林分密度对杉木人工林林下植被和土壤性质的影响

以杉木人工林为研究对象,探究4种林分密度（A：650株/hm²;B：1100株/hm²;C：1250株/hm²;CK：1650株/hm²）林下物种多样性、生物量以及土壤理化性质及其之间的相关性。结果表明：（1）灌木层Shannon-Wiener指数、Patrick丰富度指数及草本层中Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Patrick丰富度指数随林分密度的增加均呈现出双峰型变化趋势,在密度A和C处均出现峰值;灌木层Simpson指数、Pielou均匀度指数随林分密度升高而降低,且灌、草层4种多样性指数最小值均出现在密度CK处。（2）草本层生物量比灌木层高。草本层总生物量（地上+地下）随密度的增大而减少,凋落物的量则随密度的增大而增大。（3）土壤养分含量和林下植物多样性指数随林分密度增大的变化趋势大致相同,且有机质含量在密度A取得最大值。（4）灌木层Shannon-Wiener指数、Patrick丰富度指数与全氮、水解氮、有效磷、有机质呈显著正相关;草本层植被物种多样性与土壤理化性质无显著相关性。（5）各指数与灌木层生物量的相关性较强。综上所述,密度A （650株/hm²）能够促进杉木林林下植被发育,增加林下植被物种多样性、生物量和有机质,可提升维持地力的能力,有利于杉木林稳定持续发展。     

毛竹(Phyllostachy pubescens)、杉木(Cunninghamialanceolata)人工林生态系统碳贮量及其分配特征

研究比较了湖南会同林区毛竹、杉木人工林生态系统碳含量和碳贮量分配特征,结果表明, 15年生杉木各器官碳含量在47.15%～50.43%之间,不同器官碳含量高低依次为树干、树叶、树皮、树枝、树根;毛竹不同器官碳含量波动在44.51%～4991%,各器官碳含量高低依次为竹鞭、竹枝、 竹叶、竹干、竹蔸、竹根,但是毛竹不同器官碳含量与年龄之间没有明显变化规律。林地土壤3个层次(60cm深)碳素含量为0.746%～2.390%,各层次碳素含量分布不均,表层（0～20cm）土壤碳素含量和碳贮量最高。毛竹、杉木人工林生态系统碳贮量分别为166.34tC•hm^-2和150.19tC•hm^-2,并且其碳贮量空间分布格局基本一致, 土壤层是主要部分,其次为乔木层,林下植被层和凋落物层所占比例最小。其中,毛竹林土壤层有机碳贮量占83.92%,乔木层占15.38%,林下植被和凋落物层分别占0.38%和0.32%;杉木人工林土壤层碳贮量占62.03%,乔木层占34.99%,林下植被和凋落物层分别占0.70%和2.28%。另外,碳贮量在两个树种各器官中的分配,基本与各自的生物量成正比例关系。从植被年固定碳量来看,毛竹林为9.94 tC•hm^-2•a^-1,相当于年固定CO2量为36.44 tCO2•hm^-2•a^-1,是杉木林的1.39倍。     

西双版纳热带人工雨林生物量及净第一性生产力的研究

通过标准木法和收获法研究分析了西双版纳热带人工模拟雨林的生物量及净第一性生产力。结果表明,林分总生物量约为390.4t·hm^-2,其中乔木层生物量达362.5t·hm^-2,占总生物量的92.8%,灌木层生物量为19.3t·hm^-2,占4.9%,层间植物9包括附生植物）的生物量为3.6t·hm^-2,草本层生物量为5.0t·hm^-2,分别占1.3%和0.9%。林分净第一性生产力为2227.3g.m^-2.年^-1,其中乔木层的净生产力为1553.5g·m^-2.年^-1,占整个林分净生产力的69.7%,灌木层、草本层及层间植物分别仅占26.9%、2.4%和1.0%,其器官分配比例以茎最高,0达42.0%;其次为叶,占30.2%;枝占13.5%。叶面积指数为7.061。同时建立了林分优势种及乔木层各器官生物量的优化回归模型。     

