基于SWAT模型的汾河流域生态补水研究

随着人类对于河流的开发利用日益增强,显著改变了河流的天然径流过程,生态供水不足成为流域生态系统健康的重要制约因素。以山西省汾河流域为研究区,基于天然和实测径流数据,利用SWAT模型分别模拟了流域近30年天然径流和近10年跨流域调水情况下现状径流过程,并在此基础上对流域各河道生态流量及现状径流量进行时空量化,探讨了不同生态流量标准下生态缺水量在时间和空间上的变化情况。研究结果表明：(1)汾河流域各河道生态流量时空差异明显,汛期(0.50—18.80m~3/s)河道生态流量需求显著高于非汛期(0.05—1.81m~3/s),总体分布特征为中下游干流远高于上游支流;(2)在Tennant法的不同生态流量标准下,汾河流域非汛期生态流量保障情况整体优于汛期,高频缺水区主要分布在支流,呈上下游分散分布;(3)在中等级生态流量标准下,流域约84%的区域能保障基本生态流量需求,关键缺水区为岚河、潇河、浮山县及浍河地区;(4)建议流域生态补水在时间上侧重汛期补水,空间上侧重高频缺水地区,基于流域生态缺水量时空分布特征分配跨流域调水资源,提高水资源利用效率。研究从时空上量化了跨流域调水工程实施后流域生态流...     

基于多水文改变指标评价东江流域河流流态变化及其对生物多样性的影响

新丰江、枫树坝和白盆珠3座大型水库的建立对东江流域河道流量和河流流态过程有了较大改变,威胁河道下游生态系统的健康。基于广义指标生态剩余和生态赤字评价了东江流域受水库影响后流域生态需水需求目标总的盈余和缺失变化过程,基于IHA32指标计算的Do和DHRAM评价了水库对下游河段河流水文过程总的改变程度以及威胁河道生态系统健康的风险性大小,并进一步分析了对河道生物多样性的影响。研究结果如下:(1)水库对流量历时曲线(FDC)有显著影响,曲线上部下降,尾部上升,尤其体现在秋季和冬季。降水对年与夏季生态剩余影响较大,水库对各季节生态剩余和生态赤字均有较大影响:秋季和冬季生态赤字几乎为0,生态剩余显著增加。生态剩余和生态赤字与大部分IHA中32个指标具有很强的相关性,可作为衡量东江流域年和季节径流变化的生态指标。(2)龙川、河源、岭下和博罗4站点总体改变程度分别为58.48%、54.04%、54.32%和52.47%。河流流态变化导致总季节生态剩余增加并维持在较高水平,进一步引起河流生物多样性下降,并维持在较低水平。龙川和河源两站河流流态的变化对河流生态系统造成了高风险性影响,岭下和博罗两站则为中等风险。     

生态径流评价中的Tennant法应用

Tennant法在生态径流研究中起着重要作用.但是,对于保护河流生命健康与维持生物多样性来说,Tennant法存在着某些不合理之处;在具体应用中又有年均值比和同期均值比之别.鉴于Tennant法在我国应用较为广泛,文中对该方法的合理性及应用中的不同理解进行了探讨和评价.认为:Tennant法在生态径流评价中存在一定局限性;Tennant法的同期均值比相对年均值比合理.     

基于生态水权分配的太子河河道内生态需水量计算

生态水权是流域初始水权的重要组成部分,河流生态需水量计算是流域生态水权分配和生态环境保护的依据。在对太子河实地调查研究的基础上,采用月保证率法和鱼类生境法对太子河河道内生态需水量进行了估算,并选用Tennant法对计算结果进行验证。结果表明:2种方法计算结果是合理的;根据水资源与用水现状权衡,确定出各河段最小、适宜和理想等级的生态需水量;通过河段各等级生态需水量计算结果与现状流量比较,发现各水文站现状流量基本可以满足河流最小生态需水量的要求,而适宜或理想等级的生态需水量还需要采取多种措施在河道内预留这部分水量来保证生态水权。     

