1,2,3-三氯丙烷降解机制与污染场地修复技术研究进展

1,2,3-三氯丙烷(1,2,3-trichloropropane,1,2,3-TCP)是一种人工合成的脂肪族氯代烃,在工、农业生产中得到广泛应用。1,2,3-TCP作为环氧氯丙烷工业生产的中间产物,可作为前体物质用于生产土壤熏蒸剂、有机溶剂等。因其环境持久性、迁移性和生态毒性,国内外机构逐渐开始关注该有机氯污染物的环境归趋、生态健康风险和环境管控。当前,1,2,3-TCP污染物的降解与场地修复仍然是研究热点,但是对于1,2,3-TCP降解转化机制尚缺乏深入研究与总结。鉴于此,文中在讨论1,2,3-TCP的来源、环境污染、生态效应及物理化学降解方法与技术等的基础上,进一步综述了1,2,3-TCP的微生物降解与修复机制(如好氧共代谢降解、厌氧降解等);重点讨论了地下水等厌氧环境中1,2,3-TCP的厌氧微生物降解转化途径与机制,并从热力学角度论证了厌氧条件下1,2,3-TCP作为电子受体被有机卤呼吸微生物利用并降解的可行性;最后,对1,2,3-TCP污染场地原位生物修复进行了总结并对未来研究发展方向进行了展望。     

多氯联苯微生物脱氯研究进展

多氯联苯(polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)是环境中典型的氯代持久性有机污染物.微生物脱氯是一种氯代有机物自然降解模式,对全球PCBs特别是高氯代同系物消减起到至关重要的作用.厌氧条件下高氯代PCBs能够发生脱氯反应,使其毒性大大降低,脱氯后形成的低氯代化合物可以进一步好氧降解,直至完全矿化.本文综述了PCBs生物脱氯的研究进展,介绍了微生物脱氯反应的机理和特征、参与微生物脱氯过程的专性脱氯菌等,探讨了该微生物过程的影响因素及厌氧脱氯与好氧降解耦合的意义,并对脱氯微生物群落的复杂代谢网络研究、专性脱氯新菌种筛选及其污染地实际修复应用等未来研究方向进行了展望.     

微生物厌氧呼吸与有机污染水体沉积物修复

水体沉积物有机污染是当前全球关注的重要环境问题。微生物具有呼吸和代谢多样性,能以多种污染物作为厌氧呼吸的电子供体或受体,与周围环境中的生物和非生物因素组成代谢网络耦合有机污染物降解转化,是有机污染水体沉积物修复的重要驱动者。本文重点综述了微生物厌氧呼吸、电子传递网络及其对有机污染水体沉积物的修复机制研究进展,并对有机污染水体沉积物微生物修复理论和技术研究的问题和挑战进行了探讨。     

厌氧微生物降解多环芳烃研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类普遍存在于环境介质中的难降解有机污染物,相对于好氧微生物降解PAHs的研究,厌氧微生物降解PAHs的研究则相对较少.本文从厌氧微生物降解PAHs的研究背景,厌氧降解微生物的特点和不同厌氧降解还原反应体系的角度综述了厌氧微生物降解PAHs的概况;结合厌氧微生物降解萘和菲转化途径的介绍,推断了其降解机制的内在原因;同时通过总结影响厌氧微生物降解PAHs的主要因素(包括:PAHs的生物可利用性、外源营养物质的添加、外源电子受体的添加、特定厌氧降解菌的筛选强化和部分环境因素等),指出了制约降解进程的潜在限制因子;并对厌氧微生物降解PAHs研究目前存在的问题和未来的发展方向作了简述与展望.     

