海南快生根瘤菌蛋白、多位点酶及质粒电泳

在本室以前的研究中,海南快生根瘤菌具有分类上的多型性。其一部分归于已知各根瘤菌种,另有一部分菌株构成独立的表观群及相应的ＤＮＡ同源群（亚群Ⅱ和Ⅳ）。本文采用不同的电泳方法,分析了海南快生根瘤菌和已知根瘤菌种的代表共５５个菌株的全细胞蛋白、酯酶、过氧化物酶及质粒组成。结果表明：同一亚群的菌株间有相似的蛋白图谱,种群之间有较明显的差异,根瘤菌中普遍存在酯酶,酶带的数量和迁移率具有菌株专一性,更适合于苗株的鉴别。过氧化物酶只在部分菌株中观察到,亚群Ⅱ与亚群Ⅳ的菌株均显示一条酶带,但二者之间的相对迁移率有明显差别     

海南快生根瘤菌蛋白,多位点酶及质粒电泳

在本室以前的研究中,海南快生根瘤菌具有分类上的多型性。其一部分归于已知各根瘤菌种,另有一部分菌株构成独立的表观群及相应的ＤＮＡ同源群（亚群Ⅱ和Ⅳ）。本文采用不同的电泳方法,分析了海南快生根瘤菌和已知根瘤菌种的代表共５５个菌株的全细胞蛋白、酯酶、过氧化物酶及质粒组成。结果表明：同一亚群的菌株间有相似的蛋白图谱,种群之间有较明显的差异,根瘤菌中普遍存在酯酶,酶带的数量和迁移率具有菌株专一性,更适合于苗株的鉴别。过氧化物酶只在部分菌株中观察到,亚群Ⅱ与亚群Ⅳ的菌株均显示一条酶带,但二者之间的相对迁移率有明显差别。质粒电泳中,大多数海南快生菌中存在着大质粒,分子量范围是２０－４０００Ｋｂ,同一亚群中的不同菌株间具有一定相似性,这些结果为海南快生型根瘤菌的分类提供了一些辅助证据。     

根瘤菌同工酶图谱分析和分类

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析了９株根瘤菌酯酶及ＳＯＤ同工酶图谱,结果显示快生型根瘤菌与慢生型根瘤菌有明显区别,不仅根瘤菌种间有明显差别,而且菌株间也存在差异。Ｒｈｉｚｏｂｉｕｍｌｅｇｕｍｉｎｏｓａｒｕｍｂｉｏｖａｒｓｖｉｃｅａｅ和ｐｈａｓｅｏｌｉ具有相同的ＳＯＤ图谱和相似的酯酶图谱。快生型大豆根瘤菌的上述同工酶图谱不同于慢生型大豆根瘤菌和其它快生型根瘤菌。     

杨树的同工酶变异及早期选择的研究

用单相聚丙烯酰胺凝胶不连续缓冲系统水平平板电泳法,分离了杨树1年生扦插苗的酯酶和过氧化物酶同工酶。根据两种同工酶表型,从11个欧美杨无性系区分出9个无性系和1个遗传群。将过氧化物酶同工酶表型与8-11年生采条母树单株平均材积比较,发现1年生扦插苗的过氧化物酶同工酶带数特别是迁移率快的A区同工酶的带数与成龄树材积成一定正相关,从而可用过氧化物酶同工酶的带数作为亲本相近的杨树速生性的预测指标,使难以选择的数量遗传问题变成易于选择的质量遗传问题。在实践中,利用同工酶技术进行杨树的早期选择可能是一种多快好省的途径。     

根瘤菌可溶性蛋白和酯酶的电泳图谱分析

我们分析行了二十株根瘤菌可溶性蛋白和酯酶的电泳图谱。菌株中14株分离自野大豆的快生型大豆根瘤菌和3株慢生型大豆根瘤菌;另外3株根瘤菌分别分离于苜蓿、豌豆和三叶草。根据它们电泳谱带的Rf值,计算了各根瘤菌可溶性蛋白图谱间的相似性系数。快生型大豆根瘤菌的电泳图谱均不同于慢生型大豆根瘤菌和其他根瘤菌。鉴于各菌株有其独特图谱,以此作为根瘤菌分类和鉴定的依据,是较可靠的方法。     

