山西芦芽山自然保护区山麻雀的生态资料

2000～2003年的4～10月在山西芦芽山国家级自然保护区,对山麻雀的生态进行了观察。结果表明,山麻雀在本区最早迁来为5月4日,最晚迁离为9月24日;繁殖前每公里遇见数为0．64只,繁殖后每公里遇见数0．79只。最早营巢期为6月1日,最早产卵期为6月9日,窝卵数4～6枚,最早孵化期为6月13日,孵化期12～13天,孵化率为84．44％;巢内育雏期为13～14天,巢外育雏期为8～9天,幼鸟成活率为86．84％,繁殖力为2．11只。食物中动物性食物占75．43％,植物性食物占24．60％。     

山西芦芽山自然保护区松鸦的繁殖生态

1999～2002年在山西芦芽山国家级自然保护区对松鸦(Garrulus glandarius)的繁殖生态进行了研究。结果表明：在本区松鸦主要分布在海拔1600～2100m的针阔混交林带,分布率为43．48％,种群遇见率为0．5只／km;4～7月为松鸦的繁殖期,5月5日～6月9日为产卵高峰期,窝卵数为3～6枚,孵化期为16～17天,孵化率为94．29％,巢内育雏期19～20天．幼鸟离巢率为90．91％;松鸦的食物主要是动物性食物。占总食物量的53．16％。     

山西芦芽山自然保护区金眶鸻繁殖生态

1992-1995年的4－9月,在山西芦芽山自然保护区对金眶　（Charadriusdubius）繁殖生态进行了观察,该鸟在本区为夏候鸟,4月7-12日迁来,居留152－156天,栖息生境主要是河岸、沙滩、卵石间,种群数量为0.31只／km,5月下旬开始产卵,窝卵数3－4枚,孵化期18－19天,巢距水源18－33m。     

山西芦芽山自然保护区灰头Wu的繁殖记述

1998－2000年4－9月,对芦芽山自然保护区灰头Wu的繁殖生态进行了考察。该鸟每年4月11日－14日迁来,居留期150－151天,5月下旬进入繁殖盛期。营巢期5－6天,窝卵数4－5枚,孵卵期11－12天,孵化率77．8％,离巢率85．7％,巢内育雏8－9天,巢外育雏6－7天。     

金眶鸻的繁殖习性

1996～1998年的4～9月,在山西省沁水县的张马十字河流域,对金眶鸻的繁殖进行了研究.该鸟在本区为夏候鸟,4月3～6日迁来,居留160～163天,栖息生境主要在河岸、砂滩、卵石间,遇见率为0.52只/km.5月营巢及产卵,窝卵数3～4枚,孵化期22天.雏鸟为早成鸟,随亲鸟在巢外生活21天后,可独立生活.     

越冬地东方白鹳繁殖生物学的初步研究

近年来,陆续在长江中下游越冬地发现东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)繁殖个体。为了了解该种在当地的繁殖对策和种群现状,2004-2006年在安庆市望江县武昌湖地区(116°51.15′-116°49.47′E,30°19.53′-30°19.79′N)对东方白鹳的繁殖生物学进行了研究。东方白鹳在当地开始营巢时间不一致,最早为2月5日,而受干扰的繁殖个体则延至5月6日。观察到的巢全在高压线塔上,巢高34.6±0.8m(n=11),巢间距908.8±1039.4m(n=6)。产卵期最早开始于2月11日,最晚6月21日,窝卵数4.2±0.4(4-5)枚(n=6)。育雏期71.0±16.1d(n=3),日育雏5.1±2.6(n=38),雏鸟离巢时间最早6月14日,最晚9月20日。2004和2005年东方白鹳在该地区共营巢8窝,产卵25枚,孵出雏鸟9只,出飞7只。繁殖失败5巢,其中,人工干扰造成4巢失败,高压电击毁1巢。繁殖不同时期,亲鸟的觅食、休息、警戒、取材、翻卵、育雏、交配、在巢、视野外行为时间分配差异显著,而飞翔、行走、理羽、击喙、整巢和其它行为差异不显著。雏鸟在发育的不同时期,觅食、飞翔、休息、整巢、在巢、行走、视野外行为时间分配差异显著,理羽、警戒、击喙和其它行为差异不显著     

