钙、硅对酸雨胁迫下小麦生长和养分吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验方法研究了在模拟酸雨胁迫下施用碳酸钙和硅酸钠对红壤酸化、土壤活性铝和速效养分含量以及小麦生长、养分吸收与积累的影响。结果表明,短期内(2个月)喷施pH3.0的酸雨对红壤酸化有一定的促进作用,但对小麦生长无显着不良影响,反而因酸雨中含有N、S、K等营养元素,可起到一定的促进作用。施用碳酸钙和硅酸钠具有抑制土壤酸化、降低活性铝的作用,但碳酸钙用量应控制在2.0g·kg^-1以下,否则将降低土壤磷的生物有效性,抑制小麦生长。与此相反,硅酸钠的施用则大幅度提高土壤有效磷含量,促进小麦对P的吸收和利用,同时也有利于N、K等元素的利用,从而显着促进作物生长。此外,Si还具有显着提高作物抗麦蚜危害的能力.     

生物炭施用方式对黑土和潮棕壤养分及氮磷转化相关酶活性的影响

为探明不同生物炭施用方式对农田土壤养分含量及元素转化的影响,通过设置在黑土和潮棕壤的两个为期5年的田间定位试验,研究每年低量施用(AL,22.5 t·hm^-2·a^-1)和间隔性高量施用(IH,112.5 t·hm^-2·5 a^-1)玉米秸秆生物炭对土壤碳、氮、磷含量,土壤生物学性质及氮磷转化相关酶活性的影响,以期为秸秆的资源化利用和农田土壤地力提升提供科学依据。结果表明: 两种施用方式间比较,黑土AL处理的全碳和有机氮含量(31.55和1.89 g·kg^-1)显著高于IH处理(25.77和1.71 g·kg^-1);与对照相比,黑土AL处理脱氢酶活性降幅(26.75 mg·kg^-1·24 h^-1)大于IH处理(17.69 mg·kg^-1·24 h^-1),而潮棕壤AL处理蛋白酶活性增幅(11.77 mg·kg^-1·h^-1)却低于IH处理(29.95 mg·kg^-1·h^-1)。与潮棕壤相比,生物炭施用对黑土全碳和有机氮含量的提升较大。生物炭的施用显著提高了潮棕壤脱氢酶和蛋白酶的活性,却显著降低了黑土脱氢酶活性。土壤类型和生物炭施用方式对土壤碳氮含量、微生物代谢活性及氮磷转化相关酶活性存在显著的交互作用。总体来说,土壤类型和生物炭添加对土壤理化性质和微生物学特性产生了显著的影响,这为秸秆资源化利用和土地管理提供了重要的参考价值。     

深圳市不同土地利用类型土壤有机碳与密度特征

土壤碳库变化对于全球温室效应、全球碳循环有重大的影响.城市土壤是全球碳循环的重要环节,城市化对城市土壤有机碳库的影响不容忽视.在野外调查和样品分析的基础上,对深圳市0～10、11～20、21～30cm深度不同土地利用类型土壤有机碳碳含量、密度及分布特征进行实测统计分析.结果表明:(1)深圳市不同土地利用类型0～30cm土壤有机碳含量均值介于0.72～40.52g·kg^-1.土壤有机碳密度均值介于0.27～13.36kg·m^-2.(2)土壤有机碳含量与密度随土层深度的增加而降低.0～10cm土壤有机碳含量均值介于1.56～71.88g·kg^-1,有机碳密度均值介于0.18～7.05kg·m^-2之间;11～20cm土壤有机碳含量均值介于0.59～36.79g·kg^-1,土壤有机碳密度均值介于0.09～4.5kg·m^-2,21～30cm土壤有机碳含量均值介于0～12.90g·kg^-1,土壤有机碳密度均值介于0～1.78kg·m^-2.(3)林地土壤有机碳含量和密度随着海拔高度的升高而降低,城市建设用地与闲置土地土壤有机碳含量与密度很低.(4)土地利用方式的变化可以改变有机碳在土壤中的贮存与分布.     

