一个芸香科属间嫁接嵌合体的拉丁名称:+Citroponcirus‘Hormish’

柑桔属(Citrus L.)和枳属(Poncirus Raf.)属间嫁接嵌合体是1986年从福建省连城县莒溪镇一个专业户果园的芦柑(Citrus reticulataBlanco)嫁接于枳(Poncirus trifoliata(L.)Raf.)的2 a生植株发生冻害后由嫁接口蘖芽产生变异获得的.枝条有单身复叶、二出复叶和三出复叶,一些枝条出现三出复叶枳枝,表现出芦柑和枳的嵌合;幼果密被茸毛,为枳的性状,成熟果实为芦柑形态并具有芦柑风味,产生一部分为枳一部分为芦柑的嵌合果;果实汁胞以橙红色为主,兼有少量淡黄色汁胞和橙黄嵌合汁胞.依据<国际栽培植物命名法规>,芸香科柑桔属和枳属属间嫁接嵌合体拉丁名称的属名是柑桔属和枳属的属名合并建立的新"属名",定名为+枳合芦属(+Citroponcirus),栽培品种加词采用这个嫁接嵌合体发现者的人名表示,这个属间嫁接嵌合体的拉丁名称是+Citroponcirus'Hormish';以公式表示为Citrus reticulata+Poncirus trifoliata.在施文格(Swingle)柑桔分类系统中,+Citroponcirus'Hormish'是目前世界上芸香科嫁接嵌合体中唯一的属间嫁接嵌合体.     

富民枳的分类地位及其在进化中的作用研究——叶片同工酶证据

富民枳(Poncirus polyandra S.Q.Ding et al.)是分布于云南省富民县的一个新枳属类型。在形态上,它不同于普通枳(P.trifoliata Raf.)。富民枳为常绿类型,子房10室,花瓣5—9,花丝35—43,一年开花2—3次。通过对富民枳、普通枳、金柑属及柑桔属的叶片谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶(GOT)、6-磷酸葡萄糖变位酶(PGM)、6-磷酸葡萄糖异构酶(PGI)、过氧化物酶(PX)、苹果酸酶(ME)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)以及四唑氧化酶(TO)同工酶的比较后发现,富民枳独具Sod-1-M基因,具有稀有的To-2-R基因,在To-1及Got-3位点上,存在无效基因,这些结果表明,富民枳能够以种的地位存在于枳属中。在进化过程中,富民枳可能是联结枳属与柑桔属的“桥梁”。     

应用同工酶进行柑桔分类和进化研究

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,分析了柑桔属及其5个近缘属108个生物型的过氧化物酶、谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶,四唑氧化酶,6—磷酸葡萄糖异构酶、6一磷酸葡萄糖变位酶。超氧化物歧化酶、苹果酸酶以及酯酶等8种酶系统同工酶。 比较了属间,种间的酶谱差异。 运用数量分类学的原理及方法,对柑桔属、金柑属,枳属的同工酶资料进行了相异性类平均聚类分析。结果表明,6属之间,酶谱差异十分明显,各属都有独特的酶带。根据同工酶及形态分析结果,提出将柑桔属分为大翼橙亚属,宜昌橙亚属和柑桔亚属共包含七大类的观点。 富民枳可作为枳属一新种看待,它是联结枳属与柑桔属的桥梁。小果类桔是宽皮柑桔的原生类型;中国原产宽皮柑桔的代表以马鼻桔或细皮狗屎柑为佳。柑的来缘中有两条途径,即桔与甜橙的杂种以及桔的单元演化。依据同工酶研究结果,认为长寿金柑是金柑属与柑桔属的属间杂种;温州蜜柑来源于黄岩本地广桔的实生变异;香橙系宽皮桔与宜昌橙的杂种;酸橙则可能是柚与宽皮柑桔的杂交后代;枸橼和宽皮柑桔参与了红(木+黎)檬的起源。最后推测了柑桔类植物的系统发育趋势,初步绘出了演化图。     

中国枳属一新种

枳Poncirus trifoliata(L.)Rafin.原产我国秦岭淮河南北,古代有“橘踰淮为枳”之说,但据近代记载主要分布于长江流域,北可至山东青岛,南至广西、广东,而以华中一带栽培最盛。云南未见有报道。七十年代中期开展云南富民县柑桔资源调查中,根据当地群众提供的情况,发现枳属的一个新种,报道如下。     

柑桔与金柑的器官发生研究

国内外关于芸香科植物的器官发生研究较多集中于柑桔属,其次是金柑属与枳属,这与它们具有重要经济价值有关。业已证明柑桔属(Citrus)中的16个种的未受精的珠心能分化不定胚;金柑属(Fortunella)的金弹、枳属(Porcirus)的枳的株心也能分     

