谷子SSR分子图谱的构建及主要农艺性状QTL定位

试验拟对谷子重要农艺性状进行数量性状位点QTL分析。以表型差异较大的沈3/晋谷20F2作图群体为材料,观测其株高、穗长等性状,选用SSR做分子标记,利用完备区间作图法(BASTEN C J)进行QTL分析。结果显示,表型数据在作图群体中呈现连续分布,表现为多基因控制的数量性状,被整合的54个SSR标记构建10个连锁群,LOD阈值设置为2.0,检测到与株高相关的主效QTL2个,联合贡献率45.9637%,穗长主效QTL1个,贡献率14.9647%,与穗重、粒重相关的主效QTL为同一位点,贡献率分别为11.9601%和10.1879%。有6组QTL位点之间存在基因互作效应,大小范围为-0.4986-16.6407,对性状的贡献率在2.2716％至6.7478％之间。谷子表型控制复杂,相关QTL的检测受环境影响较大,不同连锁群QTL间互作明显。     

濒危植物水青树叶表型性状多样性分析

通过对水青树(Tetracentron sinense)24个居群161株个体的10个叶形态性状与7个叶表皮微形态性状进行观测,采用描述性统计、相关性分析、主成分分析以及聚类分析对其叶表型性状多样性进行研究。结果表明,水青树叶表型性状变异系数的变化幅度为4.21%～49.23%,Shannon-wiener多样性指数在0.82～2.07之间,其中叶最长(LLEST)性状最高,叶先尖削(LBPI)性状最低,平均1.80;叶形态性状相关性分析表明,性状之间存在密切联系,有47对性状呈极显著正相关,15对性状呈极显著负相关;主成分分析中前三个主成分的贡献率可达83.712%,可靠地代表了水青树表型性状的分布;Q型聚类分析发现,当阈值为15时,24个水青树居群可分为3类。水青树总体表现出较低表型多样性,唐家河、虹口、佛坪三个居群应作为保护与管理的重点群体。     

基于表型性状的中国大蒜资源遗传多样性分析

对资源圃保存的212份大蒜种质资源的表型性状进行了系统鉴定,分析表明我国大蒜种质资源的表型变异丰富。主成分分析表明,29个性状可以归并为反映植株生长发育、产品特征和产量构成的8个主成分;进一步的聚类分析将所有资源分为特点明显的2类5亚类。为了避免质量性状在种质评价中的主导作用,与产量相关的鳞茎数量性状的主成分分析显示,前3个主成分累积贡献率达74.83%,第一主成分中鳞茎重、鳞茎直径、鳞茎高和鳞芽数是影响产量的主要因子。主坐标排序将所有资源分为6类。通过综合评价,将大蒜鳞茎产量分为6个级别,筛选出单产大于15 t/hm2的资源3份。     

板栗与锥栗杂交F1代叶片表型变异及杂种优势研究

为探索栗属杂交F₁代幼林期叶片性状遗传变异规律及杂种优势,以板栗、锥栗种内和种间9个杂交组合235个杂交单株及其亲本为研究材料,利用巢式方差分析、Pearson相关性分析及主成分分析等统计学方法对其14个叶表型及光合生理性状进行分析。结果表明:①栗属杂交F₁代叶表型及光合生理性状存在丰富的遗传多样性,14个性状平均变异系数范围为4.40%~27.76%;②性状组合间表型分化系数VST均值为32.32%,组合内变异是主要的变异来源;③性状中亲优势率为-27.16%~90.53%,且不同组合性状杂种优势存在差异;④Pearson相关性分析结果显示14个性状中分别有46对和13对相关性达到极显著(P<0.01)和显著水平(P<0.05),其中叶长、叶宽等5个叶表型性状及叶绿素a、叶绿素b等4个光合生理指标相互间影响较大;⑤利用主成分分析法筛选出“魁栗×YLZ 15号”和“魁栗×YLZ 1号”两个优良杂交组合,其子代叶片具有叶面积大、干物质含量及光合有关色素含量高的特点,可为进一步筛选优良杂交子代提供主要素材。     