土施L-蛋氨酸、L-苯基丙氨酸、L-色氨酸对玉米生长和养分吸收的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了3种植物生长调节剂前体物质对玉米生长发育和养分吸收的影响,并确定了其适宜用量.结果表明,土施L蛋氨酸(L-MET)、L-苯基丙氨酸(L-PHE)和L-色氨酸(L-TRP)能不同程度地增加玉米株高、地上部和地下部干重,提高玉米根系活力、体内硝酸还原酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,促进玉米对氮、磷、钾、锌养分的吸收.在所有供试浓度中,以土施L-MET0.0185～0.185mg·kg^-1、L-PHE0.2mg·kg^-1和L-TRP0.03～0.3mg·kg^-1效果最佳,而且L-PHE和L-TRP对玉米生长的促进作用和提高养分的吸收能力均优于L-MET.     

短期放牧干扰对黄土丘陵区生物结皮土壤氮素累积的影响

通过野外调查结合室内分析,研究了黄土丘陵区模拟放牧干扰半年和一年后生物结皮土壤全氮、速效氮和微生物生物量氮累积的变化,以期揭示生物结皮土壤氮素对干扰响应的敏感性.结果表明: 生物结皮土壤氮素对干扰响应敏感,短期干扰可导致土壤全氮、速效氮和微生物生物量氮含量降低.干扰半年后,生物结皮层全氮和速效氮含量较不干扰分别下降0.17～0.39 g·kg^-1、1.78～5.65 mg·kg^-1;干扰一年后,分别下降0.13～0.40 g·kg^-1、11.45～32.68mg·kg^-1,生物结皮层微生物生物量氮下降69.99～330.97 mg·kg^-1,0～2 cm土壤微生物生物量氮增加25.51～352.17 mg·kg^-1.干扰对生物结皮土壤氮素累积的影响与干扰强度有关,20%和30%干扰强度下生物结皮层氮素累积变化不显著,40%和50%干扰强度下生物结皮层氮素累积显著降低.短期干扰降低了生物结皮层氮素累积,但表层5 cm土壤氮素含量变化不显著.     

燃煤烟气脱硫副产物在酸性土壤的农业资源化利用

通过盆栽试验,研究了在酸性土壤上施燃煤烟气脱硫副产物对萝卜的影响及其对环境影响的初步评价.结果显示:(1)在两个不同土类、及同一土类不同母质的两种土壤上,萝卜适量施用脱硫副产物均可获得不同程度的增产和提高品质的效果.(2)在酸性土壤上施用供试物获得正效应是由于其富含红壤土类中普遍缺的有效性钙、硫、硼、钼、硅等作物营养元素;并能有效改善土壤的理化性能.(3)供试物中的重金属含量均没有超过国家的限量标准,故适量施用后,当造作物植株中检出的重金属均低于国家限量标准.     

根结线虫病土引入秸秆碳源对土壤微生物生物量和原生动物的影响

研究了添加秸秆碳源在连续种植条件下对根结线虫病害严重土壤中微生物生物量和原生动物丰富度的影响. 供试作物为番茄, 设置3个梯度的小麦秸秆添加量\[1N(2.08 g·kg^-1)、2N (4.16 g·kg^-1)和4N(8.32 g·kg^-1)\].结果表明: 添加秸秆碳源对微生物生物量碳、氮和原生动物丰富度具有显著影响,且这种影响呈现为4N>2N>1N>CK.添加秸秆碳源对原生动物群落结构也具有显著影响,各处理鞭毛虫、肉足虫和纤毛虫的平均比例分别为36.0%、59.5%和4.5%.在相同秸秆添加量下,土壤微生物量碳氮、微生物碳氮比和原生动物丰富度随种植年限的延长而提高.     