柑桔植物的数值分类学研究

本文用系统聚类法和对应分析法对59份柑桔及其近缘植物枳和金柑三个属的分类群进行了数值 分类学研究。 结果表明,在栽培柑桔中,枸橼Citrus medica、柚Citrus grandis、宽皮柑桔Citrusreticulata是三大基本类型。 本文还对些种类的分类地位作了探讨。     

部分柑桔属及其近缘属Giemsa C-带带型研究

本文应用Giemsa显带技术研究了枳属(Poncirus)、金柑属(Fortunella)和柑桔属(Citrus)16个分类群的染色体。枳属以末端带和着丝点带为主,金柑属与柑桔属主要以末端带为主;统计分析了各分类群每对染色体及全组染色体的异染色质含量,并列出其带型公式;探讨了金柑属的分类学地位;赞同把柚(C.grandis)作为柑桔属的基本种之一;根据异染色质含量的变化对柑桔属的带型演化进行了讨论。     

利用DNA片段测序方法探究枳属和富民枳的分类地位

富民枳(Poncirus polyandra)属于芸香科(Rutaceae)枳属(Poncirus Raf.)。自发表以来,分类地位一直备受争议,其中在Flora of China中认为富民枳为柑橘杂交种(Poncirus polyandra),把枳属归并于柑橘属(Citrus)。该研究选取枳属的富民枳、枳(Poncirus trifoliata)及柑橘属下8个种共10个种47个个体作为研究材料,以九里香(Murraya exotica)为外类群,利用3个叶绿体片段(trn L-trn F、trn S-trn G、rbc L)、ITS片段和1个单拷贝核基因(Chr 5)数据构建系统发育树,探究枳属和富民枳的分类地位。结果表明:基于3个叶绿体片段数据构建的最大似然树(ML)和贝叶斯树(BI)的拓扑结构基本一致,10个物种聚为两大分支,即柑橘属的8个物种聚为一大分支,富民枳和枳聚为另一大分支。其中,富民枳所有个体聚为一小单系分支,枳的所有个体聚为一小单系分支,支持枳属和富民枳独立存在。2个核DNA片段数据结果显示,枳属的两个种与柑橘属的8个物种聚在一个大分支里,无法确立枳属的单系地位,但富民枳的9个个体聚在一起,暗示富民枳在遗传上是一个独立的类群。综上研究认为,无论是叶绿体DNA数据还是核DNA数据均支持富民枳是一个独立的物种,但核DNA数据不支持枳属成立。     

真正柑桔果树群植物的分支学研究

本文用相容性分析方法(Compatability snalysis)分析了真正柑桔果树群(芸香科Rutaceae-柑桔亚科Aurantioideae-柑桔族(Citreae)-柑桔亚族(Citrinae)植物内各属间的分支学关系。给出了建立在7个相容性性状组成的最大族所决定的分支图。性状极性的确定使用了外群法。结果表明,柑桔属(Citrus L.)和多蕊桔属(Clymenia Swing)构成一个单系类群,他们的姐妹群是金柑属(Fortunella Swing.)。被认为起源于中国的3个属,柑桔属(Citrus)、金柑属(Fortunella)和积属(Poncirus Raf.)并未构成一个单系类群。本文还利用分支关系分析和讨论了真正柑桔果树群的种系发生关系。     

中国柑桔数量化学分类研究

本文运用数量分类学的原理和方法,分析了柑桔83个生物型叶片可溶性蛋白质电泳谱 带的相似性。对属、种内的部分生物型的相似性进行了比较, 探讨了金柑属在柑桔分类中的地 位, 对一些起源不明的生物型的可能祖先作了推断。从叶片蛋白质谱带相似性聚类分析树系 图上,可发现柑桔由枳到柑亚类的大致进化趋势, 作者认为,将宜昌橙归入大翼橙类要更加合理。     

Cloning and characterization of a complex satellite DNA from Drosophila melanogaster.

