褐飞虱体内类酵母共生菌与氨基酸营养的关系

利用全纯人工饲料饲喂技术,研究了缺失不同氨基酸对高温(35℃)处理后的缺菌褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Stål相对生长速度、体内共生菌数量的影响,发现10种必需氨基酸对缺菌褐飞虱生长的影响明显大于10种非必需氨基酸,饲料中必需氨基酸的缺少对褐飞虱（特别是高温处理褐飞虱）体内共生菌数量有一定的刺激作用。分析了缺菌试虫体内氨基酸组成和转氨酶活性的变化规律,发现在摄取的氨基酸营养相同的条件下（用全纯饲料D-97饲养）,高温处理试虫体内蛋白质氨基酸组成无明显变化,而游离氨基酸总量明显上升,且必需氨基酸所占比例显著下降,其中组氨酸（His）、异亮氨酸（Ile）、亮氨酸（Leu）、赖氨酸（Lys）、蛋氨酸（Met）和苯丙氨酸（Phe）摩尔百分含量均显著下降,表明必需氨基酸的相对缺乏可能是体内蛋白质合成受阻的一个重要原因,推测这可能是由于试虫体内共生菌数减少致使所合成的必需氨基酸减少而引起。处理试虫体内谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）和丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）活性明显提高,天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性显著降低,结合游离氨基酸中谷氨酰胺（Gln）显著增多,推测类酵母共生菌可能利用谷氨酰胺等为原料进行必需氨基酸的合成。     

支链氨基酸输液

<正> 随着现代静脉营养技术飞速发展和临床上推广应用,各种氨基酸输液相继出现。亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸等三种支链氨基酸以往一直作为必需氨基酸成份组成复方氨基酸输液。近年来随着对支链氨基酸在体内代谢特点和生理功能深入研究,发现它们不仅是人体不能合成的必需氨基酸,而且是蛋白质合成过程中具有多种生理功能物质,在氨基酸的营养代谢方面起着极其重要作用。     

支链氨基酸输液

<正> 随着现代静脉营养技术飞速发展和临床上推广应用,各种氨基酸输液相继出现。亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸等三种支链氨基酸以往一直作为必需氨基酸成份组成复方氨基酸输液。近年来随着对支链氨基酸在体内代谢特点和生理功能深入研究,发现它们不仅是人体不能合成的必需氨基酸,而且是蛋白质合成过程中具有多种生理功能物质,在氨基酸的营养代谢方面起着极其重要作用。     

合成苏氨酸的研究(Ⅰ)

<正> 苏氨酸(Threonine)是一种必需氨基酸,因此在氨基酸输液、综合氨基酸制剂、营养强化食品以及饲料添加剂等方面具有重要意义。此外,苏氨酸还有抗脂肪肝等药用效能,又是制造一类高效低过敏广谱抗生素—单酰胺菌素—的原料,很受发达国家的青睐。     

氨基酸的化学合成

<正> 氨基酸是蛋白质的组成成份,在维持生命代谢过程中具有特殊的功用。因此,氨基酸除在生物化学、微生物学及组织培养研究等方面早已受到重视外,目前在食品营养、医药及工农业生产发展中的应用也日益广泛,在一些食品中添加适量所缺少的特定必需氨基酸,即可提高该食品蛋白营养价值;氨基酸大输液及要素膳的研究与应用已成为外科营养治疗的重要支柱;工业合成制革及新农药合成的研究与应用,氨基酸都是不可缺少的重要原料。     

氨基酸的化学合成

<正> 氨基酸是蛋白质的组成成份,在维持生命代谢过程中具有特殊的功用。因此,氨基酸除在生物化学、微生物学及组织培养研究等方面早已受到重视外,目前在食品营养、医药及工农业生产发展中的应用也日益广泛,在一些食品中添加适量所缺少的特定必需氨基酸,即可提高该食品蛋白营养价值;氨基酸大输液及要素膳的研究与应用已成为外科营养治疗的重要支柱;工业合成制革及新农药合成的研究与应用,氨基酸都是不可缺少的重要原料。     

含硫氨基酸对猪生长性能及肠道功能的影响机制

含硫氨基酸包括甲硫氨酸(又名蛋氨酸)、胱氨酸和半胱氨酸,其中蛋氨酸是动物的含硫必需氨基酸,是猪必不可少的营养元素。研究表明,科学地添加含硫氨基酸对猪的摄食、生长、免疫等方面有着重要的作用。肠道是消化、吸收营养物质最主要的场所,含硫氨基酸的主要代谢产物谷胱甘肽可促进肠道屏障功能的恢复,牛磺酸能参与抗氧化反应、渗透调节等生理过程。因此,添加适量的含硫氨基酸有助于提高猪的生长性能,维持猪的肠道健康。     