微生物降解持久性有机污染物的研究进展与展望

持久性有机污染物（POPs）是伴随着人类工业化发展而产生的合成类污染物,具有高毒性、持久性、长迁移性和高生物富集性等特点,POPs污染物的微生物降解一直是环境科学与技术应用领域的研究热点。微生物降解技术修复POPs污染环境具有无二次污染、成本低、快速简便等优点,拥有广泛的应用前景。本文论述了各种POPs微生物分解代谢的最新研究进展,包括降解性微生物资源以及降解机制。此外,还讨论了计算生物学、合成生物学、基因组学等技术在POPs微生物降解中的潜力和应用,以期为环境中持久性有机污染物的修复提供参考。     

植物-微生物联合对环境有机污染物降解的研究进展

环境中有机污染物的过量积累对生态系统及人类健康造成严重威胁。近年来,许多学者研究发现植物-微生物联合作用对环境中有机污染物的去除及生态系统的修复具有非常显著的效果。本文主要从植物-内生菌、植物-菌根菌以及植物-根际微生物这三个层面详细阐述植物-微生物联合降解有机污染物的研究现状,分析植物-微生物在联合降解中的作用,揭示植物-微生物联合降解的机理。但就目前而言,植物-微生物联合降解有机污染物仍存在许多问题,植物-微生物联合降解有机污染物的机理及生态学效应仍不清楚。因此,还需要进一步探讨其潜在作用机制并加强应用实践,这将有助于污染生态系统的治理,促进环境可持续发展。     

厌氧微生物菌群XH-1对2,4,6-三氯苯酚的降解特性

有机污染物2,4,6-三氯苯酚(2,4,6-TCP)普遍存在于地下水和河流底泥等厌氧环境中。为了探究厌氧微生物菌群XH-1对2,4,6-TCP的降解能力,本研究以2,4,6-TCP为底物,接种XH-1建立微宇宙培养体系,并以中间产物4-氯苯酚(4-CP)和苯酚为底物分别进行分段富集培养,利用高效液相色谱分析底物的降解转化,同时基于16S rRNA基因高通量测序分析微生物群落结构变化。结果表明: 2,4,6-TCP(122 μmol·L^-1)以0.15 μmol·d^-1的速率在80 d内被完全降解转化,降解中间产物分别为2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)、4-氯苯酚和苯酚,所有中间产物最终在325 d被完全降解。高通量测序结果表明,脱卤杆菌和脱卤球菌可能驱动2,4,6-TCP还原脱氯,其中,脱卤球菌可能在4-CP的脱氯转化中发挥重要作用,并与丁酸互营菌和产甲烷菌联合作用彻底降解2,4,6-TCP。     

零价铁对2,4-二氯酚生物还原脱氯的影响研究

采用间歇试验, 接种驯化两月的厌氧混合微生物, 考察厌氧体系中添加零价铁(Fe0)对2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)生物还原脱氯效果的影响, 并对影响“Fe0+微生物”体系的一些因素进行了探索。结果显示：与零价铁或微生物的单独作用相比, “Fe0+微生物”体系能够有效促进2,4-DCP的脱氯反应, 最佳Fe0投加量和微生物接种量分别为0.5 g/L和376.2 mgVSS/L; 初始pH = 8.0对2,4-DCP的转化效果最好, 偏酸性环境不利于污染物转化; 微生物接种量与铁用量之间有一适宜比例, 一定范围内增加微生物接种量可催生出更多可降解污染物的酶或酶系, 提高2,4-DCP的降解效果。     

零价铁对2,4-二氯酚生物还原脱氯的影响研究

采用间歇试验,接种驯化两月的厌氧混合微生物,考察厌氧体系中添加零价铁（Fe^0）对2,4-二氯酚（2,4-DCP）生物还原脱氯效果的影响,并对影响“Fe^O＋微生物”体系的一些因素进行了探索。结果显示：与零价铁或微生物的单独作用相比,“Fe^O＋微生物”体系能够有效促进2,4-DCP的脱氯反应,最佳Fe^O投加量和微生物接种量分别为0.5g／L和376.2mgVSS／L;初始pH=8.0对2,4-DCP的转化效果最好,偏酸性环境不利于污染物转化;微生物接种量与铁用量之间有一适宜比例,一定范围内增加微生物接种量可催生出更多可降解污染物的酶或酶系,提高2,4-DCP的降解效果。     