辽河流域丰枯遭遇下水库调度

利用Copula函数分析辽河流域水库入库流量边缘分布及其生态径流量,得出水库可调水范围,在满足生态流量基础上,保障辽河流域城市供水。研究表明:(1)英那河与张家堡水库入库流量以对数正态分布为最佳边缘分布,其余水库入库流量最佳边缘分布均为广义极值分布,同时,Gumbel Copula与Frank Copula函数对水库入库流量拟合效果最优;(2)7组水库组合中有3组水库组合入库流量(白石与锦凌、白石与青山、张家堡与碧流河)丰枯异步概率高于丰枯同步概率,且枯枯遭遇概率较低,分别为13%,12%以及13%。其余4组水库组合枯枯遭遇概率皆高于27%,水库间入库水文过程发生同枯概率可能性较大;(3)使用90%保证率逐月频率计算法所求流量是辽河流域9个水库的最佳生态径流量。(4)枯水月水库间易发生枯枯遭遇,当水库间入库径流皆低于最小生态径流标准,水库无法对各自调水城市进行供水调度,其中,大伙房与桓仁、白石与锦凌、白石与青山主要在1、2月无法对沈阳、凌海和绥中县进行输水,桓仁与清河水库仅在2002年5月无法对开原进行供水,此时需考虑水库提前蓄水以满足城市用水需求。碧流河、英那河和张家堡水库虽两两存在无法输水情况,但可三者联动对大连进行联合调度,缓解无法输水问题。     

湿地生态水文结构理论与分析

针对水土资源开发利用引发的湿地消退问题,通过研究湿地水分运动与补给规律,分析湿地和径流进退的关系、湿地生境和生物的扩展关系,分析湿地水文连接度下降引起的湿地消退效应.根据湿地水循环原理和湿地生境空间分布规律,建立湿地径流场与生物多样性场的概念,从而提出湿地生态水文结构理论.以维持湿地存在、保障湿地生物多样性为目标,通过湿地径流场与生物多样性场的耦合关系,将湿地划分为中心区和适宜活动区,以维持湿地生态水文结构所需要的水分条件定义为湿地生态需水.湿地生态需水问题的核心为确定湿地生态水文结构,并以湿地中心区和适宜活动区为边界条件,通过地表水地下水转化的水量平衡模型对湿地生态需水量进行分析计算.以维持中心区的水分条件作为最小生态需水;维持适宜活动区的水分条件作为适宜生态需水.湿地生态水文结构更对湿地管理提供生态安全阈值.根据湿地生态水文结构的稳定程度,建立湿地生态安全危机管理机制,进行不同级别的预警管理.     

变异条件下淮河流域生态径流变化特征及驱动因子

基于淮河流域7个水文站点1956—2016年逐日径流量和72个雨量站点1960—2016的逐日降水量数据,利用Pettitt变异点检测、生态赤字和生态剩余等生态径流指标,定量分析淮河流域水文变异特征,根据生物多样性指标和水文变异指数间的关系,分析该流域水文变异的生态效应,利用位置、尺度、形状的广义可加模型(Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape,GAMLSS)理论框架量化气候因子对生态径流变化的贡献。研究表明:(1)水文变异后生态剩余减少,生态赤字增多,干流流量历时曲线比支流下移更明显;年生态剩余/赤字与面降水距平变化一致,水利工程调蓄作用是夏季生态径流与降水距平相关性差的主要原因;(2)除冬季外,淮河流域年、季尺度生态赤字(生态剩余)逐年增加(减小),春季增加最为明显。尽管冬季生态剩余比其他季节高,但生态剩余整体减小,21世纪干流生态剩余达最低,香农指数表明淮河流域生物多样性逐年下降。生态径流指标与水文改变指标(Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration,IHA)指标相关达0.45,能体现IHA大部分参数信息;(3)淮河流域生态径流对北大西洋涛动(North Atlantic Oscillation,NAO)、太平洋年代际振荡(Pacific Decadal Oscillation,PDO)和Nino3.4气候因子影响最为敏感。干流生态径流对气候因子响应最敏感,而支流生态径流对气候因子响应不敏感,通过GAMLSS模型构建的生态径流对极端值和局部趋势拟合的效果更优。     

西南纵向岭谷区河道生态需水计算方法

西南纵向岭谷区流域独特的地理地貌、气候气象、生态水文以及人文社会环境决定了河道生态需水计算的特殊性。时空尺度上的跨越性及梯度效应决定需要从时空以及频度尺度上进行河道生态需水量的界定,在进行区域生态特征分析的基础上提出了生态径流．需水系数综合计算河道生态需水量模型;基于河道生态特征、功能、结构以及社会环境与河道生态需水量间的相互关系,构建了河道生态需水评估指标体系,包含生态需水特征分析指标、需水影响要素分析指标以及需水趋势分析指标3部分,为进行河道生态需水计算提供定量计算与定性分析依据;根据河流水文情势的周期性变化,提出变异系数与生态特征指数综合设定河道生态需水等级系数的方法;考虑到水文情势的自然摆动,提出了生态径流量的频度计算方法;本文并以澜沧江为例就有关的过程进行说明。     