西藏色季拉山暗针叶林苔藓多样性及林窗干扰的影响

为了解西藏色季拉山暗针叶林苔藓多样性及林窗干扰的影响,在过去工作积累的基础上研究了色季拉山西坡5块样地内不同林内环境(林窗、林缘和林下)地面、腐木和树附生苔藓生物量特征。结果表明, 地面生单位面积苔藓植物生物量储量最高,平均910.10 g/m²,其次为腐木生(221.90 g/m²),树附生的最低(53.59 g/m²)。林窗地面生苔藓单位面积生物量最高,均值为360.47 g/m²,其次为林下(305.51 g/m²),最小为林缘(244.11 g/m²);林窗、林缘和林下间的地面生苔藓单位面积生物量差异显著(P＜0.05)。沿海拔梯度,林窗苔藓单位面积生物量表现出先增加后减少的趋势。因此,在西藏色季拉山暗针叶林内,林窗对地面生苔藓单位面积生物量有显著影响。     

长白落叶松林龄序列上的生物量及碳储量分配规律

由于多年来的过量采伐和重采轻育,伊春东折棱河林场人工长白落叶松林分质量普遍下降,森林生态功能严重衰退。结合对该研究地同一立地类型的人工长白落叶松林(Larix ologensis)林木各组分生物量垂直分配规律的分析,研究了其生物量在年龄序列上的分布及分配规律,为提高其林分生物量及碳储量采取相应的抚育管理措施提供一定的理论基础。结果表明,处于中龄、近熟及成熟林中的林木树干、树皮及活枝生物量所占比例受年龄影响较小,而叶生物量随林龄增大呈现明显递减变化;不同年龄长白落叶松的垂直分布规律基本一致:其树皮及树干生物量随树高增大呈现递减规律,其活枝及叶生物量主要集中分布于树冠中部,而其死枝生物量未呈现明显分布规律;长白落叶松根系生物量随着林分年龄的增大,其粗根、中根及细根所占比例呈现递减规律,而其大根所占比例随年龄的增大基本呈增大趋势。通过统计分析得出,长白落叶松生物量与林分蓄积的最优模型为:W=0.4909M+9.6624(R²=0.8893),进而估算得出:研究区域幼龄长白落叶松林分生物量为1273.72 t/hm²,碳储量为656.98 t/hm²;中龄长白落叶松林分生物量为15480.13 t/hm²,碳储量为7984.65 t/hm²;近熟、成熟龄长白落叶松林分生物量为7684.41 t/hm²,碳储量为3963.62 t/hm²。随林分结构的改善以及中龄、近熟及成熟林分的不断增加,生物量及碳储量会相应增加。     

基于林业清查资料的桂西北植被碳空间分布及其变化特征

基于2005-2010年林业资源清查数据,采用材积源生物量法,运用地理信息系统技术,估算和分析了桂西北植被碳密度及其储量的空间分布及其变化。结果显示:(1) 研究区域从2005年到2010年呈现碳汇变化趋势,植被碳储量由4.19×10⁴t增加到4.27×10⁴t(增幅为1.84%),植被碳密度从29.04t/hm²增加到29.57 t/hm²。(2) 从治理措施、林种起源方式及林种类型来看,自然保护区的植被碳密度最大,超过40 t/hm²。2005-2010年,人工植苗、直播、飞播和萌生方式植被碳密度增加,退耕还林工程的植被碳密度均呈明显增长(增加3.00 t/hm²),所有林种碳密度都呈不同程度的增长。 (3)植被碳密度空间分布上,大致表现为西部高、中东部低,北部高、南部低。西部区植被碳密度均值超过40 t/hm²,中东部区植被碳密度均值低于25 t/hm²。植被碳密度变化在空间分布上表现为无论是非喀斯特区还是喀斯特区的植被碳密度都有增长趋势,其中有7个县市植被碳密度升级为更高等级。研究表明,随着退耕还林、生态移民等治理措施的实施,区域植被碳密度显著增加,生态环境好转。     