微生物菌剂在难降解有机污染治理的研究进展

大量的难降解有机污染物被排放到环境中,因其蓄积性、持久性和生物毒性,对人类健康和生态环境造成严重危害。近年来,利用微生物菌剂治理难降解有机污染物的研究已取得较好的进展。综述微生物菌剂在国内外的发展历程,介绍微生物菌剂制备中常用的固定化技术及载体材料,并分析总结微生物菌剂在酚类物质、多环芳烃和多氯联苯等有机污染物治理中的研究进展。在此基础上,提出治理难降解有机污染物的微生物菌剂研发所存在的主要问题及其展望。     

腐殖质呼吸作用及其生态学意义

腐殖质呼吸是厌氧环境中普遍存在的一种微生物呼吸代谢模式.自1996年发现以来,日益成为生态学与环境科学领域的研究热点.在厌氧条件下,一些微生物能以腐殖质作为唯一电子受体,氧化环境中的有机质或者甲苯等环境有毒物质,产生CO2,参与碳循环;同时,腐殖质呼吸作用产生的还原态腐殖质可以还原环境中的一些氧化态物质,如Fe(III)、Mn(IV)、Cr(VI)、U(VI) 、硝基芳香化合物和多卤代污染物.因此,腐殖质呼吸能够影响环境中C、N、Fe、Mn以及一些痕量金属元素的生物地球化学循环,并且能够促进重金属以及有机污染物的脱毒,在水体自净、污染土壤原位修复、污水处理等方面具有积极作用.     

天然活性先导化合物生物转化研究进展

天然活性先导化合物生物转化是利用生物催化剂(如：酶、微生物、动植物细胞)将加入到生物反应系统中的天然活性先导化合物进行特异性的分子结构修饰以获得高效、低毒新化合物的方法。该方法可以有效地提高已知的天然活性先导化合物的活性、降低毒副作用、改善水溶性和生物利用度,也可以用来生产具有重要应用价值的微量天然活性先导化合物,同时可用于药物代谢机制的研究。国内外学者已经针对甾体、醌类、黄酮类、萜类等化合物开展了天然活性先导化合物生物转化研究,筛选出一批有重要应用价值的生物转化反应类型,但针对天然活性先导化合物生物转化的机制、生物转化过程工程以及生物转化产物活性等方面的研究较少。将现代生命科学技术(如：生物催化剂的定向改造、高通量筛选、组合生物转化、非水相生物转化)引入天然活性先导化合物生物转化研究中,必将推进天然活性先导化合物的快速发展。     

Ecological control analysis: being(s) in control of mass flux and metabolite concentrations in anaerobic degradation processes

Identification of the functional groups of microorganisms that are predominantly in control of fluxes through, and concentrations in, microbial networks would benefit microbial ecology and environmental biotechnology: the properties of those controlling microorganisms could be studied or monitored specifically or their activity could be modulated in attempts to manipulate the behaviour of such networks. Herein we present ecological control analysis (ECA) as a versatile mathematical framework that allows for the quantification of the control of each functional group in a microbial network on its process rates and concentrations of intermediates. In contrast to current views, we show that rates of flow of matter are not always limited by a single functional group; rather flux control can be distributed over several groups. Also, control over intermediate concentrations is always shared. Because of indirect interactions, through other functional groups, the concentration of an intermediate can also be controlled by functional groups not producing or consuming it. Ecological control analysis is illustrated by a case study on the anaerobic degradation of organic matter, using experimental data obtained from the literature. During anaerobic degradation, fermenting microorganisms interact with terminal electron-accepting microorganisms (e.g. halorespirers, methanogens). The analysis indicates that flux control mainly resides with fermenting microorganisms, but can shift to the terminal electron-accepting microorganisms under less favourable redox conditions. Paradoxically, halorespiring microorganisms do not control the rate of perchloroethylene and trichloroethylene degradation even though they catalyse those processes themselves.     