水稻酯酶同工酶Est_3位点的遗传

对139个水稻品种幼苗和其中的72个品种灌浆期胚乳酯酶同工酶进行测定,在阳极迁移率为0.818和0.876位置表现3种酶带类型:慢带型E_3~S,快带型E_3~F和无酶带型E_3~0。对不同酶带型品种杂交的F_1和F_2酯酶遗传分析表明:阳极标志酶带E_3~S和E_3~F分别受Est_3位点上两个共显性等位基因控制,而无酶带型则受同一位点上一个隐性无效等位基因控制。苗期和灌浆期遗传分析结果是一致的。胚乳酯酶还表现明显的基因剂量效应。据此,作者提出胚乳酯酶的遗传模式。     

部分丛生竹同工酶的研究

本文采用聚丙烯（月+先）胺凝胶电泳法测定了5属28种竹叶的谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶(GOT),过氧化物酶(POD)和酯酶(EST)三种同工酶。测定结果表明,GOT同工酶比较稳定,对于竹子分属有较好的意义;POD与EST同工酶种间分化大,可作为竹子分种的参考依据。根据三种同工酶的酶谱及相似系数分析,结合经典分类,对丛生竹分类中存在的疑难问题提出了一些参考意见。     

趋磁细菌WD-1同工酶分析

趋磁细菌在微好氧和好氧条件下生长时,它们在酯酶、乙醇脱氢酶、过氧化物酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、苹果酸酶、乳酸脱氢酶、谷草转氨酶、谷氨酸脱氢酶和异柠檬酸脱氢酶等同工酶中具有明显不同的酶带或酶活性,呈现酶的多分子形态。     

小麦不同发育时期酯酶、过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱 的比较研究

休眠干种子,浸种8小时和24小时萌动胚酯酶酶谱的特点是:酶带数较多,并且活力高的酶带基本上都集中在快带区与慢带区。一叶期、二叶期、三叶期酶谱的特点是酶带数大为减少,并且活力较低,在慢带区变化尤大。分蘖期是研究的九个发育时期中,酶带最少而且酶活力最低的一个发育时期。剑叶期酶谱与分蘖期相似,但酶带数和酶活力都有所提高。开花后15—18天的乳熟种子的酶谱有较大变化,酶带数显著增多,酶活力增强;并且在这一发育时期,不同材料间的差异容易显示出来。过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱,在不同发育时期是有差别的,但差异不及酯酶大。休眠干种子和浸种8小时种胚的过氧化物酶酶带数目较少而且活力低。但浸种24小时,酶带数显著增多而且活性较强,显色较深。一叶期、二叶期,三叶期的酶带数都比较多而强,至分蘖盛期酶带数有所下降,剑叶期又有所提高,乳熟期种子出现酶带数和酶活性都比较多而强。     

中华绒螯蟹不同发育时期胚胎及流产胚胎的同工酶变化

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对中华绒螯蟹(Erlocheir sinensis)不同发育时期胚胎及流产胚胎的6种同工酶(乳酸脱氢酶、醇脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、酯酶、淀粉酶和过氧化物酶)进行了研究。结果表明,不同发育时期胚胎的乳酸脱氢酶、醇脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、酯酶及淀粉酶酶谱表现出一定差异。受精卵中未检测到乳酸脱氢酶同工酶活性,卵裂期和囊胚期出现4条酶带,无节幼体及溞状幼体期只有2条酶带;醇脱氢酶同工酶在中华绒螯蟹胚胎发育的各阶段均有表达,但表达的酶带数和活性有区别;在受精卵和溞状幼体期无苹果酸脱氢酶酶带显示,卵裂期酶带数最多,酶活性相对也最强,以后随着发育的进行,酶带数和酶活性都有减弱的现象;酯酶同工酶的变化较为复杂,特别是囊胚期,酯酶酶带突然全部消失;淀粉酶有两种类型：α-淀粉酶和R-淀粉酶。从受精卵发育到幼体其酶带数不增反减。不同发育阶段均检测不到过氧化物酶的活性。第二次抱卵胚胎的酶活性和酶带数低于或有别于第一次抱卵的卵裂期胚胎。流产胚胎中醇脱氢酶、乳酸脱氢酶、淀粉酶与第一次抱卵胚胎不同发育时期的酶谱相比略有变化,而苹果酸脱氢酶、酯酶酶带数迅速减少。     