The sequence organization of the 1.688 satellite DNA (density 1.688 g/cm³ in CsCl) has been investigated, and this satellite has been found to differ from the other D. melanogaster satellite DNAs in having a much greater sequence complexity. Purification of 1.688 satellite DNA by successive equilibrium density centrifugations yielded a fraction 77% pure. Segments of satellite DNA were isolated by molecular cloning in the plasmid vector pSC101. One recombinant plasmid contained a segment of 1.688 satellite DNA 5.8 kilobase pairs in size and was stable during propagation in E. coli. Recognition sites for restriction enzymes from Haemophilus aegyptius (Hae III), Haemophilus influenzae f (Hinf) and Arthrobacter luteus (Alu I) were mapped in the satellite DNA of this hybrid plasmid. The spacing of Hae III, Hinf and two Alu I sites at regular intervals of about 365 base pairs is strong evidence that the sequence complexity of this satellite DNA is 365 base pairs. Further evidence comes from the finding that both gradient-purified and cloned 1.688 satellite DNA renature with their Hae III sites in register. The Hae III and Hinf sites in gradient-purified satellite DNA have been shown by Manteuil, Hamer and Thomas (1975) and Shen, Wiesehahn and Hearst (1976) to be distributed at intervals of 365 base pairs and integral multiples thereof. These investigators proposed that some of the sites in an otherwise regular array have been randomly inactivated. Cloned satellite DNA provided a hybridization probe for sensitive studies of the arrangement of these recognition sites in gradient-purified satellite DNA. Some regions of satellite DNA were found to contain many fewer recognition sites than expected from the proposed models. These findings suggest that different regions of 1.688 satellite DNA may exhibit different arrangements of Hae III and Hinf recognition sites.     

Location of satellite DNAs in the chromosomes of the kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii)

The location of satellite DNA sequences in metaphase chromosomes has been studied in the kangaroo rat by the in situ hybridization technique, staining techniques and phase contrast microscopy. The HS- satellite DNA is located at the kinetochores of all but three chromosome pairs. The HD satellite is located predominantly in the short arms of the chromosomes containing HS- and in the kinetochores of chromosome pairs that lack HS-. The regions that contain the satellite DNA sequences can also be identified by the Giemsa staining technique, and can be visualized with phase contrast microscopy or following Feulgen staining of fixed chromosome preparations.     

DNA associated with nucleosomes in plants.

50 to 55% of tobacco and barley nuclear DNA is accessible to micrococcal endonuclease digestion. The DNA fragments resulting from a mild endonuclease treatment are multiples of a basic unit of 194 +/- 6 base pairs in tobacco and 195 +/- 6 base pairs in barley. After extensive digestion, a DNA fragment of approximately 140 base pairs is predominant. Hence the "extra-core" or "linker"-DNA is 55 base pairs long. Other fragments having 158 and less than 140 base pairs are present as well. Treatment with DNase I results in multiples of 10 bases when analysed under denaturating conditions. These results show that the general organization of the DNA within the nucleosomes is about the same in higher plants as in other higher eukaryotes.     

The behavior of nucleolus organizers in structurally changed karyotypes of barley

Two standard karyotype barley lines and 18 lines with karyotypes reconstructed by means of induced reciprocal translocations have been studied with respect to nucleolus formation. The standard karyotype contains two pairs of satellite chromosomes (pairs 6 and 7). Five of the structurally changed karyotypes contain, as a result of reciprocal translocations between the standard satellite chromosomes, only one satellite chromosome pair, each chromosome with two satellites and two nucleolus organizing regions. Under these circumstances, only two of the four NORs are active in nucleolus formation while the other two — probably the transposed ones — remain inactive; hence the maximum number of primary nucleoli per nucleus is two. — When NORs are translocated to chromosomes with no NOR in the standard karyotyp, the normal pattern of nucleolus formation remains unchanged. The same is true after transposition of segments from other chromosomes to the satellites of the standard SAT-chromosome pairs 6 and 7. The results obtained are discussed with respect to effects of translocations on the activity and behaviour of nucleolus organizing regions.     

宽耳犬吻蝠(TADARIDA TENIOTIS INSIGNIS)和普氏蹄蝠(HIPPOSIDEROS PRATTI)染色体组型分析

本文分析了宽耳犬吻蝠(Tadarida teniotis insignis Blyth)和普氏蹄蝠(Hipposideros pratti Thomas)的常规核型,现报道如下。     

Correlations between relatives for acrocentric association frequency

Summary Acrocentric association was investigated in peripheral blood lymphocytes of twins (10 monozygotic and 11 dizygotic pairs), newborns and both parents (30 families), and spouses (51 pairs). Seventy two hour cultures were G-banded and scored for both absolute and relative acrocentric association frequency, except in the case of the spouse pairs where only the absolute frequency was measured. Both relative and absolute parameters of acrocentric association show positive correlations between relatives with the values being highest and most consistent in monozygotic twins, intermediate in parent and offspring, and most variable in dizygotic twins. Husband and wife pairs from our family collections show a positive correlation for the absolute parameter but not for relative parameters. The environmental factors responsible have not been identified.A rough estimate of broad sense heritability (0.81) has been made for the relative parameters. It probably contains a large component due to genetic dominance. Heritability of the absolute parameters is probably lower than for the relative parameters though estimation of its value is complicated by inconsistent results. A model is proposed to account for the variation in satellite association frequency which contains two elements: (i) The genotype determines the ratio of one chromosome type to another in the population of associated chromosomes. (ii) All other environmental factors influence the absolute frequency of association without altering this basic ratio.     