蛋白核小球藻粉中氨基酸含量及饲用价值分析

测定了蛋白核小球藻粉的蛋白质含量及18种氨基酸组分,用氨基酸分(AAS)、必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)等指标对蛋白核小球藻粉氨基酸营养进行评价。结果表明：蛋白核小球藻粉粗蛋白和必需氨基酸含量高,是一种优良的饲料蛋白源。     

在低蛋白质饲料中补充必需氨基酸对大口黑鲈生长、体组成和免疫指标的影响

为了研究在低蛋白质饲料中补充晶体必需氨基酸对大口黑鲈生长、体组成和免疫指标的影响,根据鱼体的必需氨基酸组成模式设计了7种等能的试验饲料。其中4种饲料（45CP、40CP、35CP和30CP）的粗蛋白质水平分别为45%、40%、35%和30%,另3种饲料（40AA、35AA和30AA）是在低蛋白质饲料（40CP、35CP和30CP）的基础上添加必需氨基酸,使它们的必需氨基酸含量与45CP（对照组）相一致。用上述饲料对初始体重为（10.13 0.01） g的大口黑鲈进行了89d的饲养试验。饲养试验在室内循环水养殖系统中进行,每种饲料设3个重复,每重复放养30尾鱼。方差分析显示:试验鱼的生长性能、饲料效率、全鱼和肌肉的粗蛋白质含量、成活率以及免疫指标均随着饲料蛋白质含量的降低而显著降低（P0.05）。添加必需氨基酸的35AA和30AA的饲料效率和蛋白质保留率分别显著高于对应的未添加必需氨基酸的35CP和30CP组（P0.05）,但仍显著低于45CP组（P0.05）。40AA的试验鱼血清溶菌酶活性和血清补体活性与45CP组差异不显著（P0.05）。35AA和30AA组的头肾白细胞呼吸爆发活性显著高于35CP和30CP组（P0.05）。30AA组的全鱼粗蛋白质含量以及肥满度显著高于30CP（P0.05）。各组试验鱼的水分和灰分均无显著差异（P0.05）。回归分析显示:在低蛋白质饲料中补充晶体必需氨基酸对大口黑鲈幼鱼的生长、饲料效率和蛋白质保留率所产生的影响与其引起增加了的饲料蛋白质水平而不是饲料的必需氨基酸水平正相关。研究表明,在低蛋白质饲料中补充的晶体必需氨基酸对大口黑鲈的生长、体组成和免疫指标产生的有益作用不及等量的以蛋白质为来源的必需氨基酸。       

在低蛋白质饲料中补充必需氨基酸对大口黑鲈生长、体组成和免疫指标的影响简

为了研究在低蛋白质饲料中补充晶体必需氨基酸对大口黑鲈生长、体组成和免疫指标的影响,根据鱼体的必需氨基酸组成模式设计了7种等能的试验饲料。其中4种饲料(45CP、40CP、35CP和30CP)的粗蛋白质水平分别为45%、40%、35%和30%,另3种饲料(40AA、35AA和30AA)是在低蛋白质饲料(40CP、35CP和30CP)的基础上添加必需氨基酸,使它们的必需氨基酸含量与45CP(对照组)相一致。用上述饲料对初始体重为(10.13±0.01)g的大口黑鲈进行了89d的饲养试验。饲养试验在室内循环水养殖系统中进行,每种饲料设3个重复,每重复放养30尾鱼。方差分析显示:试验鱼的生长性能、饲料效率、全鱼和肌肉的粗蛋白质含量、成活率以及免疫指标均随着饲料蛋白质含量的降低而显著降低(P0.05)。添加必需氨基酸的35AA和30AA的饲料效率和蛋白质保留率分别显著高于对应的未添加必需氨基酸的35CP和30CP组(P0.05),但仍显著低于45CP组(P0.05)。40AA的试验鱼血清溶菌酶活性和血清补体活性与45CP组差异不显著(P0.05)。35AA和30AA组的头肾白细胞呼吸爆发活性显著高于35CP和30CP组(P0.05)。30AA组的全鱼粗蛋白质含量以及肥满度显著高于30CP(P0.05)。各组试验鱼的水分和灰分均无显著差异(P0.05)。回归分析显示:在低蛋白质饲料中补充晶体必需氨基酸对大口黑鲈幼鱼的生长、饲料效率和蛋白质保留率所产生的影响与其引起增加了的饲料蛋白质水平而不是饲料的必需氨基酸水平正相关。研究表明,在低蛋白质饲料中补充的晶体必需氨基酸对大口黑鲈的生长、体组成和免疫指标产生的有益作用不及等量的以蛋白质为来源的必需氨基酸。     

