深部真菌病相关免疫重建综合征

机体的免疫力在清除感染微生物中起重要作用。免疫功能恢复或免疫失衡(包括免疫反应不足和免疫反应过度)都会对机体产生损害。免疫重建综合征(IRS)是指原有免疫抑制状态迅速缓解所激发的一系列免疫反应,导致局限性和系统性的表现,它常被误判为抗真菌治疗的失败。目前快速、强效免疫调节剂在临床中广泛使用,IRS逐渐被人们认识。IRS的概念强调免疫失调及过度免疫反应会对机体造成损害,但在内源性抗感染免疫反应不足的情况下,给予适当的免疫调节治疗也是必要的。     

食药用真菌多糖对肿瘤免疫逃逸调节作用机制研究进展

食药用真菌多糖是食药用真菌的主要天然生物活性成分,可以从多层次、多靶点调节机体的免疫功能,被认为是一种天然免疫调节剂。此前食药用真菌多糖抗肿瘤机制研究集中在提升机体的免疫力达到抑制肿瘤的目的,但近年的研究表明它可以调节肿瘤微环境,恢复机体对肿瘤以及肿瘤微环境的监视能力,提升机体对肿瘤微环境的特异性免疫应答能力,进而达到充分发挥其抑制和杀伤肿瘤的功能。我们课题组前期研究中也发现食药用菌多糖可以正向调节肿瘤小鼠外周血免疫细胞数量,促进免疫细胞浸润到肿瘤微环境中帮助机体识别及杀伤肿瘤细胞,改善肿瘤微环境免疫状态。本文在我们团队的研究工作的基础上,结合国内外文献总结食药用真菌多糖作为免疫调节剂在抑制肿瘤免疫逃逸中的生物活性,结合肿瘤微环境探讨其与肿瘤免疫的关系、作用机制和在肿瘤治疗中的作用,以期为食药用真菌多糖免疫治疗提供新思路。     

免疫调节剂及其应用前景

一、引言免疫调节剂(immunomodulating agents)是泛指能调节、增强、兴奋和恢复机体免疫功能的一大类药物。此类药物或能激活一种或多种免疫活性细胞,增强机体的非特异性和特异性免疫功能,使低下的免疫功能恢复正常;或具有佐剂作用,增强与之合用的抗原的免疫原性,加速诱导免疫应答反应;或能替代体内缺乏的免疫活性成份,具有免疫替代作用;或对机体的免疫功能具有双向调节作用,即使过低的免疫功能提高,又使过高的免疫功能降低等。鉴于此类药物对机体免疫功能的广泛影响,有人把它们归纳为生物反应修饰剂(biological response modifiers)范畴。     

绿幕安的临床应用

绿幕安（宝泰ＰＭ免疫调节剂）是具有广泛交叉免疫和广谱抗感染作用的绿脓杆菌（ＭＳＨＡ）菌毛株菌苗。绿幕安是经现代生物工程培育,由低毒的绿脓杆菌菌体,嫁接上具有广谱免疫的菌毛,利用其广谱、低毒、较强免疫原性进行全身非特异性减敏治疗,刺激机体产生广谱抗体,...     

TGF—β与移植免疫

转化生长因子－β(transforming growth facter-β,TGF－β）是一种对细胞的生长、分化和免疫功能都有重要调节作用的多肽。在器官移植中TGF－β主要是一种负的免疫调节剂。本综述简要介绍了TGF－β与器官移植免疫排斥反应的关系。     

工程化调节性T细胞调控机体免疫耐受及其生物医学应用

调节性T细胞（Tregs）是一类机体发挥免疫调节功能的T淋巴细胞亚群，能够高效、安全、可控地调节机体免疫，在自身免疫疾病及器官移植术后免疫排斥等炎症疾病的治疗应用中发挥关键作用。然而，治疗脱靶和功能表型不稳定给Tregs的临床应用带来巨大挑战。生物医学工程改造策略不仅能够促进Tregs主动靶向与炎症趋化，还可维持Tregs叉头盒蛋白p3 (Foxp3)在炎症环境中的表达稳定性，持续发挥机体免疫调节功能。本文详述Tregs的免疫调节机制，并对生物医学工程化改造的Tregs在自身免疫疾病、器官移植等炎症疾病中的应用进行展望，旨在启发和促进Tregs免疫过继疗法的临床应用研究。     

羊口疮病毒作为免疫调节剂在疾病治疗中的研究进展

羊口疮病毒(ORFV),也称接触传染性脓疱皮炎病毒,为痘病毒科脊索动物痘病毒亚科副痘病毒属中的成员,是世界各地绵羊和山羊的常见病原体。ORFV可通过多种不同的策略来影响免疫细胞,进而操控宿主的免疫应答。灭活的ORFV具有免疫调节作用,可作为预防和治疗的免疫调节剂,用于感染性疾病、慢性病毒病、肿瘤、肝纤维化等的治疗。我们对ORFV在临床前期或临床治疗中的研究进展进行简要综述。     