杜鹃红山茶叶片主要性状的遗传多样性分析

为有效评价和利用杜鹃红山茶基因资源、挖掘其优良性状,以37个杜鹃红山茶无性系为研究材料,对14个叶片的表型性状进行测定,分析各性状的变异系数、不同性状间的相关关系,并进行主成分分析和聚类分析研究。结果显示：14个叶片表型性状的变异系数为5.30%～47.00%,平均变异系数为18.52%,表明杜鹃红山茶叶片主要数量性状的变异较大,遗传多样性较丰富。叶长与叶形指数间的相关性系数达0.967,叶面积与叶片干重的相关性系数为0.942,叶柄长和叶柄长/叶长的相关性系数为0.828。14个性状可以综合为5个主成分,前5个主成分累计贡献率达80%,表明这些性状具有较强的代表性。根据系统聚类将37个杜鹃红山茶无性系划分为5个组。     

美国紫踵劈蚌与三角帆蚌和褶纹冠蚌的形态比较与判别分析

描述了紫踵劈蚌(Potamilus alatus)贝壳外部和内部特征,并对紫踵劈蚌、三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)和褶纹冠蚌(Cristaria plicata)进行了形态学比较。运用多变量形态度量学方法分析了3种淡水育珠蚌的形态差异。主成分分析构建了2个主成分,其中第一主成分的方差贡献率为66·90%,第二主成分的贡献率为33·10%,2个主成分的累计贡献率达到100%;采用逐步判别法,从11个比例性状中筛选出6个主要性状建立了3种育珠蚌的形态判别函数,其综合判别准确率达到100%。     

中国部分板栗品种坚果表型及营养成分遗传变异分析

以中国板栗主产区山东等10个省份97个板栗品种为材料,对其坚果表型性状及营养成分进行遗传变异分析。结果显示:（1）97个板栗品种间存在广泛的遗传变异,坚果表型性状及营养成分指标品种间差异均达到极显著水平;遗传变异系数均较大,最大达到0.378,遗传潜力较大;且所有性状重复力均在0.928及以上,受自身遗传因素控制较强。（2）坚果长度等表型性状间呈极显著正相关关系,淀粉含量等营养成分指标间为正相关关系,而表型性状与营养成分指标间表现为负相关关系,据此可将坚果表型性状、品质性状作为两个相互独立又有一定关联的综合因子。（3）进一步利用坚果表型和营养成分8个指标对97个板栗品种进行主成分分析,并结合多重比较结果,综合选出具有单个或多个性状优势的43个品种。研究认为,选出的43个板栗品种具有果粒较大,或营养价值较高,或二者特性兼有,初步选择为果型或品质优良的板栗品种资源材料。     

我国棱果花天然主要分布区叶片多样性分析

为了解棱果花(Barthea barthei)种质资源叶片表型的多样性，对棱果花6个种群的139株的叶片性状进行方差分析、相关性分析、主成分分析及聚类分析。结果表明，棱果花种群间和个体间的叶片表型性状存在显著差异，变异系数为0.14～0.84，平均为0.32，说明棱果花叶片性状变异较大。叶面积、叶周长与叶长间的相关系数为0.75～0.99。叶片性状可提取为5个主成分，累计贡献率达88%，其中叶片的面积、周长、宽度、长/宽和叶形是表型变异的主要因素。聚类分析将139株棱果花分为6组，第Ⅰ组包含34株材料，第Ⅱ组7株，第Ⅲ组1株，第Ⅳ组15株，第Ⅴ组37株和第Ⅵ组45株，说明来自不同种群的棱果花植株分散在不同的组中，棱果花叶片表型与来源无显著关系。因此，棱果花叶片表型多样性丰富，其中种群间和单株间具有丰富的多样性，可为棱果花遗传改良和新品种选育提供基础。     

湿加松无性系表型遗传多样性研究

以35个湿加松（Pinus elliottii×P.caribaea Morelet var.hondurensis）无性系为试验材料,对其8个表型性状进行相关性分析、聚类分析及主成分分析研究,并深入探讨了遗传多样性水平,为湿加松无性系利用及良种选育提供科学依据。结果表明：（1）生长性状变异系数介于12.31~29.28%,均值为22.90%;多样性指数介于1.61~1.80,均值为1.69。形质性状变异系数介于13.34~47.25%,均值为26.86%;多样性指数介于1.50~1.94,均值为1.77。表明湿加松无性系遗传变异较为丰富,遗传多样性水平较高。（2）8对表型性状两两间有11对呈极显著正相关,5对呈显著正相关。选定材积为该材料育种选择的主要指标,其次为树高。（3）采用系统聚类法在欧式距离为12的时候将35个无性系分为6大类群,部分来源相同或父本相同的聚为一类,说明它们在表型上的变异较小。（4）针对8个表型性状做主成分分析提取了3个主成分,累积贡献率达86.00%,主要代表了6个性状,以此来表达所有供试材料的综合变异情况。     