Note on the specificity of the rhizobia of crownvetch and sainfoin

Summary Rhizobium of crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.) was tested in test tubes on agar on several legumes and rhizobia from different cross inoculation groups were tested on crownvetch. Effective nodules were only formed on crownvetch after inoculation with crownvetch rhizobium and with two rhizobium strains of sainfoin (Onobrychis vicifólia). Four rhizobium strains from sainfoin nodules and six strains from crownvetch nodules were tested in quartzsand on sainfoin and crownvetch; all strains produced effective nodules on the roots of both species. Rhizobium of crownvetch was present in 32 of 57 soil samples collected in 7 provinces of the Netherlands. This rhizobium is present in most soils in the Netherlands with a pH of 7.8 to 7.0.     

海南省快生根瘤菌的多型性

本文报告了对25株来自不同寄主植物的海南快生型根瘤菌及7株已知快生型根瘤菌的数值分类。结果表明,海南快生型根瘤菌在分类上有多样性,其中一部分属于不同的已知根瘤菌种,有13株海南快生型根瘤菌构成一个具有独立分类地位的菌群。这一独立的海南根瘤菌群来自10个属的寄主植物,并有较强的生活能力和扰逆性。     

Nodulation of acacia species by fast- and slow-growing tropical strains of Rhizobium

Thirteen Acacia species were classified into three groups according to effective nodulation response patterns with fast- and slow-growing tropical strains of Rhizobium. The first group nodulated effectively with slow-growing, cowpea-type Rhizobium strains; the second, with fast-growing Rhizobium strains; and the third, with both fast- and slow-growing Rhizobium strains. The Rhizobium requirements of the Acacia species of the second group were similar to those of Leucaena leucocephala.     

A succinate transport mutant of Bradyrhizobium japonicum forms ineffective nodules on soybeans.

Biochemical evidence has shown that dicarboxylic acids actively support symbiotic nitrogen fixation by both fast- and slow-growing Rhizobium. Mutants defective in the active uptake of succinate have been previously described only in species of the fast-growing rhizobium. This article is a report on the isolation of mutants defective in dicarboxylate transport in a slow-growing species of rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium japonicum. One of these presumptive dicarboxylate transport mutants, GTS, was characterized further. Cultured GTS was unable to accumulate [14C]succinate above background levels but possessed normal rates of malate dehydrogenase, fumarase, and hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activities. When inoculated onto soybeans, GTS produced a Nod+, Fix- phenotype. The bacteroids isolated from these nodules failed to accumulate labelled succinate. Electron micrographs of nodules formed by inoculation with GTS appeared normal with the exceptions of more prominent peribacteroid spaces in the infected cells and the appearance of starch granules in the noninfected cells. The phenotypical and morphological changes observed for B. japonicum are similar to those previously reported for the fast-growing species.     

6-Phospho-D-gluconate:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating) from slow-growing Rhizobia.

6-Phospho-D-gluconate:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating) (NAD+-6PGD) was detected in several slow-growing strains of rhizobia, and no activity involving NADP+ was found in the same extracts. By contrast, fast-growing strains of rhizobia had NADP+-6PGD activity; most of them also had NAD+-6PGD activity. NAD+-6PGD was partially purified from the slow-growing strain Rhizobium japonicum 5006. The reaction was shown to be an oxidative decarboxylation.     

Evidence for plasmid- and chromosome-borne multiple nif genes in Rhizobium fredii.