甲烷氧化菌及其在环境治理中的应用

甲烷的生物氧化包括好氧氧化和厌氧氧化两种,分别由好氧甲烷氧化菌和厌氧甲烷氧化菌完成.由于该过程是减少自然环境中温室气体甲烷排放的重要途径,越来越受到各国学者的重视.本文主要对当前甲烷氧化菌的研究现状进行了综述,对好氧甲烷氧化菌的种类、参与氧化甲烷的关键酶,厌氧甲烷氧化菌的种类、参与的微生物菌种以及氧化机理进行了论述,并对这两类微生物在温室气体减排、污染物治理、废水生物脱氮、硫及金属元素回收等方面的应用现状及前景进行了分析.     

Recent developments in microbial biotransformation and biodegradation of dioxins

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), commonly known as dioxins (PCDD/Fs), are toxic environmental pollutants formed from various sources. Elimination of these pollutants from the environment is a difficult task due to their persistent and ubiquitous nature. Removal of dioxins by biological degradation (biodegradation) is considered a feasible method as an alternative to other expensive physicochemical approaches. Biodegradation of dioxins has been extensively studied in several microorganisms, and details concerning biodiversity, biodegradation, biochemistry and molecular biology of this process have accumulated during the last three decades. There are several microbial mechanisms responsible for biodegradation of dioxins, including oxidative degradation by dioxygenase-containing aerobic bacteria, bacterial and fungal cytochrome P-450, fungal lignolytic enzymes, reductive dechlorination by anaerobic bacteria, and direct ether ring cleavage by fungi containing etherase-like enzymes. Many attempts have been made to bioremediate PCDD/Fs using this basic knowledge of microbial dioxin degradation. This review emphasizes the present knowledge and recent advancements in the microbial biotransformation, biodegradation and bioremediation of dioxins.     

Microbiology of flooded rice paddies

Flooded rice paddies are one of the major biogenic sources of atmospheric methane. Apart from this contribution to the 'greenhouse' effect, rice paddy soil represents a suitable model system to study fundamental aspects of microbial ecology, such as diversity, structure, and dynamics of microbial communities as well as structure-function relationships between microbial groups. Flooded rice paddy soil can be considered as a system with three compartments (oxic surface soil, anoxic bulk soil, and rhizosphere) characterized by different physio-chemical conditions. After flooding, oxygen is rapidly depleted in the bulk soil. Anaerobic microorganisms, such as fermentative bacteria and methanogenic archaea, predominate within the microbial community, and thus methane is the final product of anaerobic degradation of organic matter. In the surface soil and the rhizosphere well-defined microscale chemical gradients can be measured. The oxygen profile seems to govern gradients of other electron acceptors (e.g., nitrate, iron(III), and sulfate) and reduced compounds (e.g., ammonium, iron(II), and sulfide). These gradients provide information about the activity and spatial distribution of functional groups of microorganisms. This review presents the current knowledge about the highly complex microbiology of flooded rice paddies. In Section 2 we describe the predominant microbial groups and their function with particular regard to bacterial populations utilizing polysaccharides and simple sugars, and to the methanogenic archaea. Section 3 describes the spatial and temporal development of microscale chemical gradients measured in experimentally defined model systems, including gradients of oxygen and dissolved and solid-phase iron(III) and iron(II). In Section 4, the results of measurements of microscale gradients of oxygen, pH, nitrate-nitrite, and methane in natural rice fields and natural rice soil cores taken to the laboratory will be presented. Finally, perspectives of future research are discussed (Section 5).     