Improving amino acid nutrition to prevent intrauterine growth restriction in mammals

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is one of the most common concerns in human obstetrics and domestic animal production. It is usually caused by placental insufficiency, which decreases fetal uptake of nutrients (especially amino acids) from the placenta. Amino acids are not only building blocks for protein but also key regulators of metabolic pathways in fetoplacental development. The enhanced demands of amino acids by the developing conceptus must be met via active transport systems across the placenta as normal pregnancy advances. Growing evidence indicates that IUGR is associated with a reduction in placental amino acid transport capacity and metabolic pathways within the embryonic/fetal development. The positive relationships between amino acid concentrations in circulating maternal blood and placental amino acid transport into fetus encourage designing new therapies to prevent or treat IUGR by enhancing amino acid availability in maternal diets or maternal circulation. Despite the positive effects of available dietary interventions, nutritional therapy for IUGR is still in its infancy. Based on understanding of the underlying mechanisms whereby amino acids promote fetal growth and of their dietary requirements by IUGR, supplementation with functional amino acids (e.g., arginine and glutamine) hold great promise for preventing fetal growth restriction and improving health and growth of IUGR offspring.     

饵料中添加维生素C对非洲鲶鱼幼鱼生长和营养利用效率的影响

通过研究非洲鲶鱼(Clarias gariepinus)的生长和营养利用来探讨其维生素C的需求量。平均体重为6.02g±0.4g的鲶鱼幼鱼被放置在60cm×45cm×45cm的玻璃缸中,每缸10条鱼,每个处理设3个重复。5组饵料中粗蛋白的含量均为40%,并测定且其基础饲料中维生素C的含量。在第1、2、3、4和5组中,其饵料中维生素C多聚磷酸酯的添加量依次为0(对照)、50、100,150和200mg/kg。每天用这些饵料喂鱼两次,分别在格林尼治时间的9:00和16:00喂食。鲶鱼幼鱼每周称重一次,以便进行统计分析。通过其生长和营养利用效率进行生物学评估。结果表明,特定生长率、食物转换率、蛋白质效率和食物效率在所有组中彼此间都有显著差异。综合所有实验结果看,添加维生素C多聚磷酸酯150mg/kg的第4组,幼鱼的生长和营养利用效率最好。     

Nutrient regulation of the mTOR Complex 1 signaling pathway

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionally conserved kinase which exists in two distinct structural and functional complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). Of the two complexes, mTORC1 couples nutrient abundance to cell growth and proliferation by sensing and integrating a variety of inputs arising from amino acids, cellular stresses, energy status, and growth factors. Defects in mTORC1 regulation are implicated in the development of many metabolic diseases, including cancer and diabetes. Over the past decade, significant advances have been made in deciphering the complexity of the signaling processes contributing to mTORC1 regulation and function, but the mechanistic details are still not fully understood. In particular, how amino acid availability is sensed by cells and signals to mTORC1 remains unclear. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of nutrient-dependent control of mTORC1 signaling and will focus on the key components involved in amino acid signaling to mTORC1.     

The physiology and biochemistry of the proteolytic system in lactic acid bacteria

Abstract: The inability of lactic acid bacteria to synthesize many of the amino acids required for protein synthesis necessitates the active functioning of a proteolytic system in those environments where protein constitutes the main nitrogen source. Biochemical and genetic analysis of the pathway by which exogenous proteins supply essential amino acids for growth has been one of the most actively investigated aspects of the metabolism of lactic acid bacteria especially in those species which are of importance in the dairy industry, such as the lactococci. Much information has now been accumulated on individual components of the proteolytic pathway in lactococci, namely, the cell envelope proteinase(s), a range of peptidases and the amino acid and peptide transport systems of the cell membrane. Possible models of the proteolytic system in lactococci can be proposed but there are still many unresolved questions concerning the operation of the pathway in vivo. This review will examine current knowledge and outstanding problems regarding the proteolytic system in lactococci and also the extent to which the lactococcal system provides a model for understanding proteolysis in other groups of lactic acid bacteria.     