6 种温带森林碳密度与碳分配

量化森林碳储量及其分配格局是森林碳循环和陆地生态系统模型的重要研究内容. 采用样地清查和异速生长方程法测定了相同气候条件下林龄相近(42~59 年生)的6 种典型温带森林类型 (杨桦林、硬阔叶林、红松林、兴安落叶松林、杂木林和蒙古栎林)的碳密度和碳分配格局. 结果表明, 所处的立地条件和植被组成不同的6 种温带森林, 其生态系统组分碳密度(除碎屑碳库外)差异不显著, 但用林分胸高断面积标准化之后则存在显著差异. 6 种温带森林的总碳密度在 186.9~349.2 tC/hm² 之间波动; 其中, 植被碳密度、碎屑碳密度和土壤碳密度分别在86.3~122.7, 6.5~10.5 和93.7~220.1 tC/hm² 之间波动, 占总碳密度的(39.7±7.1)%(均值±标准差), (3.3±1.1)%和 (57.0±7.9)%. 在植被碳库中, 乔木层占99%以上. 叶生物量、中细根(直径<5 mm)生物量、根冠比、中细根生物量与叶生物量之比分别在2.08~4.72 tC/hm², 0.95~3.24 tC/hm², 22.0%~28.3%, 34.5%~122.2%之间波动. 6 种森林中, 红松林的叶生产效率(总生物量与叶生物量之比)最低(22.6 g/g), 兴安落叶松林的中细根生产效率(总生物量与中细根生物量之比)最高(124.7 g/g). 除蒙古栎林外, 其他5 种森林的中细根碳密度(包括死活中细根量)均随土壤层次加深而下降; 而蒙古栎林的中细根碳密度的垂直分布却有下移趋势. 两种人工林(红松林和兴安落叶松林)的粗木质残体碳密度显著低于4 种天然林. 本研究指出, 特定森林碳分配格局的分异主要受植被类型、经营历史、局域土壤的水分和养分有效性等因素的共同作用, 同时也为温带森林碳循环模型提供了重要的构建和校验参数.     

黄土丘陵区两种主要退耕还林树种生态系统碳储量和固碳潜力

黄土丘陵区是中华文明的起源地,而原有植被却遭受严重破坏。因此,自20世纪70年代末开始的三北防护林工程、退耕还林工程和天然林保护工程等大型生态恢复工程,在本区均有大面积分布。这些工程已经对生态恢复起到重要作用,并将对全球碳素循环起到积极作用。以黄土丘陵区的主要造林树种--油松(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.)和刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)为研究对象,共设置样方28个,测定森林乔木、灌木、草本生物量及凋落物碳储量;钻取并分析土样516份,获得土壤有机碳储量。结合文献数据和农田碳储量数据,建立0-86年生油松林和0-56年生刺槐纯林生态系统碳储量-林龄序列;在此基础上分析造林对生态系统碳储量和固碳潜力的影响。结果表明,造林后的油松林和刺槐林生态系统的植被、凋落物及土壤碳储量逐渐增加;在没有人为干扰的情况下,19、27、36、86年生油松林生态系统碳储量分别为70.76、143.43、167.30、271.23-332.26 Mg/hm²;8、17、39年生刺槐林生态系统碳储量分别为80.37、94.08、140.77 Mg/hm²。受间伐干扰、45\,52年生油松林生态系统碳储量分别为136.42\,168.56 Mg/hm²,相对于没有人为干扰的油松林,其植被碳储量明显下降,而土壤碳储量保持稳定甚至升高。受乱砍滥伐干扰的71年生油松林和56年生刺槐林的生态系统碳储量分别为118.87\,76.99 Mg/hm²,相对于没有人为干扰的森林,其植被碳储量和土壤碳储量均呈明显下降趋势。种植油松林之后的86a时间内,其生态系统固碳潜力为211.61-272.64 Mg/hm²;而种植刺槐林、在39a时间内的生态系统固碳潜力为81.15 Mg/hm²。     

高寒区青海云杉人工林密度与林下植物多样性的关系

为了研究青海云杉人工林密度对林下植物多样性的影响及二者的关系,探明维持植物多样性、人工林生态系统稳定性及其健康状况的合理林分密度,以青海大通宝库林区6种不同密度（3 400株/hm²、2 900株/hm²、2 600株/hm²、2 300株/hm²、2 150株/hm²、1 750株/hm²）25年生青海云杉人工林林下植物的重要值、丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数为指标,对林下植被多样性随林分密度的变化规律进行分析。结果表明:(1) 青海云杉人工林下共有维管束植物60种,非维管束植物1种,隶属于29科45属。（2）灌木层植被优势种受密度影响较大,草本层植被优势种受密度影响较小。（3）青海云杉密度分别与灌木层和草本层的S指数、H′指数、Ea指数均呈显著相关关系,且相关系数分别为0.688、0.937、0.762和 0.679、0.870、0.505。（4）随着青海云杉密度的增加,林下植被多样性呈先减少后增大再减少的变化规律,且密度为2 600株/hm²时,林下植物多样性综合得分最高。研究认为,青海云杉林下植被多样性对其密度响应具有非同步性;密度为2 600株/hm²时比较适合林下植被生长,并保持林下植物多样性水平。     