麻栎不同种源的表型性状变异分析

以来源于广西、广东、贵州、湖南、浙江、安徽、江苏、湖北、四川、陕西、河南和山东的28个麻栎（QuercusacutissimaLinn.）地理种源为研究对象,分析了6个表型性状（包括叶长、叶宽、叶柄长和叶长宽比4个叶片性状及株高和地径2个生长性状）的变异状况;研究了种源间及种源内各性状的变异系数（CV）和相对极差（R°）及种源间各叶片性状的表型分化系数（Vst）;并进行了各性状的相关性分析及主成分分析;此外,还对28个种源进行了聚类分析。结果表明：各种源间6个表型性状均有极显著差异（P〈0.01）;而种源内仅叶宽和叶长分别具有极显著和显著（P〈0.05）差异。种源间4个叶片性状的Vst平均值为23.98%,其中叶宽的Vst值最大（42.39%）。在6个表型性状中,叶柄长的CV平均值最大（33.60%）、地径的CV平均值最小（16.25%）;在不同种源中,陕西汉中种源各性状的CV平均值最小（14.39%）,而江苏句容、四川万源和山东沂水种源各性状的CV平均值均超过30%。各种源间表型性状的R°值差异明显,其中,四川万源种源的R°值最大（60.99%）,湖南新宁和陕西汉中种源的R°值较小（30%以下）;而6个性状间R°值差别不大,为34.93%-44.98%,表明麻栎种源间的极端差异程度有明显不同,而表型性状间的极端差异程度差异不大。4个叶片性状中,仅叶宽与叶长宽比呈极显著负相关,其他性状间均呈极显著正相关;叶片性状与生长性状间均呈负相关,而株高与地径则呈极显著正相关。麻栎种源表型性状变异的第1和第2主成分的贡献率分别为43.663%和27.695%,第1主成分中叶性状变异占主导地位,而第2主成分则主要反映生长性状的变异。通过聚类分析可将28个种源分为2大类,分别包含22和6个种源,但聚类分析结果与其地理分布没有明显相关性。研究结果显示：麻栎?     

Intercontinental genetic divergence of Castanea species in eastern Asia and eastern North America

Castanea is one of the many plant genera with a disjunct distribution pattern between eastern Asia and eastern North America. Five species from three sections of the genus were investigated to examine genetic divergence between eastern Asian and eastern North American species. A total of 62 native populations were sampled for allelic variation at isozyme loci. The Chinese chestnut C. mollissima had the highest genetic variability, while the American C. dentata had the lowest genetic variability. The highest intracontinental genetic identities were observed between the Allegheny and Ozark chinkapins (0.931) and between C. mollissima and C. seguinii (0.870), while lower identities were detected between the American C. pumila and C. dentata (0.720-0.729). In intercontinental comparisons, genetic identities of 0.505, 0.495 and 0.507 were observed between the American chestnut and the Chinese C. mollissima, C. seguinii and C. henryi, respectively, whereas the Ozark chinkapin C. pumila var. ozarkensis had lower identities of 0.469, and 0.435 with C. mollissima and C. seguinii, respectively, but a slightly higher identity of 0.520 with C. henryi, the Chinese chinkapin. Divergence times were estimated at 10-13 million years before present between C. dentata and C. mollissima, and C. pumila var. ozarkensis and C. henryi.     

