中国蕨类植物孢子形态的研究Ⅷ.岩蕨科

利用扫描电镜对中国产岩蕨科(Woodsiaceae)3属18种植物孢子进行了观察。结果表明,孢子单裂缝,两侧对称,极面观为椭圆形或宽椭圆形,赤道面观为半圆形或超半圆形;极轴长32～50μm,赤道轴长43～61μm;外壁表面光滑,由周壁形成孢子表面纹饰的轮廓,根据表面纹饰,孢子可分为5种类型:(1)片状纹饰:周壁表面形成疏密不一的片状褶皱,并连成网状;(2)脊状纹饰:周壁表面形成脊状褶皱,并连成网状;(3)翅脊状纹饰:周壁表面具脊状褶皱,并连成网状,脊的顶端具流苏状不明显的低翅;(4)翅状纹饰:周壁外层形成翅状纹饰,翅的边缘较薄;(5)丝毛状纹饰:周壁结构疏松,由细丝交织成立体网状。上述孢粉学特征表明,岩蕨科是一个自然的类群,其3属的亲缘关系较近,都是岩蕨科的合理成员。     

紫彩血蛤外套膜的扫描电镜观察

用扫描电镜观察了紫彩血蛤外套膜的表面结构。其内表皮表面具板块状结构 ,沟内和嵴上均有簇生的纤毛丛 ,沟内纤毛丛较多 ;纤毛长约 9μm ,直径约 0 2 μm ,每一纤毛末端具一约 1 μm× 0 6 5 μm的勺状膨大 ;内表皮表面还具丰富的微绒毛和分泌泡。外表皮表面也略呈板块状 ,并有大量分泌泡。     

四爪陆龟血细胞形态学参数的初步研究

对四爪陆龟的血细胞进行了显微观察 ,并对红细胞和白细胞及其细胞核的大小和面积、血红蛋白含量以及红细胞渗透脆性等参数进行测量。结果表明 :( 1 )四爪陆龟红细胞含量平均值为 62 ( 5 2～ 83 )万个 mm3 血液 ;( 2 )红细胞的平均长度为 ( 1 6 70± 1 2 5 ) μm ,范围 1 5 60～ 1 7 5 2 μm ;( 3 )红细胞宽度为 ( 9 5 3± 0 92 ) μm ,范围 7 2 0～ 1 0 8μm ;( 4 )红细胞核长度为 ( 5 5 9± 0 5 9) μm ,范围 4 80～ 6 48μm ;( 5 )红细胞核宽度为 ( 3 65± 0 5 6) μm ,范围 2 64～ 4 5 6μm ;( 6)血红蛋白含量为 ( 7 3 0± 0 66)g 1 0 0ml血液 ( 6 5 0～8 5 0 ) ;( 7)红细胞渗透脆性 ,开始溶血浓度为 0 2 4%NaCl溶液 ,完全溶血浓度为 0 1 6%NaCl溶液 ;( 8)红细胞平均大小 (长径×短径 )为 ( 1 6 70× 9 5 3 ) μm2 ;( 9)白细胞平均值 0 5 6( 0 42～ 0 70 )万 mm3 ,其中嗜中性粒细胞大小为 ( 1 2 0 8± 1 86) μm ,嗜酸性粒细胞大小为 ( 9 2 5± 2 3 ) μm ,嗜碱性粒细胞大小为 ( 8 75±0 2 3 ) μm ,单核细胞大小为 ( 1 1 40± 1 0 6) μm ,淋巴细胞大小为 ( 7 5 0± 2 1 ) μm ,凝血细胞大小为 ( 4 2 0±1 40 ) μm。     

中国水韭属植物的孢子形态特征

利用扫描电镜观察了中国现存5种水韭属Isētes植物孢子的表面纹饰,并统计分析了孢子的大小(n=30).结果显示:高寒水韭上hypsophila大孢子表面光滑无突起纹饰,平均极面直径358 μm,小孢子具脑回状纹饰,平均长度22μm;云贵水韭Lyunguiensis大孢子表面具脊条-网络状纹饰,纹饰突起较低,近极面较稀疏且不连成完全的网络,平均极面直径390 μm,小孢子具疣状小颗粒至近于光滑的表面纹饰,平均长度22μm;台湾水韭L taiwanensis大孢子表面具瘤状突起,平均极面直径312μm,小孢子表面具刺棘状突起,平均长度24μm;中华水韭I sinensis大孢子表面具脊条状突起,平均极面直径409 μm,小孢子表面具刺棘状突起,平均长度28 μm;东方水韭I orientalis大孢子表面具脊条-网络状纹饰,纹饰突起较高,近极面的网络较完整,平均极面直径420 μm,小孢子表面具矮刺状-瘤状突起,平均长度34 μm.比较类群间的孢子形态特征与染色体数目表明:5个类群的孢子表面纹饰区别明显,同时,孢子的大小可反映类群的倍性,孢子较小的高寒水韭、云贵水韭和台湾水韭是二倍体(2n=22),孢子较大的中华水韭(2n=44)和东方水韭(2n=66)为多倍体.孢子的形态特征在中国水韭属植物物种的鉴定与分类中具有重要意义.     