活性焦对晋北盐碱地土壤性质和两种植物生长的影响

固废基改良剂是盐碱地改良的有效手段之一。活性焦作为一种多孔废弃物,应用于盐碱地预期可以起到改善土壤性质、减缓植物盐碱胁迫的作用。为了阐明活性焦对晋北盐碱地的改良效应,本研究设置不同用量活性焦(CK, 0 g·kg^-1;A₁₀, 10 g·kg^-1;A₂₀, 20 g·kg^-1;A₅₀, 50 g·kg^-1),分析其对盐碱地土壤性质和植物生长的影响。结果表明: 施用活性焦能显著提高土壤的水稳性团聚体含量,并降低土壤盐分含量、pH值和电导率。与CK相比,种植碱茅和玉米土壤的团聚体平均重量直径增加5.1%～32.2%,pH值降低0.4%～4.1%,钠吸附比(SAR)降低4.8%～18.7%,电导率降低7.4%～8.2%。施用适量活性焦能够降低植物细胞的质膜损伤,提高叶片叶绿素和Ca²⁺含量,从而有效促进植物生长,碱茅和玉米的生物量均在A₂₀处理达到最大。表明盐碱土施用20 g·kg^-1活性焦(A₂₀)可改善根际土壤环境,提高植物对Ca²⁺等的选择性吸收,从而降低盐分对植物细胞的损伤,促进盐碱生境中植物的生长。     

油松 辽东栎混交林地表凋落物与氮添加对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及其活性的影响

2010年9月-2011年10月,在山西省灵空山油松和辽东栎混交林样地采取随机区组设计,研究了地表凋落物和氮添加处理对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物活性的影响.凋落物处理包括: 剔除凋落物(N)、叶凋落物加倍(L)、枝果凋落物加倍(B)和混合凋落物加倍(LB);氮添加量分别为0(N₀)、5 g·m^-2·a^-1(N₁)和10 g·m^-2·a^-1(N₂).结果表明: 剔除地表凋落物且无氮添加时,油松和辽东栎混交林地的土壤有机碳(SOC)含量显著降低,其他试验处理间对SOC的影响无显著差异.土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)及其活性(MR)的变化范围依次为: 262.42～873.16 mg·kg^-1、73.55～173.85 mg·kg^-1和2.38～3.68mg·kg^-1·d^-1.MBC、MBN和MR两两间呈极显著正相关.氮添加对MBC、MBN和MR均无显著影响;凋落物处理对MR影响显著,表现为混合凋落物加倍处理的MR最高,叶凋落物加倍处理次之,剔除凋落物处理最低,而对MBC和MBN无显著影响.凋落物和氮添加处理在整个试验过程中未表现出交互作用.短期的氮添加处理和森林地表凋落物变化对土壤微生物过程的影响有限.     

秦岭南坡东段油松人工林生态系统碳、氮储量及其分配格局

研究秦岭南坡东段8、25、35、42和61年生油松人工林碳、氮储量和分配格局.结果表明: 油松人工林不同林龄乔木层碳、氮含量为441.40～526.21和3.13～3.99 g·kg^-1,灌木层为426.06～447.25和10.62～12.45 g·kg^-1,草本层为301.37～401.52和10.35～13.33 g·kg^-1,枯落物层为382.83～424.71和8.69～11.90 g·kg^-1,土壤层(0～100 cm)为1.51～18.17和0.29～1.45 g·kg^-1.树干和树枝分别是乔木层的主要碳库和氮库,占乔木层碳储量的48.5%～62.7%和氮储量的39.2%～48.4%.林龄对生态系统碳、氮储量均有显著影响.生态系统碳储量随林龄增加而增加,35年时达最大值146.06 t·hm^-2,成熟后碳储量有所下降.5个林龄段油松林生态系统氮储量的最大值为25年时的10.99 t·hm^-2.植被层平均碳、氮储量分别为45.33 t·hm^-2和568.55 kg·hm^-2,土壤层平均碳、氮储量分别为73.12和8.57 t·hm^-2,且土壤层中碳、氮的积累具有明显的表层富集现象.研究区油松人工林生态系统碳、氮储量主要分布在土壤层,其次为乔木层.生态系统碳储量空间分配格局为:土壤层(64.1%)＞乔木层(30.0%)＞灌草层和枯落物层(5.9%),氮储量为土壤层(93.2%)＞乔木层(5.3%)＞灌草层和枯落物层(1.5%).     