淋巴细胞糖皮质激素受体与免疫的相互关系

糖上质激素受体介导信号是免疫细胞发育分化,克隆选择,生存与死亡平衡调节的主要机制之一,对免疫功能既有抑制作用又有促进作用,其免疫调节作用具有组织或细胞特异性和浓度依赖性。免疫功能异常影响ＧＲ表达,ＧＲ异常也引起免疫功能改变,ＧＲ结构或功能异常是某些疾病发生的直接或间接原因。     

间充质干细胞的免疫调节能力——临床治疗的希望

在近几年中,间充质干细胞（mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs）逐渐因其所具备的免疫调节特性而得到科研领域的高度重视.由于MSCs可以在体外迅速扩增至临床治疗所需要的细胞数量,为器官移植和自身免疫性疾病等临床治疗提供了新的手段.但MSCs发挥免疫调节作用的机制依然未被研究清楚,从而阻碍了其在临床上的应用.本文对间充质干细胞的非特异性免疫调节能力、可能机制的研究进展及其在疾病动物模型实验和临床研究应用方面进行综述,并分析探讨未来研究发展的方向,为将来的临床应用提出可行性建议.     

DC-SIGN与免疫调节

树突状细胞(DC)是目前所知体内功能最强大的专职抗原递呈细胞,它既能启动初始免疫应答,也能负向调控免疫反应,具有独特的免疫调节功能。DC-SIGN属于DC表面C型凝集素受体超家族成员,它既是DC病原体模式识别和黏附受体,又作为DC特征性多功能免疫分子,参与DC免疫调节作用。DC-SIGN在调节DC黏附迁移及炎症反应,激活初始T细胞及启动免疫应答,以及病原体与肿瘤的免疫逃逸等诸多方面发挥重要作用,已日益受到人们的关注。而对DC-SIGN在天然免疫和获得性免疫中调节作用及其相关机制的更深入研究,可为临床相关疾病机制探讨与防治进一步提供新的有力依据和干预途径。     

Immune up regulatory response of a non-caloric natural sweetener, stevioside

Immunomodulation is a process, which alters the immune system of an organism by interfering with its functions. This interference results in either immunostimulation or immunosuppression. An immunomodulator is any substance that helps to regulate the immune system. This “regulation” is a normalization process, so that an immunomodulator helps to optimise immune response. Immunomodulators are becoming very popular in the worldwide natural health industry as these do not tend to boost immunity, but to normalize it. Keeping this in view, major efforts have to be directed to modulate the immune responses, to permit effective treatment of various ailments associated with immune system and thus the development of a safe and effective immunomodulator for clinical us.

Leaves of Stevia rebaudiana are a source of several sweet glycosides of steviol. The major glycoside, stevioside, diterpenoid glycoside—is used in oriental countries as a food sweetener. Its medical use is also reported as a heart tonic. Besides, it is used against obesity, hypertension, and stomach burn and to lower uric acid levels. Here in this study, stevioside was tested for its immunomodulatory activity on different parameters of the immune system at three different doses (6.25, 12.5 and 25 mg/kg p.o.) on normal as well as cyclophosphamide treated mice. Stevioside was found effective in increasing phagocytic activity, haemagglutination antibody titre and delayed type hypersensitivity. In parallel, stevioside substantially increase proliferation in the LPS and Con A stimulated B and T cells, respectively. Present study, therefore, reveals that the drug holds promise as immunomodulating agent, which acts by stimulating both humoral as well as cellular immunity and phagocytic function.     

Nerve growth factor stimulates proliferation, adhesion and thymopoietic cytokine expression in mouse thymic epithelial cells in vitro

Thymic epithelial cells, which constitute a major component of the thymic microenvironment, provide a crucial signal for intrathymic T cell development and selection. Neuroimmune networks in the thymic microenvironment are thought to be involved in the regulation of T cell development. NGF is increasingly recognized as a potent immunomodulator, promoting “cross-talk” between various types of immune system cells. The present study clearly shows that NGF stimulates mouse thymic epithelial cell activities in vitro including cell proliferation, thymocyte adhesion to thymic epithelial cells, and the expression of cell adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, and thymopoietic factors including IL-7, GM-CSF, SDF-1, TARC and TECK. Thus, our data are of considerable clinical importance showing that trophic NGF activity could be used to enhance the thymus regeneration and develop methods to improve host immunity when the immune function is depressed due to thymic involution.     

GABA is an effective immunomodulatory molecule

In recent years, it has become clear that there is an extensive cross-talk between the nervous and the immune system. Somewhat surprisingly, the immune cells themselves do express components of the neuronal neurotransmitters systems. What role the neurotransmitters, their ion channels, receptors and transporters have in immune function and regulation is an emerging field of study. Several recent studies have shown that the immune system is capable of synthesizing and releasing the classical neurotransmitter GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid). GABA has a number of effects on the immune cells such as activation or suppression of cytokine secretion, modification of cell proliferation and GABA can even affect migration of the cells. The immune cells encounter GABA when released by the immune cells themselves or when the immune cells enter the brain. In addition, GABA can also be found in tissues like the lymph nodes, the islets of Langerhans and GABA is in high enough concentration in blood to activate, e.g., GABA-A channels. GABA appears to have a role in autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis and may modulate the immune response to infections. In the near future, it will be important to work out what specific effects GABA has on the function of the different types of immune cells and determine the underlying mechanisms. In this review, we discuss some of the recent findings revealing the role of GABA as an immunomodulator.     

