铵态氮与硝态氮比例对南方高丛蓝浆果丛生枝增殖及生长的影响

以MWPM为基本培养基,在总氮浓度不变的前提下比较了铵态氮(NH4+-N)与硝态氮(NO3--N)比例对南方高丛蓝浆果(Vaccinium corymbosum hybrids)品种‘南月’(‘Southmoon’)优选系A47、A119和A167丛生枝增殖和生长的影响.结果表明:与对照[n(NH4+-N)∶n( NO3--N)=4∶10]相比,当培养基中的n(NH4+ -N)∶n(NO3--N)调整为5∶10、6∶10、7∶10、8∶10、9∶10和10∶10时,总体上对优选系A47、A119和A167丛生枝的总增殖倍数、有效增殖倍数、鲜质量、干质量、含水量、总长度以及叶片叶绿素含量有一定的提高作用,具体表现则因优选系的基因型而异.调整培养基中n(NH4 +-N)∶n( NO3- -N)为7∶10,优选系A47丛生枝的总增殖倍数、有效增殖倍数、鲜质量、干质量和总长度均显著提高,叶片叶绿素含量也有所提高.调整培养基中n(NH4 +-N)∶n(NO3--N)为7∶10和9∶10,对优选系A119和A167丛生枝的生长有一定的促进作用,但总体增殖效果与对照无显著差异.研究结果显示:培养基中的铵态氮与硝态氮比例对南方高丛蓝浆果丛生枝的增殖及生长有一定的影响;在离体增殖时应针对不同品种或优选系采用适宜的NH4 +-N与NO3 - -N比例.     

ZT和2iP对3个南方高丛蓝浆果优选系丛生枝增殖及生长的影响

研究了不同质量浓度ZT和2iP对南方高丛蓝浆果(Vaccinium corymbosum hybrids)优选系A47、A119和A167丛生枝的增殖倍数、质量、含水量和长度的影响.结果表明,在0.5～3.0 mg·L~(-1)质量浓度范围内,随ZT质量浓度提高,3个优选系丛生枝的总增殖倍数、有效增殖倍数、鲜质量、干质量、含水量及总长度均呈增加趋势,而平均长度则呈下降趋势.在2.5～15.0 mg·L~(-1)质量浓度范围内,随2iP质量浓度提高,3个优选系丛生枝的总增殖倍数和含水量先增加后下降,在2iP质量浓度为5.0～10.0 mg·L~(-1)时达到峰值;有效增殖倍数、总长度和平均长度一直呈下降趋势;鲜质量和干质量无明显的变化规律.在改良WPM培养基中添加2.0～3.0 mg·L~(-1) ZT或5.0～10.0 mg·L~(-1) 2iP可使3个南方高丛蓝浆果优选系丛生枝有较高的增殖倍数,而添加0.5～1.0 mg·L~(-1) ZT或2.5 mg·L~(-1) 2iP可使丛生枝生长较好.此外,优选系A47和A167丛生枝的增殖倍数显著高于优选系A119.     

细胞分裂素种类及添加量对蓝浆果叶片离体再生的影响

以南方高丛蓝浆果(Vaccinium corymbosum hybrids)品种‘南月’(‘Southmoon’)优选系A18和兔眼蓝浆果(V.ashei Reade)品种‘灿烂’(‘Brightwell’)离体叶片为外植体,研究了培养基中添加不同浓度TDZ(0.5、1.0和2.0mg·L-1)、CPPU(2.0、4.0和8.0 mg·L-1)、ZT(2.0、4.0和8.0 mg·L-1)和2iP(4.0、8.0和16.0 mg·L-1)对叶片不定芽再生的影响.结果表明:在培养基中添加TDZ和CPPU对叶片不定芽的诱导效果优于ZT和2iP,再生率有显著差异(P＜0.05).TDZ诱导不定芽出现所需的时间最短且再生率最高,不定芽密集并呈深绿色;其中,在添加0.5 ～2.0 mg·L-1TDZ的培养基上,A18叶片再生率均为100.00％,‘灿烂’叶片再生率最高达79.17％.CPPU也有较强的诱导能力但不定芽出现所需的时间推迟3～5d,且不定芽的密集程度也有所降低;其中,在添加2.0～8.0 mg·L-1CPPU的培养基上,A18叶片再生率为100.00％～93.75％;而‘灿烂’叶片再生率随CPPU质量浓度提高呈下降趋势(72.91％ ～47.91％).ZT和2iP诱导能力差,在添加不同质量浓度ZT和2iP的培养基上A18和‘灿烂’叶片再生率均为0.00％.此外,A18和‘灿烂’的再生能力有差异,在相同条件下A18叶片的再生能力优于‘灿烂’叶片.研究结果显示:基因型以及培养基中细胞分裂素的种类和添加量是影响不同品种蓝浆果叶片不定芽再生的主要因素.     