湘潭锰矿废弃地不同林龄栾树人工林碳储量变化趋势

对湘潭锰矿区废弃地植被恢复区的3年生、5年生和9年生栾树林,进行了不同时间序列栾树林生物量和碳储量的时空变化研究。结果表明:随着林龄的增长,林木和各器官生物量增加,树干生物量所占比例逐渐增大,林下植被层生物量随林龄增长而增加,且以草本植被为主;不同林龄栾树人工林乔木层碳含量在0.51—0.53gC/g之间,并高于林下植被层碳含量;不同林龄林地土壤层碳含量变化范围为0.01—0.03gC/g,同一林龄不同深度土层碳含量没有显著差异,相同深度不同林龄土层碳含量存在差异;3年生、5年生和9年生栾树碳储量分别为:1.66、18.32和49.87t/hm2,随林龄增长而增加,其中树干碳储量贡献率最大,所占比例由3年生的27.71%增长到9年生的43.43%;不同林龄栾树林生态系统总碳储量分别为77.76、101.63和149.86t/hm2,其中土壤层碳储量变化范围为76.09—99.93t/hm2,占总储量的66.68%—97.85%,死地被物层碳储量为0.01—0.04t/hm2,占总储量0.001%—0.02%,植被层碳储量为1.67—49.89t/hm2,占总碳储量的2.15%—33.29%,植被层中乔木层为1.66—49.87t/hm2,占植被层碳储量的99%以上。各林龄栾树林生态系统碳储量空间分布序列为土壤层植被层死地被物层。研究结果可为我国矿区植被恢复地的森林资源和碳汇管理提供科学依据。     

贵阳市区灌木林生态系统生物量及碳储量

采用直接收获法和实测数据,以贵州省贵阳市区天然灌木林内木本和草本植物、凋落物及土壤为研究对象,研究了灌木林生态系统的生物量、碳含量及碳储量。结果表明:灌木林植被层生物量为23.16 t/hm2,其中木本植物层生物量为12.46 t/hm2;草本植物层为3.74 t/hm2;凋落物层为6.96 t/hm2,分别占植被层生物量的53.08%、16.15%、30.05%。木本植物25种的碳含量范围为445.91—603.46 g/kg;草本植物6种的碳含量为408.48—523.04 g/kg;凋落物层碳含量为341.01—392.81 g/kg;土壤层碳含量为5.73—26.68 g/kg。生态系统总碳储量为88.34 t/hm2,其中植被层为8.10 t/hm2;凋落物层为2.56 t/hm2;土壤层为77.68 t/hm2,分别占系统总碳储量的9.17%、2.89%、87.94%。灌木林生态系统碳储量的空间分布格局为:土壤层植被层凋落物层。研究结果,可为喀斯特城市估算森林生态系统碳储量和碳平衡提供科学依据。     

Rapid Increases in Forest Understory Diversity and Productivity following a Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) Outbreak in Pine Forests

The current unprecedented outbreak of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests of western Canada has resulted in a landscape consisting of a mosaic of forest stands at different stages of mortality. Within forest stands, understory communities are the reservoir of the majority of plant species diversity and influence the composition of future forests in response to disturbance. Although changes to stand composition following beetle outbreaks are well documented, information on immediate responses of forest understory plant communities is limited. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of D. ponderosae-induced tree mortality on initial changes in diversity and productivity of understory plant communities. We established a total of 110 1-m² plots across eleven mature lodgepole pine forests to measure changes in understory diversity and productivity as a function of tree mortality and below ground resource availability across multiple years. Overall, understory community diversity and productivity increased across the gradient of increased tree mortality. Richness of herbaceous perennials increased with tree mortality as well as soil moisture and nutrient levels. In contrast, the diversity of woody perennials did not change across the gradient of tree mortality. Understory vegetation, namely herbaceous perennials, showed an immediate response to improved growing conditions caused by increases in tree mortality. How this increased pulse in understory richness and productivity affects future forest trajectories in a novel system is unknown.     

