普通菜豆种质资源芽期抗旱性鉴定

摘要：干旱是影响我国普通菜豆生产的主要因素之一,筛选芽期抗旱性种质资源,培育抗旱品种,有利于提高普通菜豆品种的出苗率和幼苗长势,对发展我国普通菜豆生产具有重要意义。本研究首先以4份普通菜豆种质为材料,检测了不同渗透势PEG6000溶液模拟旱胁迫下的发芽率和发芽势,确定了PEG6000溶液的最适渗透势为-0.7MPa（浓度为19.6%）;以-0.7MPa的PEG6000溶液对121份普通菜豆种质进行芽期模拟旱胁迫,测定发芽率、发芽势、下胚轴长、胚根长、干重和鲜重等10项指标;通过主成分分析筛选出相对发芽率、相对发芽势、相对鲜重、相对干重、相对胚根长,相对总芽长,相对胚根/下胚轴指数、相对发芽指数、相对活力指数等9项指标可以有效评价普通菜豆的芽期抗旱性;利用隶属函数分析法对121份种质的芽期抗旱性进行综合评价,筛选出跃进豆（F0000156）、白扁豆（F0000613）等芽期抗旱性种质,为普通菜豆抗旱生理与机制研究、抗旱育种奠定了基础。     

东乡野生稻BILs群体苗期抗旱性综合评价及其遗传分析

本研究选用旱稻、R974//R974/东乡野生稻回交重组自交系及其亲本等66份水稻材料,进行苗期抗旱性鉴定及其综合指标筛选,测定了水分胁迫下最大根长、根基数、茎长、根干重、根鲜重、根系相对含水量、叶片相对含水量、卷叶级别及干旱反复存活率等9个性状。利用主成分分析和逐步回归分析法进行苗期抗旱综合评价,结果表明株系1949最为抗旱;回归分析和相关分析表明最大根长、根数、根鲜重和根系相对含水量对抗旱性影响显著,可作为苗期抗旱性鉴定综合指标。采用综合抗旱D值进行抗旱遗传分析,表明BILs群体的苗期抗旱性表现2对独立主基因+多基因控制。结果可知,东乡野生稻可作为水稻抗旱遗传改良的宝贵资源。     

PEG模拟干旱条件下红花种子萌发特性的比较研究

为探讨研究红花芽期抗旱性的最佳模拟条件,并筛选鉴定红花芽期抗旱指标,以2份红花材料PI305192和PI401472种子为供试材料,采用6种不同浓度聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫处理,运用主成分分析法对多指标予以鉴定筛选。结果表明,对红花12个指标进行测定分析,发现浓度20%的PEG-6000可作为研究红花芽期抗旱性的最佳模拟条件,且在5%~25%PEG处理下,红花种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、根长、芽长、总长、芽鲜重、根鲜重和总鲜重等均随着胁迫强度的增加呈明显的下降趋势;而脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量随着浓度增加呈增加趋势。主成分分析结果表明,发芽率、发芽势、丙二醛含量、总长和总鲜重等5个指标可作为红花芽期抗旱鉴定筛选的主要指标。     

薏苡种质资源萌发期抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标筛选

干旱是影响薏苡生产的主要因素之一,鉴定薏苡种质资源的抗旱性,筛选抗旱指标,培育抗旱品种,对薏苡产业的发展具有重要意义。本研究首先以抗旱性不同的6份薏苡种质为材料,通过调查5个不同浓度的PEG-6000水溶液模拟干旱胁迫下的发芽率,确定了薏苡萌发期模拟干旱胁迫的最适PEG-6000水溶液渗透势为-0.1 MPa。然后以-0.1 MPa的PEG-6000水溶液模拟干旱胁迫,探讨50份薏苡种质发芽势、发芽率、萌发指数、芽长、芽粗、芽鲜重、芽干重、根长、根粗、根鲜重和根干重的变化,利用综合评价法对50份薏苡种质进行萌发期抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标筛选。结果表明,干旱胁迫对薏苡萌发期各指标均有极显著影响。筛选出萌发期抗旱性强的薏苡种质分别为yy18-1、yy14-3和yy13-1,可为薏苡抗旱育种、抗旱机理及干旱调控缓解机制的研究提供基础材料。芽长、芽干重、根长、根鲜重和根干重可作为薏苡种质资源萌发期简单、直观的抗旱性评价指标。     

籼粳稻杂交衍生RIL系的苗期抗旱性评价

为鉴定籼粳稻杂交衍生系的苗期抗旱性,以课题组自育的高代抗逆品系ZD15为母本、籼稻品种IR29为父本,以及杂交衍生的重组自交系群体120份为试验材料,利用PEG-6000对各材料苗期进行干旱胁迫处理,测定根长、根冠比、地上部鲜重、地下部鲜重、地上部干重和地下部干重;利用PEG-6000对各材料芽期进行干旱胁迫处理,测定芽鞘长和芽长。采用主成分分析和隶属函数法对各材料的抗旱性进行综合评价,根据综合抗旱D值可将122份材料分成3类,D值在0.201～0.400之间的有33份,属于不抗旱材料;D值在0.401～0.600之间的有79份,属于中等抗旱材料;D值在0.601～0.800之间的有10份,属于抗旱材料。利用D值进行逐步回归分析,结果表明根长、根冠比、地上部鲜重、地下部鲜重、地上部干重、地下部干重、芽鞘长和芽长8个性状均可作为水稻苗期抗旱性的评价指标。本研究筛选出的抗旱材料,可作为育种中间材料进一步培育,或作为育种资源加以利用,以丰富本区水稻育种的资源库。     