Dry Matter Distribution between Shoot and Storage Root of Carrot, Parsnip, Radish and Red Beet

The relationship between shoot and storage root weights of carrot,parsnip, radish and red beet was examined using plants of differentsize and age. For both carrot and parsnip plants of the sameage there was a linear relationship between the logarithms ofshoot and storage root d. wts which was unaffected by plantdensity. For parsnip the parameters of the regression were unchangedby harvest time, while for carrot the slope of the regressionremained constant and the intercept progressively declined withharvest time. These observations are consistent with an hypothesisof assimilate partition based on competition between sinks.For both radish and red beet at very high densities the logarithmicrelationship between shoot and storage root weight was curvilinearwith significant effects of both harvest time and density. Itis suggested that interplant competition may affect the initiationof storage tissue development in both these species. It is concludedthat for radish and red beet, even when considering only plantsproducing normal swollen storage roots, partition of assimilateis affected by factors not incorporated into the above hypothesis. Root crop, carrot, parsnip, radish, red beet, partition of assimilated carbon, model     

Leaching of nitrogen from subtropical soils as affected by nitrification potential and base cations

A soil column method was used to determine the effect of nitrification on leaching of nitrate and ammonium from three acid subtropical soils after application of ammonium bicarbonate. Three soils, designated QF, GB and SU, derived from Quaternary red earth, granite and tertiary red sandstone, were collected from forest land, brush land and upland field, ranged in nitrification potential and cation exchange capacity. The results indicated that nitrate leaching increased with the soil nitrification potential. The soils with higher nitrification potential had a higher nitrate peak concentration and required a shorter time to reach it. In soils QF and GB with low cation exchange capacity, and a low content of exchangeable base cations, there were not sufficient base cations to accompany the nitrate leached with the result that ammonium and hydrogen ions were leached from the soil, and pH changes occurred in different layers of the soil column.     

The nutrition of the radish

Sand-culture experiments with the radish demonstrated that the optimum concentrations of nitrogen for root development were the highest employed, 32.96 and 65.92 p.p.m. Deficiency of nitrogen led to poor growth and to a characteristic outlining of the cotyledons in red, with red petioles. As with the carrot and turnip, a low concentration of available phosphorus, here 2.05-4.09 p.p.m., gave the best root growth; and a marketable radish was obtained with so little as 0.10 p.p.m., suggesting that the relatively large radish seed contains a considerable quantity of phosphorus. The highest concentration of potassium used, 22.44 p.p.m., yielded the largest roots, and a diminution in this amount led to loss of yield and eventually to serious scorch of the foliage. There is possibly some boron in the radish seed; for though absence of this from an otherwise satisfactory solution resulted in diminished yields, the foliage was normal in appearance, and the radish of eatable size; the radishes apparently lacked ability to swell.     

Control of Light-Induced Carotenoid Synthesis in Raphanus Seedlings by Phytochrome

The effect of short pulses of red and or far-red light on the formation of individual carotenoids was tested in etiolated radish seedlings (Raphanus sativus L.). Red light induces an enhanced synthesis of β-carotene, lutein. violaxanthin and neoxanthin, while the level of antheraxanthin is decreased. Far-red light reverses the red light effects to the level of the far-red light control. The data indicate that in radish seedlings active phytochrome P_fr initiates the light-induced carotenoid synthesis, which is bound to thylakoid formation.     

Temperature and host plant effects on development and fecundity of Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Homoptera: Aphididae)

The development, survival and reproduction of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) were evaluated at three constant temperatures (20, 25 and 30°C) on cabbage, cauliflower, red cabbage, turnip and radish. The development periods of immature stages ranged from 10.7 d at 20°C to 7.60 d at 30°C for red cabbage. Total percentages of survivorship of immature stages varied from 39.40 and 82.50 within the temperature range of 25–30°C on radish. The average progeny per female was 31.15, 28.95 and 23.77 at 20, 25 and 30°C on cabbage.     