高山弯颈霉(Tolypocla dium nubicola),中国弯颈霉属一新记录种

报道了分离自土壤的一个弯颈霉属新记录种 ,即高山弯颈霉 (TolypocladiumnubicolaBissett)。其主要鉴别特征是 :①在查氏培养基上 ,2 5℃ ,14d ,直径达 30～ 35mm ,平展 ;②瓶梗直接着生于菌丝或简单的分生孢子梗上 ,有再育现象 ,基部拟椭圆形膨大或球形膨大 ,(2 .6～ 7.2 ) μm× (1.3～ 3.2 ) μm ,颈部细长 ,常弯曲 ,(3.0～6 .3) μm×0 .3μm ;③分生孢子单生 ,柱状至椭圆形 ,(1.6～ 3.8) μm× (0 .8～ 1.2 ) μm ,外无黏液层。     

豫西寒武系微生物岩中的葛万菌化石及其微观结构*

葛万菌(Girvanella)是由一个相互串联着的细胞列和外部包绕的多糖质黏性胶鞘组成的蓝细菌化石,是豫西寒武系微生物岩中最常见的钙化微生物。葛万菌丝状体在不同的微生物岩中具有不同的排列方式。潮间带环境中的叠层石其葛万菌主要发育在暗色纹层中,丝状体呈规则的水平状分布。在低能的鲕粒滩滩间或滩后洼地环境中形成的核形石形态及圈层结构均不规则,葛万菌丝状体在其核心和暗色纹层中整体表现为不规则的密集缠绕状;高能鲕粒滩环境中的核形石形态浑圆,圈层结构规则,葛万菌丝状体在核形石暗色纹层中多沿切线方向分布。凝块石形成于台地鲕粒滩滩间局限海环境中,葛万菌丝状体相互交织成不规则团块状发育在凝块中。巨鲕形成于台地鲕粒滩滩间海环境,葛万菌丝状体在内圈层呈密集缠绕状分布,在外圈层则沿切线方向展布。虽然葛万菌群的排列方式在不同微生物岩中有所不同,但是单个葛万菌丝状体的特征相似。在偏光显微镜下,葛万菌丝状体呈略弯曲的无分枝、不分节、细长管状,相互缠绕叠覆;单管由深灰色的管壁(胶鞘)和中间明亮的管芯(细胞列)组成。在电子显微镜下,葛万菌的管壁由直径1—2μm沿径向放射排列的粒状或短柱状方解石组成,为葛万菌光合作用诱导产生的生物矿物;管芯直径10—20μm,长度50—200μm不等,由圆柱状方解石组成,为成岩期重结晶所致。根据葛万菌的显微结构,结合现代管状蓝细菌的特征,葛万菌由短杆状细胞而非球状细胞组成,其结构应为由短杆状细胞组成的细胞列、细胞壁和细胞外的胶鞘(EPS)。     

牛蛙外周血细胞的形态学特点

本研究对雌雄牛蛙(Rana catesbeiana)外周血细胞的组成、形态、大小和数量进行了观察和统计。牛蛙外周血细胞由红细胞、白细胞以及血栓细胞组成,其中红细胞体积最大,平均大小(长径×短径)为(25.68±1.88)μm×(16.49±1.53)μm,扫描电镜下发现红细胞表面光滑;血栓细胞呈卵圆形或纺锤形,其体积最小,平均大小为(8.62±1.04)μm×(7.47±1.11)μm;白细胞由淋巴细胞、单核细胞、浆细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞组成,扫描电镜下白细胞表面粗糙不平,有许多不规则的凸起。白细胞中淋巴细胞最多,其中小淋巴细胞约占白细胞的32.66%±4.29%,大淋巴细胞约占6.03%±1.54%;嗜碱性粒细胞最少,只占4.78%±0.83%;浆细胞胞体大小不一,常呈椭圆形,平均大小为(23.51±0.59)μm×(22.86±0.67)μm;此外,牛蛙外周血细胞中单核细胞、淋巴细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞的数量比例以及淋巴细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞的大小均有性别的差异(P0.05)。     