Detection of morphometric differentiation between isolated up- and downstream populations of Siah Mahi (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Capoeta capoeta gracilis</Emphasis>) (Pisces: Cyprinidae) in the Tajan River (Iran)

It has been postulated that the building of the Shahid-Rajaei dam on the Tajan River around 1995 has lead to the morphological divergence of Siah Mahi Capotes capoeta gracilis (Pisces) of up- and downstream populations due to the isolation. A 13-landmark morphometric truss network system was used to investigate the hypothesis. Univariate analysis of variance showed significant differences between the means of the two groups for 45 standardized morphometric measurements out of 78 characters studied. In linear discriminant function analysis (DFA), the overall assignment of individuals into their original groups was 87.6%. The proportion of individuals correctly classified into their original groups was 90.3% for upstream and 83.7% for downstream population. The principal component analysis (PCA) scatter plot of individual component scores between PC1 and PC2 showed 121 fish specimens grouped into two areas but with a relativity high degree of overlap between two populations. Clustering analysis based on Euclidean square distances among groups of centroids using an UPGMA resulted into two main clusters indicating two populations of C. c. gracilis. The present study indicated the presence of two morphologically different populations of C. c. gracilis in the Tajan River across the Shahid-Rajaei dam, probably due to their limited downstream dispersal and the elimination of upstream migration altogether, due the construction of the dam.     

湖北的主要板栗品种资源及其野生近缘种

在实地调查及引种观察的基础上 ,对湖北 1 2个主要地方板栗品种的经济性状进行比较 ,并对其中的 6个主栽优良大果形品种作较详细的描述。此外 ,对湖北境内的野生板栗 ( Castanea mollissima Bl.) ,茅栗 ( C. se-quinii Dode) ,锥栗 ( C.henryi Rehd.& Wils)的特性及利用价值进行评价 ,首次报道了一种适合于嫁接栽培板栗的茅栗居群。     

柠条锦鸡儿不同居群形态变异研究

结合数量统计方法对柠条锦鸡儿12个居群的12项形态特征进行了研究。结果表明：除小叶对数、叶形和荚果长外,其余形态性状在居群内或居群间都表现显著差异;以12个形态性状为基础的聚类分析将所研究的12个居群分为3类;主成分分析结果显示每荚种子、干粒重、托叶长和叶长等4个性状是造成柠条锦鸡儿表型差异的主要因素。     

栗属中国特有种居群的遗传多样性及地域差异

采用超薄平板聚丙烯酰胺等电聚焦技术对栗属（Ｃａｓｔａｎｅａ（Ｔｏｕｒｎ．）Ｌ．）３个中国特有种即中国板栗（Ｃ．ｍｏｌｉｓｉｍａＢＬ．）、茅栗（Ｃ．ｓｅｇｕｉｎｉＤｏｄｅ．）和锥栗（Ｃ．ｈｅｎｒｙｉ（Ｓｋａｎ）Ｒｅｈｄ．ｅｔＷｉｌｓ．）的３０个居群,１２个酶系统的２０个位点进行了遗传多样性与遗传结构分析。结果表明：中国板栗在种和居群水平都具有较茅栗、锥栗高的遗传多样性（Ｐ分别为９０．０％和８４．７％,Ｈｅ分别为０．３１１和０．２９５）,尤以长江流域居群表现显著,揭示了长江流域的神农架及周边地区为中国板栗的遗传多样性中心。Ｎｅｉ的遗传一致度测量结果显示中国板栗和茅栗的亲缘关系最近,并且地理距离和遗传距离有一定的相关性。中国板栗、茅栗和锥栗的遗传分化程度逐渐增大,Ｇｓｔ分别为７．５％、１０．９％和２２．１％;基因流（Ｎｍ）分别为３．２０、２．０５和０．８８。研究结果为探明栗属起源、系统进化及制定保育策略提供了科学依据。     

基于mtDNA COI基因的系统分析表明栗属植物上隐藏瘿蜂种的存在

本研究利用mtDNACOI基因的部分序列对11种群不同寄主的栗瘿蜂Dryocosm us kuriphilus Yasumatsu遗传多态性进行了分析。在获得的660bp的序列中,变异位点(V)80个,包括简约信息位点(Pi)15个和自裔位点(Si)65个。T、A、C、G平均含量分别为30.6%、43.3%、13.7%和12.4%,A+T平均值为73.9%,远高于G+C的26.1%,表现出明显的A+T偏向性。为害锥栗的六步溪、大围山种群与茅栗、板栗的不同地理种群,以及为害欧洲栗的意大利Piedmont种群之间,基因序列完全一致或者遗传距离在0.3%以内,无论是NJ系统树还是UPGMA系统树均聚合在同一分支内,亲缘关系较近。而为害锥栗的采自福建省建瓯市水源镇的水源种群、福建省周宁县纯池镇的纯池种群,与其它各栗瘿蜂种群的基因序列差异较大,遗传距离均大于2%,在NJ和UPGMA系统树中水源种群和纯池种群均聚合为一单独的分支,与其它种群形成的分支互为姊妹分支。据此我们认为水源种群和纯池种群很有可能属于不同的物种,有进一步研究的必要。     