水文变异下的黄河流域生态流量

使用t检验和Mann-Whitney U检验对黄河干流7个水文站月均流量进行水文变异分析,探讨了水文变异成因,在此基础上,确定变异前各月月均流量序列最适概率分布函数,将概率密度最大的月平均流量定义为河道内生态流量。经与Tennant法、最小月平均流量发和逐月径流法比较,考虑水文变异的河道内生态流量计算方法是可行、合理的。水文变异后,黄河干流7水文站月均流量普遍减少,月均流量满足河道内生态流量的频率降低。研究结果表明,人类活动是黄河生态系统水环境恶化的重要原因。在流域生态管理中,确保变异后生态流量满足频率与变异前相当。研究对于理解在当前气候变化与人类活动双重影响下,干旱半干旱区流域水资源科学管理具有一定理论与现实意义。     

SWAT模型辅助下的生态恢复水文响应——以陇西黄土高原华家岭南河流域为例

生态环境问题受到了日益广泛的关注,生态恢复也在各地蓬勃开展,但生态恢复工程的开展迫切需要相关理论研究的指导.采用假定生态恢复情景的方法,在遥感和地理信息系统的支持下,利用分布式水文模型SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)对陇西黄土高原的典型流域--华家岭南河流域进行了多种生态恢复情景模型的设计,并模拟了不同生态恢复情景下径流和蒸散发的响应情况.得出:在南河流域草地比森林植被涵养水源的作用更强,模拟年均径流深比林地低9.1%,而蒸散发却高2.2%,所以南河流域生态恢复过程中种草是十分必要的.结果同时表明,应用SWAT模型进行流域尺度的生态恢复水文响应研究是可行高效的.     

一种动态生态环境需水计算方法及其应用

随着经济的发展,我国的水资源形势日趋严峻,河流生态环境问题日渐突出.生态环境需水是影响河流生态系统健康的重要因素,生态环境需水量的界定、计算和分析是水资源管理中实现人与自然和谐发展的重要途径.针对传统生态环境需水计算方法实用性和可操作性差的缺点,开发出动态生态环境需水计算方法,利用月保证率法计算出初始生态环境需水状态空间,再根据实际的水资源开发利用形势,将自然因素和社会因素综合考虑,形成生态环境需水量的状态空间,然后用改进的水文指数法评价各生态环境需水状态,使生态环境需水的计算由静态变为动态.将该方法应用于水量年内分配不均,时有断流现象发生的年楚河,计算出了9个具有可操作性的生态需水状态,根据当地的实际情况,建议水资源管理部门以状态3和状态4为近期水资源管理的目标.     

水文变异条件下鄱阳湖流域的生态流量

受气候变化和人类活动综合影响,鄱阳湖流域水文状况发生变异。河流生态系统适应了变异前的水文状况,变异后势必会影响当地生态系统。基于此,采用8种变异检测方法对水文变异进行综合诊断,阐明水文变异原因。在此基础上,采用15种概率分布函数分别拟合5站各月变异前日流量序列,最终确定5站点各月最优分布函数及所对应的概率密度最大处的流量,即得河道内生态流量。研究表明:(1)抚河于1962年发生弱变异,赣江、修河于1968年发生中变异,信江、饶河于1991年发生弱变异;(2)变异后,赣江、信江、饶河、修河生态需水满足率平均上升11%,抚河生态需水满足率下降32%;(3)水文变异增加提高生态需水满足率,水利工程建设降低年均生态需水满足率、提高干季生态需水满足率。高森林覆盖率提高干季生态需水满足率,对年均生态需水满足率影响不明显。研究结果为鄱阳湖流域水资源管理及区域水资源规划与配置提供重要科学依据。     

Ecological reservoir operation based on DFM and improved PA-DDS algorithm: A case study in Jinsha river,China