大杜鹃依赖大苇莺繁殖的观察

1985～1987年夏季,笔者在太原市南郊航空学校西侧的退水渠,收集了大杜鹃(Cuculuscanorus)依赖大苇莺(Acrocephalusarundinaceus)繁殖的一些资料。此渠全长1600米,宽10米。渠内生长着稠密的香蒲(Typhalatifolia),渠的两侧为耕地和草滩,沿渠的一边还有高大的杨、柳和槐树。一、迁徙情况:大杜鹃和大苇莺一般在5月中旬迁来。大杜鹃最早迁来日期为5月17～24日,大苇莺为5月14～17日,前者较后者晚到3～7天(在迁来的第15天前后,大杜鹃数量达到最多,1986年样地附近为8只,1987年为6只)。9月下旬,大杜鹃和大苇莺就逐渐迁离繁殖环境。大杜鹃最晚迁离日…     

山西芦芽山自然保护区黑鹳的繁殖及保护

1998－2000年在山西芦芽山国家级自然保护区对黑鹳的数量和繁殖生态作了调查。本区黑鹳最早迁来为2月28日,最晚迁离为11月5日,开始产卵最早是3月8日,窝卵数3－4枚,孵化期31－32天,巢内育雏70－75天,幼鸟成活率为59．4％。该鸟数量稀少,在本区的繁殖个体数量相对稳定,应加强保护。     

利用耳石日轮技术研究长江中游草鱼幼鱼的孵化期及生长

根据耳石日轮对2004年采自洞庭湖和新滩口江段的草鱼幼鱼进行日龄(D)鉴定,孵化时间推算以及生长的研究。草鱼幼鱼所有样品体长(BL,mm)生长方程为BL=-53.4195 3.1650D,体重(W,g)生长方程为W=0.9816 e0.0633D,体长体重相关方程为W=0.00001BL3.1003。孵化时间最早为5月14日,最晚为7月11日,主要集中在5月下旬和6月份。研究发现三峡大坝在139m水位运行后长江中游仍有草鱼产卵,最早繁殖时间稍晚于历史记录。     

灰喜鹊繁殖习性的初步观察

2002～2004年在山西历山保护区对灰喜鹊的繁殖习性进行了观察。结果表明,该鸟在我区为留鸟,营巢始于4月下旬,5月中旬产卵,窝卵数4-7枚,孵卵期17-18天,育雏期18～20天。食物以动物性食物为主,占88．96％,植物性食物占11．04％。     

Two new steryl esters from the basidiomycete Tricholomopsis rutilans

Two new steryl esters with a polyhydroxylated ergostane-type nucleus, 3beta,5alpha-dihydroxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-6beta-yl oleate (1) and 3beta,5alpha-dihydroxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-22-en-7-one-6beta-yl oleate (2), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Tricholomopsis rutilans along with three known sterols (3, 4, and 5). The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were established on the basis of spectroscopic means and chemical methods.     

Hydroquinone derivatives and monoterpenoids from the Neotropical liverwort Plagiochila rutilans

The structure of a prenylbenzene derivative isolated previously from a Cuban specimen of the liverwort Plagiochila rutilans is revised to 2-methoxy-6-prenylhydroquinone. The hydroquinone was observed as a prominent component of the NMR and GC-MS fingerprints of five recent specimens of the liverwort from Bolivia, Brazil and Costa Rica. The corresponding quinone was observed as a minor component. Two new methylated derivatives of the hydroquinone were observed as prominent components in one specimen from Bolivia; these were isolated, characterized, and their structures elucidated as 2-methoxy-1-O-methyl-6-prenylhydroquinone and 2-methoxy-4-O-methyl-6-prenylhydroquinone using 1H NMR spectroscopy. The liverwort has a strong peppermint-like odour that is caused by the presence of several menthane monoterpenoids, including notably pulegone, menthone, isomenthone. terpinolene and limonene. One of the Costa Rican specimens contained considerable amounts of the new lactone 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1,6-olide as the principal monoterpenoid in place of pulegone. Two Costa Rican specimens distinguished morphologically as Plagiochila standleyi (a taxon closely related to P. rutilans and reduced elsewhere to a variety of that species) are characterized by large amounts of 3-hydroxy-4'-methoxybibenzyl. P. standleyi was also reported to have a peppermint-like odour in the field. Menthane monoterpenoids were again responsible but in this case the major components were limonene, beta-phellandrene, alpha-terpinene and the endoperoxide ascaridole.     

