure of hylids can provide new insights on the systematics of the group and a larger database for a cladistic analysis.     

The ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of Epipedobates flavopictus (Amphibia,Anura, Dendrobatidae), with comments on its evolutionary significance

We describe, for the first time, the spermatozoon ultrastructure of a dendrobatid frog, Epipedobates flavopictus. Mature spermatozoa of E. flavopictus are filiform, with a moderately curved head and a proportionally short tail. The acrosomal vesicle is a conical structure that covers the nucleus for a considerable distance. A homogeneous subacrosomal cone lies between the acrosome vesicle and the nucleus. The nucleus contains a nuclear space at its anterior end, and electron-lucent spaces and inclusions. No perforatorium is present. In the midpiece, the proximal centriole is housed inside a deep nuclear fossa. Mitochondria are scattered around the posterior end of the nucleus and inside the undulating membrane in the anterior portion of the tail. In transverse section the tail is formed by an U-shaped axial fiber connected to the axoneme through an axial sheath, which supports the undulating membrane. The juxta-axonemal fiber is absent. The spermatozoon of E. flavopictus has several characteristics not observed before in any anurans, such as a curved axial fiber, absence of a juxta-axonemal fiber, and presence of mitochondria in the typical undulating membrane. Our results endorse the view that, in anurans, the conical perforatorium and subacrosomal cone are homologous and that Dendrobatidae should be grouped within Bufonoidea rather than Ranoidea.     

Descriptions of the mature spermatozoa of the lizards Crotaphytus bicinctores, Gambelia wislizenii (Crotaphytidae), and Anolis carolinensis (Polychrotidae) (Reptilia, Squamata, Iguania)

The spermatozoa of Crotaphytus bicinctores and Gambelia wislizenii (Crotaphytidae), and Anolis carolinensis (Polychrotidae) exhibit the squamate autapomorphies of a single perforatorium extending anteriorly from the apical tip of the paracrystalline subacrosomal cone, the presence of an epinuclear electron-lucent region, and extension of the fibrous sheath into the midpiece. Crotaphytid sperm differ from those of polychrotids in several respects, including: the structure of the perforatorium, the size of the epinuclear electron-lucent region, aspects of the acrosome complex, the arrangement and structure of intermitochondrial dense bodies, and in the distance the fibrous sheath extends into the midpiece. The sperm of C. bicinctores, G. wislizenii, and A. carolinensis are most similar to those of the agamids and phrynosomatids examined to date. No spermatozoal autapomorphies for Crotaphytidae or Polychrotidae were found. The condition of having the intermitochondrial dense bodies arranged in regular incomplete rings is tentatively defined as a synapomorphy of Iguania (although modified in Chamaeleonidae). Spermatozoal ultrastructure offers no characters that justify the separation of Iguanidae (sensu lato) into several separate families.