南高丛蓝莓快繁技术体系研究

以南高丛蓝莓试管无菌丛生芽为材料,对南高丛蓝莓丛生芽的诱导与增殖、继代次数对丛生芽诱导增殖的影响、瓶内生根、瓶外生根、不同生根方式试管苗移栽成活率的大小进行了研究。南高丛蓝莓丛生芽诱导与增殖培养基以WPM+ZT 2.0 mg·L-1较佳,增殖倍数可达3.50;继代6次丛生芽增殖倍数可达24.00;瓶内生根生根培养基以WPM+ZT 0.5 mg·L-1+IBA 0.1 mg·L-1为佳,生根率可达80.73%±3.17%,生根周期为100 d;试管芽用25 mg·L-1IBA溶液浸蘸10 s,以1/6 WPM为营养液加珍珠岩作基质,生根率可达到80.00%±5.00%,生根周期为40 d;瓶外生根试管苗移栽成活率是瓶内生根试管苗的2倍。基本建立了南高丛蓝莓的试管快繁技术体系,为南高丛蓝莓的工业化育苗奠定了技术基础。     

北美冬青‘奥斯特’的组织培养和快速繁殖

以北美冬青‘奥斯特’(‘Oosterwijk’)成年雌性优良单株半木质化茎段为材料,建立了组织培养快速繁殖体系。结果表明,WPM+6-BA 0.50 mg·L-1+NAA 0.05 mg·L-1可作为启动培养基,最佳的继代增殖培养基为WPM+6-BA 1.00 mg·L-1+NAA0.10 mg·L-1+蔗糖20 g·L-1,25 d的增殖系数为6.1;生根培养基为1/2WPM+IBA 0.20 mg·L-1+NAA 0.40 mg·L-1,生根率达95.2%,每株平均生根5.7条。经生根培养30 d和日光温室炼苗10 d后,试管苗移入泥炭和珍珠岩(1:1,V/V)混合基质中,移栽后的成活率达98%。该体系的建立为北美冬青规模化生产提供了技术平台。     

蓝浆果花冠形态特征及其与果实横径相关性的分析

对兔眼蓝浆果（Vaccinium ashei Reade）、北方高丛蓝浆果（V.corymbosum L．）和南方高丛蓝浆果（V.corymbosum hybrids）3个品种群及南方高丛蓝浆果实生系的花冠长度、花冠宽度、花冠长宽比和花冠口径大小等特征进行了测定和比较,并研究了花冠形态特征参数与果实横径的相关性。研究结果表明,蓝浆果不同品种群间和同一品种群内不同品种间的花冠形态特征参数差异较大;依据花冠形态特征参数,可将供试的兔眼蓝浆果和南方高丛蓝浆果各品种及南方高丛蓝浆果各实生系初步划分为4种类型,将供试的北方高丛蓝浆果各品种划分为3种类型。此外,只有南方高丛蓝浆果各品种及其实生系的果实横径与花冠宽度相关性显著（P〈0．05）,相关系数分别为0．639和0．324。     

南方高丛蓝浆果‘南月’实生后代果实特性的变异分析

对南方高丛蓝浆果（Vaccinium corymbosum hybrids）品种‘南月’（‘Southmoon’）实生后代的单果质量、果实横径、可溶性固形物含量、单果种子数、果色、口感以及蒂痕类型等果实特征的变异进行了分析。结果表明,‘南月’实生后代的单果质量为0．64～2．15g,果实横径为10．0～16．4mm;果实可溶性固形物含量为9．1％-15．8％,其中有37％的单株果实可溶性固形物含量在12．0％以上;单果种子数为3～93粒,有18％的单株单果种子数小于25粒;果实颜色以蓝紫色和黑蓝紫色为主,比例分别为50％和42％;果实口感以中等和好2个等级为主,比例分别为50％和40％。在对果实的主要特征和经济性状进行评估的基础上,初步筛选出21个‘南月’实生后代优良单株。     