Leaf anatomy of Carex humilis does not correlate with orographic,geological and bioclimatic habitat conditions in C&SE Europe

This paper presents the results of a multivariate morphometric study of leaf anatomical characters in different, geographically very distant populations of taxon Carex humilis from Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro and Albania with the aim to reveal the trends of population differentiation. Analyses were performed on the cross-section of 173 leaves collected from 12 populations. In order to establish the overall morphological variation and relationships between individuals from all populations, principal component analyses (PCA) and canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) have been done. The UPGMA clustering analyses based on leaf anatomical characters and habitat climatic characteristics were carried out to explore whether the observed anatomical differences are a result of adaptive responses. Regression analysis (linear regression) was performed to identify the level of correlation between leaf anatomical characters and basic orographic, geological, and bioclimatic habitat characteristics. Quite unexpectedly, most of observed groups are formed of geographically very distant populations which are living in extremely different climatic and geological conditions, indicating that general anatomical differentiation in Carex humilis in C&SE Europe cannot be explained by the environmental impacts, and basically do not represent an adaptive response to different climatic or geological condition.     

栗属中国特有种居群的遗传多样性及地域差异

Genetic variability in 30 populations of three endemic Castanea (Tourn.) L. species (C. moUissima BI., C. seguinii Dode. and C. henryi (Skan) Rehd. et Wils. ) in China was investigated using isoelectric focusing in thin-layer polyacrylamide slab gels at 20 loci coding for 12 enzyme systems. C. mollissima was found to possess a significant higher value of genetic variability than that of the other two species. The percentage of polymorphic loci (P) and the expected heterozygosity (He) were 90.0% and 0. 311 at the species level, respectively; while P = 84.7 %, He = 0.295 at the population level. Comparison of the population genetic variability of C. mollissima in three regions of China, the populations from the Yangtze River valley showed a markedly higher mean expected gene heterozygosity. The results provided additional evidence that the Yangtze River valley, particularly in Shennongjia area, was the center of the genetic diversity of C. moUissima. Genetic relationships among populations and species were assessed by Nei genetic identity (I) and standard genetic distance (D), suggesting that C. mollissima and C. seguinii have a closer relationship, and genetic distances were correlated with geographical distances among populations. Genetic differentiation between populations in C. mollissima, C. seguinii and C. henryi was 7.5%, 10.9% and 22.1%, respectively, and the gene flow rate (Nm) was 3.20, 2.05 and 0.88 respectively. The study provides useful imfonnation for understanding of the origin and evolutionary events in genus Castanea and planning an effective conservation strategy.     

A multivariate morphological analysis of the Cardamine concatenata alliance (Brassicaceae)

Principal coordinate analysis using Gower’s similarity coefficient and canonical discriminant analysis were performed using morphological data to assess species distinctness in theCardamine concatenata alliance, comprising the eastern North American dentarias. The results of an overall principal coordinate analysis of the alliance using quantitative and qualitative characters revealed distinct and separate clusters that correspond to five previously recognized species (C. angustata, C. concatenata, C. diphylla, C. dissecta, C. maxima). One additional taxon,C. incisa, was found to group closely with theC. diphylla cluster. In a second principal coordinate analysis including only individuals fromC. diphylla andC. incisa, both are supported as distinct morphological entities. Canonical discriminant analysis of only above-ground quantitative characters was less effective in distinguishing previously recognized taxa, in keeping with the emphasis on qualitative characters in previous taxonomic treatments of the group.Cardamine incisa (Eames) Schumann (pro hybr.) is raised to the rank of species. A key to the species of theCardamine concatenata alliance is provided.