山西省主推小麦品种芽期及苗期的抗旱性评价

水分对小麦生长发育具有重要的作用。山西省水资源严重匮乏,鉴定山西省主推小麦品种的抗旱性,对于培育优异抗旱品种具有重要意义。本研究以40份山西省各麦区主推小麦品种为试材,分别在芽期和苗期对其进行模拟干旱(20%PEG-6000)处理,分析干旱胁迫对小麦芽期和苗期形态指标的影响,并利用隶属函数和抗旱综合评价值,对参试小麦品种的抗旱性进行评价。结果表明：小麦芽期和苗期的各项指标均不同程度受干旱胁迫的影响,芽期的芽长、根长、芽鲜重、根鲜重和苗期的叶鲜重、根鲜重受干旱胁迫的影响较大;芽期共筛选出抗旱型品种21个(52.5%),其中山农17综合评价值最高,达0.783;苗期共筛选出抗旱型品种5个(12.5%),分别为山农24、晋麦66、长麦6135、晋麦62、长麦3897;芽期和苗期皆为抗旱型的小麦品种是长麦3897;拟合芽期和苗期抗旱性综合评价值之间的关系表明,参试品种2个时期的抗旱性之间无显著相关性。本研究结果可为山西省选取旱地小麦生产用品种以及抗旱性的改良提供参考。     

苜蓿种质资源萌发期抗旱指标筛选及抗旱性综合评价

为筛选苜蓿萌发期抗旱性鉴定指标以及抗旱苜蓿种质材料,为苜蓿抗旱新品种选育提供理论和基础材料。以59份抗旱性不同的国内外苜蓿种质为材料,设置加蒸馏水和加-0.6 Mpa PEG-6000水溶液2个处理,研究了与抗旱性相关的根长、芽长、发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数和根芽比等7个指标的变化,采用相关性分析、隶属函数、综合抗旱系数、灰色关联、逐步回归和聚类分析相结合的方法,对59份苜蓿种质萌发期抗旱性进行综合评价及抗旱指标筛选。结果表明:干旱胁迫对苜蓿萌发期各指标均有显著影响。筛选出萌发期抗旱性较强的苜蓿种质材料有草原3号、赛迪7、WL903,可作为抗旱育种和抗旱机理研究材料。根长、发芽率和活力指数对干旱胁迫的反应较其他指标敏感,可作为苜蓿品种抗旱性鉴定及抗旱品种选育时优先考虑的指标。试验结果也说明采用以抗旱性度量值(D值)为主要参数,以加权抗旱系数(WDC值)作为辅助参数的综合评价方法进行苜蓿抗旱性综合评价、评价指标筛选是合理准确的。     

白菜型油菜品种萌发期的抗旱性鉴定与筛选

秋旱影响我国长江流域油菜的播种和生长。从遗传基础广泛的白菜型油菜资源中筛选抗旱材料,对于培育抗旱油菜品种具有重要意义。以不同浓度的PEG-6000溶液于萌发期对5份不同遗传背景的白菜型油菜进行模拟干旱胁迫处理,并测定种子萌发抗旱指数、相对发芽率、相对发芽势、相对根长、相对芽长。与对照相比,干旱胁迫下各指标均有显著差异,对各指标进行主成分分析,确定了抗旱性鉴定参数,并确立了白菜型油菜资源抗旱性筛选的工作液为200 g/L的PEG-6000。选用该工作液于萌芽期对203份白菜型油菜资源进行了抗旱筛选,结果表明,模拟干旱胁迫下,大部分材料的抗旱性与对照有显著差异,用隶属函数法和聚类分析对抗旱性鉴定指标进行分析,并对所有供试材料的抗旱性进行了排序,鉴定出了抗旱性最强的PI226505白菜型油菜,其来源为Iran,为油菜下一步抗旱性遗传改良奠定了基础。     

研究水稻种子萌发特性和抗旱性关系的高渗溶液法

鉴定农作物抗旱的方法大致可分为田间鉴定法、干旱棚或人工模拟气候箱法以及实验室法。在实验室法中根据高渗溶液中种子萌发百分率评价品种苗期的抗旱性是常用的一种方法,例如Ashraf等的模拟不同水分张力的方法以及陈培元等对采用甘露醇溶液模拟水分胁迫条件测定小麦种子萌发特性等。但由于标准掌握不一,因而对实验室法尚有不同的看法。有人认为,高渗溶液下的发芽率不能代表出苗期的抗旱性,二者之间的相     

绿豆种质资源芽期抗旱性鉴定

干旱是影响我国绿豆生产的主要因素之一,筛选抗旱性种质资源,培育抗旱品种,对我国绿豆产业发展具有重要意义。本研究首先以4份绿豆种质为材料,通过检测5个梯度渗透势PEG-6000溶液模拟旱胁迫下的发芽率动态分布,确定了绿豆芽期模拟旱胁迫的适宜PEG-6000溶液渗透势为-0.9 MPa(21.8%)。进而以-0.9 MPa的PEG-6000溶液对113份绿豆种质进行芽期抗旱鉴定,通过测定发芽势、发芽率、下胚轴长、胚根长、干重和鲜重等10项指标及相关性分析,认为相对发芽势、相对发芽率、相对下胚轴长、相对胚根长、相对总芽长、相对鲜重、相对干重、相对发芽指数、相对活力指数9项指标可以作为评价绿豆芽期抗旱性指标。利用隶属函数分析法,对113份种质的芽期抗旱性进行综合评价,筛选出1份高抗种质当地吉豆(C0000626)和16份抗性种质,为绿豆抗旱基因发掘及抗旱品种改良奠定基础。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.