Differences in the reproductive behaviour and larval development of two Canthon rutilans subspecies reinforce their thermal regional segregation

Two dung beetle subspecies of Canthon rutilans Castelnau (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae), C. rutilans rutilans and C. rutilans cyanescens, inhabit different environmental temperature conditions in southern Brazil. We developed a laboratory breeding experiment with 60 pairs of individuals of the two subspecies at five temperature conditions (from 15 to 35 °C) to compare the influence of temperature on the behaviour of adults and the development of larvae. The behavioural patterns of the adults in both subspecies differ according to temperature. The size of food balls was smaller and lighter in C. rutilans cyanescens. Although temperature did not influence the feeding behaviour (measured as the number of food balls made), reproductive behaviour (measured as the number of brood balls made by pair) was significantly lower at 15 °C for both subspecies. Besides that, brood balls from C. rutilans rutilans were bigger and heavier at lower temperatures. The number of offspring and the time of emergence depend on temperature too. However, the weight of the offspring and the longevity of adults depend on the subspecies and temperature treatment. These results demonstrate that the subspecies have different thermal adaptations: C. rutilans rutilans has reproductive behaviour adapted to living under colder and broader conditions than C. rutilans cyanescens.     

l-threo- and l-erythro-2-amino-3-hydroxyhex-4-ynoic acids: New amino acids from Tricholomopsis rutilans

2-Amino-3-hydroxyhex-4-ynoic acid, reported previously from Tricholomopsis rutilans, was shown to be a mixture of its threo- and erythro-forms. They were separated from each other and characterized by elementary analysis, optical rotation, TLC, IR, NMR spectra, catalytic hydrogenation, and by chemical synthesis. Their configurations were determined by the comparison of their hydrogenation products with known threo- and erythro-2-amino-3-hydroxyhexanoic acids.     

A floristic survey of marine tube-forming diatoms reveals unexpected diversity and extensive co-habitation among genetic lines of the Berkeleya rutilans complex (Bacillariophyceae)

Limited molecular data for marine tube-forming diatoms are available currently and this study provides the first molecular survey of these taxa. To conduct this survey, we used a molecular-assisted alpha taxonomy (MAAT) approach that utilizes DNA barcode data. We used three DNA barcode markers: the 3´ end of the large subunit of RUBISCO (rbcL-3P); the variable D2/D3 region of the nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU D2/D3); and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) to assign marine tube-forming diatoms from Canada to genetic species groups. The rbcL-3P analysis uncovered 29 genetic groups including representatives of Haslea crucigera, Navicula bottnica, N. brunelii, N. ramosissima, Nitzschia fontifuga, N. tubicola, Parlibellus berkeleya and P. delognei f. elliptica, as well as a complex of 14 closely related groups morphologically consistent with Berkeleya rutilans. We sequenced ITS2 for representatives of the B. rutilans complex; these data were consistent with the rbcL-3P genetic clusters for 86% of the colonies tested. The remaining 14% were in conflict, possibly indicating that more than a single Berkeleya genetic species was present in each colony. To investigate this hypothesis further, we developed ‘species-specific’ ITS2 primers and confirmed heterogeneity of Berkeleya genetic species in 64% of the colonies tested (N = 91). Therefore, a taxonomic assessment of tube-forming species that were originally described on the basis of colony morphology (e.g. Berkeleya rutilans) can only proceed using clonal cultures or single-cell analysis.