RAG GTPases in nutrient-mediated TOR signaling pathway

Amino acids are key nutrients for protein synthesis and many metabolic processes. There is compelling evidence that amino acids themselves regulate protein synthesis, degradation, and cell growth. Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) plays a central role in cellular growth regulation. Amino acids potently activate mTORC1, however, the mechanism of amino acid signaling is largely unknown. Recent studies have identified Rag small GTPases as key components mediating amino acid signals to mTORC1 activation.     

Biochemistry of peroxisomes in health and disease

The ubiquitous distribution of peroxisomes and the identification of a number of inherited diseases associated with peroxisomal dysfunction indicate that peroxisomes play an essential part in cellular metabolism. Some of the most important metabolic functions of peroxisomes include the synthesis of plasmalogens, bile acids, cholesterol and dolichol, and the oxidation of fatty acids (very long chain fatty acids > C22, branched chain fatty acids (e.g. phytanic acid), dicarboxylic acids, unsaturated fatty acids, prostaglandins, pipecolic acid and glutaric acid). Peroxisomes are also responsible for the metabolism of purines, polyamines, amino acids, glyoxylate and reactive oxygen species (e.g. O-2 and H2O2). Peroxisomal diseases result from the dysfunction of one or more peroxisomal metabolic functions, the majority of which manifest as neurological abnormalities. The quantitation of peroxisomal metabolic functions (e.g. levels of specific metabolites and/or enzyme activity) has bec ome the basis of clinical diagnosis of diseases associated with the organelle. The study of peroxisomal diseases has also contributed towards the further elucidation of a number of metabolic functions of peroxisomes. (Mol Cell Biochem 167:1-29, 1997)     

Transporters for amino acids in plant cells: some functions and many unknowns

Membrane proteins are essential to move amino acids in or out of plant cells as well as between organelles. While many putative amino acid transporters have been identified, function in nitrogen movement in plants has only been shown for a few proteins. Those studies demonstrate that import systems are fundamental in partitioning of amino acids at cellular and whole plant level. Physiological data further suggest that amino acid transporters are key-regulators in plant metabolism and that their activities affect growth and development. By contrast, knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of cellular export processes as well as on intracellular transport of amino acids is scarce. Similarly, little is known about the regulation of amino acid transporter function and involvement of the transporters in amino acid signaling. Future studies need to identify the missing components to elucidate the importance of amino acid transport processes for whole plant physiology and productivity.     

Discarding functional residues from the substitution table improves predictions of active sites within three-dimensional structures

Substitutions of individual amino acids in proteins may be under very different evolutionary restraints depending on their structural and functional roles. The Environment Specific Substitution Table (ESST) describes the pattern of substitutions in terms of amino acid location within elements of secondary structure, solvent accessibility, and the existence of hydrogen bonds between side chains and neighbouring amino acid residues. Clearly amino acids that have very different local environments in their functional state compared to those in the protein analysed will give rise to inconsistencies in the calculation of amino acid substitution tables. Here, we describe how the calculation of ESSTs can be improved by discarding the functional residues from the calculation of substitution tables. Four categories of functions are examined in this study: protein–protein interactions, protein–nucleic acid interactions, protein–ligand interactions, and catalytic activity of enzymes. Their contributions to residue conservation are measured and investigated. We test our new ESSTs using the program CRESCENDO, designed to predict functional residues by exploiting knowledge of amino acid substitutions, and compare the benchmark results with proteins whose functions have been defined experimentally. The new methodology increases the Z-score by 98% at the active site residues and finds 16% more active sites compared with the old ESST. We also find that discarding amino acids responsible for protein–protein interactions helps in the prediction of those residues although they are not as conserved as the residues of active sites. Our methodology can make the substitution tables better reflect and describe the substitution patterns of amino acids that are under structural restraints only.     

T-Even Bacteriophage-Tolerant Mutants of Escherichia coli B II. Nucleic Acid Metabolism

T-even bacteriophage-tolerant mutants are strains of Escherichia coli which can adsorb T-even phages but cannot support the growth of infective virus. Under some conditions, the infected cells are not killed. Mutant cells infected by phage T6 are able to carry out several metabolic functions associated with normal virus development, including arrest of bacterial nucleic acid and protein synthesis, incorporation of isotopic precursors into viral nucleic acids and proteins, synthesis of early enzymes of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) metabolism, formation of rapidly sedimenting DNA intermediates, and formation of normal levels of early and late messenger ribonucleic acid species. Phage are unable to mutate to forms capable of growth on these mutants. The nature of the biochemical alteration leading to tolerance is still unknown.