Effects of salinity and gibberellin on water content,growth and mineral composition of cowpea,calabrese and red radish plants

Salinity had generally little influence on the water content of different parts of cowpea(Vigna sinensis L.), calabrese(Brassica oleracea L. var.botrylis) and red radish(Raphanus salivus L.) plants. Salinity showed a promotive effect on the growth of cowpea, while in calabrese the effect was either promotive or depressive depending upon the concentration of the NaCl, and in red radish plants salinity progressively suppressed growth. Total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sodium contents of cowpea leaves were not affected by salinity treatments, while in calabrese and red radish leaves the contents of N, P and K were generally decreased as the salinity level increased. Gibberellin (GA₃) applied to salt-treated plants had either a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on the growth, water content and contents of N, P, K and Na in the leaves depending upon the plant type, the concentration of GA₃ and level of salinity.     

LED不同光质对萝卜愈伤组织诱导、增殖和萝卜硫素含量的影响

以白水萝卜无菌苗及其愈伤组织为实验材料,研究其在LED白、红、黄、蓝、绿和蓝红6种光质下的愈伤诱导和增殖。结果表明：LED不同光质下胚轴愈伤组织的诱导效应不同,诱导率顺序依次为黄光〉红光〉蓝红光〉白光〉蓝光〉绿光;蓝光、黄光和红光有利于子叶愈伤组织的诱导;子叶诱导愈伤组织的效果较下胚轴好;LED红光下愈伤组织的增殖倍数和萝卜硫素含量均为最高。     

The impact of red and blue light-emitting diode illumination on radish physiological indices

The objective was to evaluate the effect of different combinations of red (638 nm) and blue (455 nm) light produced by solid-state light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on physiological indices (net assimilation rate, hypocotyl-to-leaf ratio, leaf area, leaf dry weight, hypocotyl length and diameter, plant length, developed leaves), variation of photosynthetic pigments and non-structural carbohydrates in radish (Raphanus sativus L., var. ‘Faraon’). Lighting experiments were performed under controlled conditions (total PPFD - 200 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹; 16 h photoperiod; 14/18°C night/day temperature). The LED conditions: 638 nm; 638 + 5% 455 nm; 638 + 10% 455 nm; 638 + 10% 455 + 731 nm; 638 + 10% 455 + 731 + 669 nm. Our results showed that radishes grown under red (638 nm) alone were elongated, and the formation of hypocotyl was weak. The net assimilation rate, hypocotyl-to-leaf ratio, and leaf dry weight also were low due to the low accumulation of photosynthetic pigments and non-structural carbohydrates in leaves. The supplemented blue (455 nm) light was necessary for the non-structural carbohydrates distribution between radish storage organs and leaves which resulted in hypocotyl thickening. Red alone (638 nm) or in combination with far-red (731 nm), or red669 for radish generative development was required.     

不同光质光周期对樱桃萝卜生长发育及营养品质的影响

光质和光周期可以调节植物生长过程中肉质根等地下贮藏器官的形成。该试验以‘昆优2号’樱桃萝卜为试验材料,以白光(W)为对照,研究8R2B、5R5B、2R8B红蓝光配比光质(红蓝光比例分别为8∶2、5∶5、2∶8)与8L/16D、12L/12D、16L/8D光周期(光照/黑暗分别为8 h/16 h、12 h/12 h、16 h/8 h)组合对樱桃萝卜生长发育和营养品质的影响,筛选适合樱桃萝卜生长的光质光周期组合。结果表明:长光照(16L/8D)W、8R2B处理对樱桃萝卜叶片生长、肉质根大小、根冠比都有显著的促进作用,长光照W有利于樱桃萝卜更快形成膨大的肉质根;长光照W、8R2B处理下的樱桃萝卜肉质根多酚含量、抗氧化能力差异不大;长光照W利于樱桃萝卜肉质根可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白积累,长光照8R2B有利于肉质根可溶性蛋白积累。研究发现,适当的光质和光周期组合可显著促进樱桃萝卜叶片生长、肉质根膨大以及根中营养物质的积累,从而获得良好的长势和营养品质,并以长光照(16L/8D即光照/黑暗为16 h/8 h)白光组合最佳。