Analysis of eucaryotic DNAs with a restriction endonuclease from H.influenzae: isolation of “hidden” satellite DNAs

The restriction enzymes from H.influenzae have been used to study various eucaryotic DNAs. Fractions resistant to the action of these enzymes have been isolated from rat, mouse and calf DNAs. The method revealed the existence in rat of several components having the properties of satellite DNAs. Mouse DNA was shown to contain a new satellite of buoyant density 1. 704. Therefore, this appears to be a powerfull method for the isolation of "hidden" satellite DNAs.Calf satellite DNAs rho = 1.705 and rho = 1.723 were those resistant to the action of the restriction enzymes whilst satellite DNAs rho = 1.714 and rho = 1.710 gave fragments of discrete lengths, suggesting internal repeat units of 1 500 and 5 000 base pairs respectively.     

Long Inversely Oriented Subunits Form a Complex Monomer of Tribolium brevicornis Satellite DNA

Highly abundant satellite DNA named TBREV is detected and characterized in the beetle Tribolium brevicornis (Insecta: Coleoptera). An outstanding peculiarity of the TBREV satellite monomer is its complex structure based on the two 470-bp-long subunits, inversely oriented within a 1061-bp-long monomer sequence. The proposed evolutionary history demonstrates a clear trend toward increased complexity and length of the TBREV satellite monomer. This tendency has been observed on three levels: first as direct and inverted duplications of short sequence motifs, then by inverse duplication of the 470-bp sequence segment, and, finally, by spread of inversely duplicated elements in a higher-order register and formation of extant monomers. Inversely oriented subunits share a similarity of 82% and have a high capacity to form a thermodynamically stable dyad structure that is, to our knowledge, the longest ever described in any satellite monomer. Analysis of divergences between inversely oriented subunits shows a tendency to a further reduction in similarity between them. Except in its centromeric localization, the TBREV satellite does not show similarity to other known Tribolium satellites, either in nucleotide sequence or in monomer length and complexity. However, TBREV shares common features of other Tribolium satellites that might be under functional constraints: nonconstant rate of evolution along the monomer sequence, short inverted repeats in the vicinity of an A+T tract, nonrandom distribution of A or T 3 tracts, and CENP-B box-like motifs. Although long inverted subunits might reinforce structural characteristics of the satellite monomer, their nucleotide sequence does not seem to be under constraints in order to preserve the dyad structure. Reviewing Editor: Dr. Willie Swanson     

Long range periodicities in mouse satellite DNA.

Escherichia coli restriction enzyme II breaks mouse satellite DNA into fragments which form a series of bands on gel electrophoresis. The DNA in the strongest band has a length of 220 to 260 nucleotide pairs and the other bands are multiples of this length. It is shown that these fragments are linked together in long arrays in the satellite sequence. The reassociation register of the DNA is about half the length of the 220 to 260 nucleotide pair fragment. In the electrophoresis pattern of the Eco RII² fragments other weaker bands can be seen. The stronger bands of the minor patterns fall half-way between the bands of the main pattern and the smallest is 120 to 130 nucleotide pairs long. The properties of the minor fragments suggest short spacings of the restriction site which have been produced by unequal crossing-over. The extents of divergence and unequal crossing-over are estimated. From this analysis and the sequence analysis described in the accompanying paper (Biro et al., 1975) it is proposed that mouse satellite DNA consists of an hierarchy of four periodicities which reflect stages in the evolution of the sequence.Digestion of mouse satellite DNA with Hae III produces fragments with the same sizes as those produced by Eco RII, but the yields are much lower. It is suggested that Hae III sites have been introduced by divergence and subsequently spread by unequal crossing-over.     

The muntjak satellite IA sequence is composed of 31-base-pair internal repeats that are highly homologous to the 31-base-pair subrepeats of the bovine satellite 1.715

The nucleotide sequence of a cloned Muntjak satellite IA repeat unit (Muntiacus muntjak vaginalis) was determined. The repeat is 807 base pairs (bp) long. By introducing minor deletions and insertions, the whole sequence of the satellite can be arranged in 27 subrepeats of 31 bp length. Although diverged relative to each other, all subrepeats show a homology of more than 53% with the common consensus sequence. In 29 out of the 31 bp the consensus sequence of the Muntjak satellite subrepeat is identical to the 31-bp subrepeat of the bovine satellite 1.715. This suggests that both satellites are derived from a common ancestral sequence. The results have interesting implications for the evolution of the two satellites.