湖北宜昌寒武系水井沱组古杯化石上蓝菌类及其微型钻孔

湖北宜昌下寒武统水井沱组灰岩中富含大量壳体化石,主要包括腕足动物以及少量古杯化石。研究发现部分古杯化石表面保存丰富的微生物个体及其微型钻孔,同时发现有的微型钻孔内原位保存微生物个体,这种保存方式表明微生物体与微型钻孔之间具有直接联系。微生物体呈丝管状,空心,弯曲程度不等,横切面呈圆形,直径约7—10μm,长度可达500μm。钻孔直径15—25μm,横截面为圆形。微钻孔保存在古杯板间室(intersept)内,大多与板间室侧表面平行,少数与板间室侧表面斜交。形态研究表明这些微生物体可能为钻孔蓝菌类Endoconchialata。古杯骨骼上发现的这些微型钻孔及其原位保存的蓝菌类化石的研究对理解前寒武纪-寒武纪界线附近发现的微型钻孔化石的成因和生物属性有重要启示。     

西北地区小麦根部瓶梗霉新致病类型的形态学研究

1993～1999年对西北麦区一种病原菌未知的根病依据柯赫氏证病律进行了病原学研究.结果由来自陕西、甘肃和宁夏等省区麦田的病根标样发现了23个瓶梗霉 Phialophora 分离菌株.经诱导不能产生子囊壳.在PDA培养基上菌落为灰色至浅褐色,气生菌丝致密,灰色.产孢细胞为瓶梗状,长10～20μm,宽3～4μm,无色至浅褐色,顶端有领环颈口.分生孢子无色,有两种,一种长卵圆形,单胞,稍弯曲,6～17μm×1.5～6μm;另一种新月形,单胞,4～8μm×1～1.5μm.附着枝浅褐色,筒形,端部呈钩状,1～2细胞,10～14μm×5～8μm.分离菌株接种小麦,引起根部皮层组织变褐,茎基叶鞘变褐,基叶褪绿,严重发病植株矮化,基叶枯死.该菌与已有瓶梗霉不同,暂定为瓶梗霉小麦致病类型.     

敦煌莫高窟第98窟壁画表面菌斑的群落结构分析

【目的】确定第98窟壁画表面白色污染物内微生物微观特征, 分析其群落组成、结构特点及诱发壁画病害微生物产生的因素, 为石窟寺保护和旅游管理提供建议。【方法】利用无菌手术刀收集壁画表面白色污染物样品; 利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析样品中微生物体微观形貌; 通过提取样品总DNA、扩增细菌16S rDNA、构建克隆文库、测序和系统发生关系分析等技术研究壁画微生物群落组成与结构特点。【结果】壁画白色污染物中存在大量具有微生物特征的结构体, 形态多呈短杆状和卵圆形, 大小在 (3.0?5.5)?μm×(1.5?2.5) μm之间。共得到克隆文库序列111条, 主要为变形菌门γ-变形菌亚门肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)与假单孢菌科(Pseudomonadaceae)成员。群落组成和结构分析表明所得序列主要隶属于肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、埃希菌属(Escherichia)、固氮菌属(Azotobacter)、沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)和克雷伯菌属(Klebsiella); 埃希菌属和肠杆菌属为优势属, 分别占克隆文库中总序列的46.8%和35.1%, 二者在自然界分布广泛, 大多属于人类致病菌。【结论】莫高窟第98窟壁画表面白色污染物主要为病害细菌生长所形成的菌斑群落集成。变形菌门在壁画细菌克隆文库中占绝对优势, 壁画病害微生物的出现和蔓延可能与该洞窟之前长期旅游开放存在一定关联。     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Potential Compounds for Oral Cancer Treatment: Resveratrol,Nimbolide, Lovastatin,Bortezomib, Vorinostat,Berberine, Pterostilbene,Deguelin, Andrographolide,and Colchicine

Oral cancer is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths in South-Asian countries. There are very limited treatment options available for oral cancer. Research endeavors focused on discovery and development of novel therapies for oral cancer, is necessary to control the ever rising oral cancer related mortalities. We mined the large pool of compounds from the publicly available compound databases, to identify potential therapeutic compounds for oral cancer. Over 84 million compounds were screened for the possible anti-cancer activity by custom build SVM classifier. The molecular targets of the predicted anti-cancer compounds were mined from reliable sources like experimental bioassays studies associated with the compound, and from protein-compound interaction databases. Therapeutic compounds from DrugBank, and a list of natural anti-cancer compounds derived from literature mining of published studies, were used for building partial least squares regression model. The regression model thus built, was used for the estimation of oral cancer specific weights based on the molecular targets. These weights were used to compute scores for screening the predicted anti-cancer compounds for their potential to treat oral cancer. The list of potential compounds was annotated with corresponding physicochemical properties, cancer specific bioactivity evidences, and literature evidences. In all, 288 compounds with the potential to treat oral cancer were identified in the current study. The majority of the compounds in this list are natural products, which are well-tolerated and have minimal side-effects compared to the synthetic counterparts. Some of the potential therapeutic compounds identified in the current study are resveratrol, nimbolide, lovastatin, bortezomib, vorinostat, berberine, pterostilbene, deguelin, andrographolide, and colchicine.