Abstract

This study aims to explore the optimization of reservoir operation in the Jinsha River, accounting for both economic and ecological needs. Power generation was set as an objective to express economic needs, while water supply, shipping, and flood control were considered as restrictions. The distribution flow method (DFM) based on Pearson-III curve was proposed to calculate the most optimal ecological flow (MOEF). Additionally, minimal difference between the outflow and MOEF was set as an objective to reflect ecological needs. Results indicated that the DFM was more objective, effective, and convenient than the improved Tennant method and monthly frequency computation method in calculating the MOEF. An improved Pareto archived dynamically dimensioned search (PA-DDS) algorithm was introduced to address completed reservoir optimization. Results highlighted that the application of the improved PA-DDS produced more convergence, uniformity, and stability in nondominated solutions (NDS), compared with the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II). Separate optimization and joint optimization of cascade reservoir operation were studied using the improved PA-DDS. The results indicated that joint optimization produced higher power generation in the dry year and normal year, and significant reduction in the difference between the outflow and MOEF in the wet year.     

Habitat‐specific invertebrate responses to hydrological variability,anthropogenic flow alterations,and hydraulic conditions

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More for less: a study of environmental flows during drought in two Australian rivers

1. In rivers affected by drought, flow regulation can further reduce flow and intensify its effects. We measured ecological responses to environmental flows, during a prolonged drought in a regulated river (Cotter River), compared with a drought affected, unregulated river (Goodradigbee River) in south‐eastern Australia. 2. Environmental flows in the regulated Cotter River were reduced from a monthly average base flow of 15 MLd^?1 to only 5 MLd^?1, which was implemented as two test flow regimes. Initially, flows were delivered in cycles of 14 days at 3 MLd^?1 followed by 3 days at 14 MLd^?1 and then another 14 days at 3 MLd^?1 to make up the monthly average of 5 MLd^?1. This flow regime continued for 6 months, after which a preliminary ecological assessment indicated deterioration in river condition. Consequently, the flow regime was altered to a cycle of 2 MLd^?1 for 28 days followed by 20 MLd^?1 for either 3 or 4 days. This new flow regime continued for another 5 months. 3. The ecological outcomes of the test flow regimes were assessed in terms of (i) the provision of available habitat (wetted channel) for aquatic biota; (ii) the accumulation of periphyton; and (iii) the structure and richness of macroinvertebrate assemblages. 4. Flow of 20 MLd^?1 covered most of the streambed in the Cotter River, thus providing more wetted area and connectivity between habitats than flows of 2, 3 or 14 MLd^?1. Depth and velocity were always less in the Cotter River than in the unregulated Goodradigbee River. Periphyton decreased in the Cotter River during the 2/20 MLd^?1 flow regime, which combined the lowest and greatest test flow volumes, while periphyton did not change significantly in the unregulated river. 5. The reduced flow in the Cotter River resulted in fewer macroinvertebrates than expected (13) compared with unregulated Goodradigbee sites (19), although the magnitude of the differences did not depend on the test flow releases. Macroinvertebrates in the Cotter River became numerically dominated by Diptera and Oligochaeta, while Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera decreased in abundance. 6. In the Cotter River, the monthly average flow of 5 MLd^?1 (exceeded 97% of the time pre‐regulation) was insufficient to maintain the macroinvertebrate assemblages in reference condition, regardless of release patterns. However, short‐term ecological objectives were achieved, such as reduced periphyton accumulation and increased habitat availability, and the environmental flows maintained the river’s ability to recover (resilience) when higher flows returned.     

A qualitative procedure for the assessment of the habitat integrity status of the Luvuvhu River (Limpopo system,South Africa)

The riparian zone and instream habitat integrity of the Luvuvhu River were assessed based on a qualitative rating of the impacts of major disturbance factors such as water abstraction, flow regulation, bed and channel modification, etc. A system was devised to assess the impact of these factors on the relative frequency and variability of habitats on a spatial and temporal scale gauged against habitat characteristics that could have been expected to occur under conditions not anthropogenically influenced. It was found that deterioration of habitat integrity can be ascribed primarily to water abstraction. This has resulted in the cessation of surface flow in a naturally perennial river during the dry season and during droughts with consequent tree deaths and a loss of fast flowing instream habitat types in the main stem of the river. The relatively small high rainfall area in the catchment, the highly variable rainfall pattern and the occurrence of sporadic severe droughts exacerbate the impact of water abstraction on the instream and riparian habitats with expected detrimental consequences for the associated biota. The effect of water abstraction is particularly severe in the lower part of the river which flows through the Kruger National Park as no perennial tributaries join the Luvuvhu River in this section. Other factors which affect the habitat integrity of the river are the removal of indigenous riparian vegetation in some river sections, encroachment by exotic vegetation, bank erosion and stream bed modification.