一种快速、高效花生植株再生体系的建立

快速、高效、重复性好的植株再生体系是转基因育种的基础;本研究以14份不同花生品种的胚小叶为外植体,利用不同激素浓度、组合和不同花生基因型筛选最佳芽诱导培养基、伸长培养基和高效再生基因型。结果表明最佳丛生芽诱导培养基为MSB;＋0．2mg·L-1NAA＋6mg·L-1 6-BA,诱导率为89．50％;最佳伸长培养基为MSB5＋0．2mg.L-1 NAA＋3mg’L-1 6-BA和MSB;＋O．2mg·L～NAA＋4mg·L-1 6-BA＋2mg·L～GA,交替培养,每个丛生芽伸长数达到7．24,时间缩短至3-4周。不同品种再生率的变幅在25．51％～93．01％,大于80％的品种有‘麻油1-1’、‘弗落蔓生’、‘濮花23号’、‘海花1号’。利用‘弗落蔓生’在15周内得到了生根组培苗。     

四个酿酒葡萄品种组培快繁体系的初建

为了提高酿酒葡（Vitis vinifera）苗木繁殖速度及苗木品质,以‘赤霞珠’、‘西拉’、‘霞多丽’和‘美乐’4／p品种为试材,研究无菌外植体建立、启动培养、增殖培养和驯化移栽环节的关键技术,初步建立酿酒葡萄组培快繁体系。结果表明,以半木质化茎段为外植体接种成活率高,在培养基MS＋IBA0．2mg·L-1＋6．BA1．0mg·L-1＋KT0．5mg·L-1上启动培养外植体单芽萌发率最高,以培养基1／2MS＋IBA0．2mg·L-1＋KT1．0mg·L-1增殖培养兼生根诱导,组培苗生长健壮,繁殖率高。增殖培养6代后,‘赤霞珠’、‘西拉’、‘霞多丽’和‘美乐’分别由12株葡萄苗扩繁为l383株、1095株、744株和100株。组培苗驯化培养3周后移栽至营养钵,4个品种成活率均在72％以上。此组培快繁体系基本适用于4个酿酒葡萄品种,可应用于科学研究及工业化大规模生产。     

不同氮浓度对兔眼蓝浆果不同品种幼苗生长和光合生理的影响

为确定兔眼蓝浆果( Vaccinium ashei Reade)不同品种苗期的适宜施氮量,以兔眼蓝浆果早熟品种‘阿拉帕哈’(‘Alapha’)、中熟品种‘园蓝’(‘Gardenblue’)和晚熟品种‘芭尔德温’(‘Baldwin’)的组培苗为实验材料,采用水培法研究了不同氮浓度(0、1、2和4 mmol·L-1)对幼苗生长、根和叶中全氮含量、叶片光合生理特性的影响。结果表明：与对照(0 mmol·L-1氮)相比,经1、2和4 mmol·L-1氮处理后3个兔眼蓝浆果品种的单株茎叶干质量显著增加,根冠比显著降低;但品种‘园蓝’的单株根干质量显著高于对照,另2个品种的单株根干质量与对照无显著差异。随着营养液中氮浓度的提高,3个兔眼蓝浆果品种根的全氮含量及品种‘阿拉帕哈’叶的全氮含量均逐渐增加,且在4 mmol·L-1氮处理下最高;品种‘园蓝’和‘芭尔德温’叶的全氮含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,且均在2 mmol·L-1氮处理下最高;各处理组根和叶的全氮含量均显著高于对照。经1、2和4 mmol·L-1氮处理后,3个兔眼蓝浆果品种叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量以及PSⅡ最大光化学效率( Fv/Fm )均呈先升高后降低的趋势,且均显著高于对照。各处理组中,品种‘园蓝’叶片的净光合速率( Pn)、气孔导度( Gs)、胞间CO2浓度( Ci)和蒸腾速率( Tr)均显著高于对照;品种‘芭尔德温’叶片的Pn值在4 mmol·L-1氮处理下显著低于对照,Gs和Tr值在2 mmol·L-1氮处理下显著高于对照,Ci值与对照无显著差异;与对照相比,品种‘阿拉帕哈’叶片的Pn值在1和4 mmol·L-1氮处理下显著提高,Gs值在1 mmol·L-1氮处理下显著提高,Tr值在1和2 mmol·L-1氮处理下显著提高,而Ci值则在4 mmol·L-1氮处理下显著降低。综合分析结果显示：适度增施氮肥可提高兔眼蓝浆果不同品种幼苗的茎叶生长、改善其光合性能,但对根系生长无明显的促进作用。在营养生长期兔眼蓝浆果不同品种的需氮量存在差异,其中品种‘园蓝’更适宜高氮环境,而施用少量氮肥即可促进品种‘芭尔德温’和‘阿拉帕哈’幼苗地上部分生长。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.