Rhizobium fredii is a fast-growing rhizobium isolated from the primitive Chinese soybean cultivar Peking and from the wild soybean Glycine soja. This rhizobium harbors nif genes on 150- to 200-megadalton plasmids. By passage on acridine orange plates, we obtained a mutant of R. fredii USDA 206 cured of the 197-megadalton plasmid (USDA 206C) which carries both nif and nod genes. This strain, however, has retained its symbiotic effectiveness. Probing EcoRI digests of wild-type and cured plasmid DNA with a 2.2-kilobase nif DH fragment from Rhizobium meliloti has shown four homologous fragments in the wild-type strain (4.2, 4.9, 10, and 11 kilobases) and two fragments in the cured strain (4.2 and 10 kilobases). EcoRI digests of total DNA show four major bands of homology (4.2, 4.9, 5.8, and 13 kilobases) in both the wild-type and cured strains. The presence of major bands of homology in the total DNA not present in the plasmid DNA indicated chromosomal nif genes. Probing of HindIII digests of total and plasmid DNA led to the same conclusion. Hybridization to the smaller plasmids of USDA 206 and USDA 206C showed the presence of nif genes on at least one of these plasmids, explaining the nif homology in the USDA 206C plasmid digests.     

Evidence for plasmid- and chromosome-borne multiple nif genes in Rhizobium fredii

Rhizobium fredii is a fast-growing rhizobium isolated from the primitive Chinese soybean cultivar Peking and from the wild soybean Glycine soja. This rhizobium harbors nif genes on 150- to 200-megadalton plasmids. By passage on acridine orange plates, we obtained a mutant of R. fredii USDA 206 cured of the 197-megadalton plasmid (USDA 206C) which carries both nif and nod genes. This strain, however, has retained its symbiotic effectiveness. Probing EcoRI digests of wild-type and cured plasmid DNA with a 2.2-kilobase nif DH fragment from Rhizobium meliloti has shown four homologous fragments in the wild-type strain (4.2, 4.9, 10, and 11 kilobases) and two fragments in the cured strain (4.2 and 10 kilobases). EcoRI digests of total DNA show four major bands of homology (4.2, 4.9, 5.8, and 13 kilobases) in both the wild-type and cured strains. The presence of major bands of homology in the total DNA not present in the plasmid DNA indicated chromosomal nif genes. Probing of HindIII digests of total and plasmid DNA led to the same conclusion. Hybridization to the smaller plasmids of USDA 206 and USDA 206C showed the presence of nif genes on at least one of these plasmids, explaining the nif homology in the USDA 206C plasmid digests.     

Some antigenic properties of cultured cell and bacteroid forms of fast- and slow-growing strains of Lotus rhizobia.

Immunodiffusion cross-reactions of 62 fast- and 76 slow-growing of Lotus rhizobia with antisera to four of the fast-growing and five of the slow-growing strains were studied. No sharing of antigens by both fast- and slow-growing strains was found. Somatic antigens were very strain specific with only eight of the fast-growing and five of the slow-growing strains tested having somatic antigens identical to those of one or more of the strains of the same group used for antisera production. In contrast, internal antigens were shared by all fast-growing strains and with seven exceptions by all slow-growing strains. Antigens of cultured rhizobia, and bacteroids from nodules formed on different legumes by the same strain of Rhizobium, were similar. However, incontrast to cultured cells, bacteroids generally required no pretreatment (heat or ultrasonic disruption) to give a strong somatic antigen reaction in immunodiffusions.     

Preservation of Rhizobium viability and symbiotic infectivity by suspension in water

Three Rhizobium japonicum strains and two slow-growing cowpea-type Rhizobium strains were found to remain viable and able to rapidly modulate their respective hosts after being stored in purified water at ambient temperatures for periods of 1 year and longer. Three fast-growing Rhizobium species did not remain viable under the same water storage conditions. After dilution of slow-growing Rhizobium strains with water to 10(3) to 10(5) cells ml-1, the bacteria multiplied until the viable cell count reached levels of between 10(6) and 10(7) cells ml-1. The viable cell count subsequently remained fairly constant. When the rhizobia were diluted to 10(7) cells ml-1, they did not multiply, but full viability was maintained. If the rhizobia were washed and suspended at 10(9) cells ml-1, viability slowly declined to 10(7) cells ml-1 during 9 months of storage. Scanning electron microscopy showed that no major morphological changes took place during storage. Preservation of slow-growing rhizobia in water suspensions could provide a simple and inexpensive alternative to current methods for the preservation of rhizobia for legume inoculation.