Do the pleiotropic effects of statins in the vasculature predict a role in inflammatory diseases?

Pleiotropic effects are now described for the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (or statins) that might have utility in the context of chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. Here we discuss the pharmacology and established uses of statins and in this context describe potential anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory effects. An extensive in vitro data set defines roles for statins in modifying endothelial function, particularly with respect to adhesion molecule expression and apoptosis. Broader effects on leukocyte function have now emerged including altered adhesion molecule expression, cytokine and chemokine release and modulation of development of adaptive immune responses via altered MHC class II upregulation. In vivo data in several inflammatory models, including collagen-induced inflammatory arthritis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, suggest that such effects might have immune-modulatory potential. Finally, a recent clinical trial has demonstrated immunomodulatory effects for statins in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Together with their known vasculoprotective effects, this growing body of evidence provides compelling support for longer-term trials of statin therapy in human disease such as rheumatoid arthritis.     

Induction of immunologic deficiency by benzene and its correction by administration of anabol

Cellular immunity and activity of enzymes of xenobiotic metabolism have been investigated. It has been shown that administration of benzene induces a stable immune deficiency syndrome characterized by a decrease in the quantity if antibody-forming cells, T-killers and T-suppressors. The activity of enzymes (cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome C reductase) was also inhibited. It has been shown that anabol can stimulate the parameters of cellular immunity and enzyme activity. Benzene intoxication was demonstrated to be a model of immune deficiency syndrome similar to the clinical pattern. Anabol was shown to be an effective immunomodulator.     

益生菌——新型免疫调节剂*

介绍益生菌与宿主消化道免疫系统的关系,益生菌免疫调节作用机理的研究进展,以及益生菌作为免疫调节剂的应用前景。     

益生菌--新型免疫调节剂

介绍益生菌与宿主消化道免疫系统的关系,益生菌免疫调节作用机理的研究进展,以及益生菌作为免疫调节剂的应用前景。     

Identification of pancreatic glycoprotein 2 as an endogenous immunomodulator of innate and adaptive immune responses

Pancreatic autoantibodies are Crohn disease-specific serologic markers. The function and immunological role of their recently identified autoantigen, glycoprotein 2 (GP2), are unknown. We therefore investigated the impact of GP2 on modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses to evaluate its potential therapeutic use in mucosal inflammation. Our data indicate a previously unknown function for GP2 as an immunomodulator. GP2 was ubiquitously expressed on cells vital to mucosal immune responses. The expression of GP2 was upregulated on activated human T cells, and it was further influenced by pharmaceutical TNF-α inhibitors. Recombinant GP2 significantly decreased human intestinal epithelial cells, mucosal and peripheral T cell proliferation, apoptosis, and activation, and it distinctly modulated cytokine secretion. Furthermore, intestinal epithelial cells stimulated with GP2 potently attracted T cells. In conclusion, we demonstrate a novel role for GP2 in immune regulation that could provide a platform for new therapeutic interventions in the treatment of Crohn disease.     

Progress in vaccine development against Helicobacter pylori

Based on the very high prevalence of diseases caused by Helicobacter pylori, particularly in the developing world, and the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance among clinical isolates, there is a strong rationale for an effective vaccine against H. pylori. In this review we describe recent promising candidate vaccines and prophylactic or therapeutic immunization strategies for use against H. pylori, as well as studies to identify immune responses that are related to protection in experimental animals. We also describe identification of different types of immune responses that may be related to protection against symptoms based on comparisons of H. pylori-infected patients with duodenal ulcers or gastric cancer and asymptomatic carriers. We conclude that there is still a strong need to clarify the main protective immune mechanisms against H. pylori as well as to identify a cocktail of strong protective antigens, or recombinant bacterial strains that express such antigens, that could be administered by a regimen that gives rise to effective immune responses in humans.     

Vitamin E in immunity and reproductive performance in pigs

This review is focused on studies of vitamin E in immunity and reproductive performance in pigs. There are reports that vitamin E can have a positive effect on some parameters of the immune system in pigs. The optimal level of vitamin E needed to improve the immune system has not been determined because of several factors such as the composition of the diet, feed consumption, the rate of animal growth and living conditions or stress. Moreover, the way of action of vitamin E in enhancing immunity is still unclear but according to reports it may have antioxidant properties as well as an immunomodulator effect. In several studies, an increase in litter size and a reduction of preweaning piglet mortality have resulted from increasing dietary vitamin E intake during gestation or by intramuscular injection of vitamin E and/or selenium. However, according to reports, the positive effect of vitamin E on reproductive performance remains unclear due to the low number of animals used in most experiments.