典型有机固废厌氧消化微生物研究现状与发展方向

经过人工富集和驯化的兼性和严格厌氧微生物是厌氧消化工艺的核心。不同厌氧消化体系中存在的问题大多可以通过改变微生物群落的代谢活性来得到有效改善。得益于微生物组学检测技术的快速发展,对厌氧消化系统中微生物多样性的认识获得了极大的拓展,同时在微生物类群间、微生物与环境的互作关系研究方面也取得了一系列新的进展。然而,有机固废厌氧消化系统中,各种微生物以及微生物和物质的相互作用构成了更为复杂的代谢网络,所以目前对这些互作关系的解析尚不完善。本文重点关注了厌氧消化过程中的典型菌群互作关系,阐述了典型有机固废厌氧消化系统中存在的问题及微生物在其中发挥的作用,最后,立足于现有组学技术推动的微生物组研究进展,对未来有机固废厌氧消化系统微生物组的研究提出展望。     

Biotransformation of lignin: Mechanisms,applications and future work

As one of the most abundant polymers in biosphere, lignin has attracted extensive attention as a kind of promising feedstock for biofuel and bio-based products. However, the utilization of lignin presents various challenges in that its complex composition and structure and high resistance to degradation. Lignin conversion through biological platform harnesses the catalytic power of microorganisms to decompose complex lignin molecules and obtain value-added products through biosynthesis. Given the heterogeneity of lignin, various microbial metabolic pathways are involved in lignin bioconversion processes, which has been characterized in extensive research work. With different types of lignin substrates (e.g., model compounds, technical lignin, and lignocellulosic biomass), several bacterial and fungal species have been proved to own lignin-degrading abilities and accumulate microbial products (e.g., lipid and polyhydroxyalkanoates), while the lignin conversion efficiencies are still relatively low. Genetic and metabolic strategies have been developed to enhance lignin biodegradation by reprogramming microbial metabolism, and diverse products, such as vanillin and dicarboxylic acids were also produced from lignin. This article aims at presenting a comprehensive review on lignin bioconversion including lignin degradation mechanisms, metabolic pathways, and applications for the production of value-added bioproducts. Advanced techniques on genetic and metabolic engineering are also covered in the recent development of biological platforms for lignin utilization. To conclude this article, the existing challenges for efficient lignin bioprocessing are analyzed and possible directions for future work are proposed.     

Development and application of an enzymatic and cell flotation treatment for the recovery of viable microbial cells from environmental matrices such as anaerobic sludge

Efficient dissociation of microorganisms from their aggregate matrix is required to study the microorganisms without interaction with their native environment (e.g., biofilms, flocs, granules, etc.) and to assess their community composition through the application of molecular or microscopy techniques. To this end, we combined enzymatic treatments and a cell extraction by density gradient to efficiently recover anaerobic microorganisms from urban wastewater treatment plant sludge. The enzymes employed (amylase, cellulase, DNase, and pectinase) as a pretreatment softly disintegrated the extrapolymeric substances (EPS) interlocked with the microorganisms. The potential damaging effects of the applied procedure on bacterial and archaeal communities were assessed by studying the variations in density (using quantitative PCR), diversity (using capillary electrophoresis single-strand conformation polymorphism fingerprinting [CE-SSCP]), and activity (using a standard anaerobic activity test) of the extracted microorganisms. The protocol preserved the general capacity of the microbial community to produce methane under anaerobic conditions and its diversity; particularly the archaeal community was not affected in terms of either density or structure. This cell extraction procedure from the matrix materials offers interesting perspectives for metabolic, microscopic, and molecular assays of microbial communities present in complex matrices constituted by bioaggregates or biofilms.     

热泉微生物驱动的氮循环研究进展及展望

热泉微生物是驱动热泉氮(N)循环的主导力量,开展热泉生态系统中驱动氮循环微生物种群构成及其与环境响应的研究,对于探索热泉中氮的生物地球化学循环、生命进化、生物修复等方面都具有重要的理论和应用价值。本文综合阐述了热泉生态系统驱动氮循环的功能微生物(如固氮菌、氨氧化菌、厌氧氨氧化菌、反硝化菌、异化硝酸盐还原菌)在系统发育学上的分布、功能基因的相对丰度、活性及其与环境因子(如温度、pH)的相关性等方面的研究现状和亟待解决的问题。并展望了热泉生境中驱动氮循环微生物未来的研究方向。