辽河源不同龄组油松天然次生林生物量及空间分配特征

油松是中国暖温带区域主要的森林植被,精确计算油松天然林生物量及准确表征空间分布特征对其在固碳释氧、林木积累营养物质等方面的生态服务功能评估具有重要意义。目前,国内基本上没有进行油松天然次生林生物量及空间分配在一个年龄序列上的研究。研究的主要目的是准确估算河北省平泉县辽河源自然保护区4个龄组油松天然次生林林分各组分的生物量,并揭示生物量在空间的分配特征。在每种林分内,林下植被层(灌木和草本)和凋落物层生物量通过样地调查和全挖取样的方法计算。基于胸径(DBH)和树高(H)的异速生长方程则用于计算乔木层生物量。结果表明:(1)林分生物量大小排序为:成熟林(397.793 t/hm2)近熟林(242.188 t/hm2)中龄林(203.801 t/hm2)幼龄林(132.894 t/hm2);(2)乔木层生物量成熟林(373.128 t/hm2)近熟林(224.991 t/hm2)中龄林(187.750 t/hm2)幼龄林(119.169 t/hm2)。地上部分各组分生物量大小关系略有差异,幼龄林和近熟林为:干根枝叶干皮球果,而中龄林和成熟林则是干根枝干皮叶球果。干生物量对于各龄组乔木层生物量来说是最大的贡献者,所占比例表现为:中龄林(66.25%)近熟林(64.38%)成熟林(62.09%)幼龄林(38.41%),而贡献较小的球果则是成熟林(1.02%)幼龄林(0.88%)近熟林(0.72%)中龄林(0.53%)。根系总生物量在18.315 t/hm2(中龄林)—44.849 t/hm2(成熟林)之间,其组分生物量大小整体上表现为:根桩粗根大根细根小细根;(3)灌木层生物量成熟林(0.861 t/hm2)近熟林(0.790 t/hm2)中龄林(0.559 t/hm2)幼龄林(0.401 t/hm2),各组分生物量大小为根茎叶;(4)草本层生物量幼龄林(3.058 t/hm2)近熟林(2.017 t/hm2)中龄林(1.220 t/hm2)成熟林(1.181 t/hm2),地下部分生物量均大于地上部分;(5)凋落物层生物量成熟林(22.623 t/hm2)近熟林(14.390 t/hm2)中龄林(14.272 t/hm2)幼龄林(10.265 t/hm2),各层生物量大小为:未分解层半分解层全分解层。(6)在各层次生物量的比较中,4个龄组均表现为乔木层凋落物层草本层灌木层。其中,幼龄林乔木层生物量占89.67%、中龄林占92.13%、近熟林占92.90%,成熟林占93.80%。     

CO2 enrichment accelerates successional development of an understory plant community

Aims Rising concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide ([CO₂]) may influence forest successional development and species composition of understory plant communities by altering biomass production of plant species of functional groups. Here, we describe how elevated [CO₂] (eCO₂) affects aboveground biomass within the understory community of a temperate deciduous forest at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) facility in eastern Tennessee, USA. We asked if (i) CO₂ enrichment affected total understory biomass and (ii) whether total biomass responses could be explained by changes in understory species composition or changes in relative abundance of functional groups through time.Materials and Methods The FACE experiment started in 1998 with three rings receiving ambient [CO₂] (aCO₂) and two rings receiving eCO₂. From 2001 to 2003, we estimated species-specific, woody versus herbaceous and total aboveground biomass by harvesting four 1 × 0.5-m subplots within the established understory plant community in each FACE plot. In 2008, we estimated herbaceous biomass as previously but used allometric relationships to estimate woody biomass across two 5 × 5-m quadrats in each FACE plot.Important findings Across years, aboveground biomass of the understory community was on average 25% greater in eCO₂ than in aCO₂ plots. We could not detect differences in plant species composition between aCO₂ and eCO₂ treatments. However, we did observe shifts in the relative abundance of plant functional groups, which reflect important structural changes in the understory community. In 2001–03, little of the understory biomass was in woody species; herbaceous species made up 94% of the total understory biomass across [CO₂] treatments. Through time, woody species increased in importance, mostly in eCO₂, and in 2008, the contribution of herbaceous species to total understory biomass was 61% in aCO₂ and only 33% in eCO₂ treatments. Our results suggest that rising atmospheric [CO₂] could accelerate successional development and have longer term impact on forest dynamics.     

An Analysis of Vegetation Restoration on Opencast Oil Shale Mines in Estonia

We compared four types of 30‐year‐old forest stands growing on spoil of opencast oil shale mines in Estonia. The stand types were: (1) natural stands formed by spontaneous succession, and plantations of (2) Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), (3) Betula pendula (silver birch), and (4) Alnus glutinosa (European black alder). In all stands we measured properties of the tree layer (species richness, stand density, and volume of growing stock), understory (density and species richness of shrubs and tree saplings), and ground vegetation (aboveground biomass, species richness, and species diversity). The tree layer was most diverse though sparse in the natural stands. Understory species richness per 100‐m² plot was highest in the natural stand, but total stand richness was equal in the natural and alder stands, which were higher than the birch and pine stands. The understory sapling density was lower than 50 saplings/100 m² in the plantations, while it varied between 50 and 180 saplings/100 m² in the natural stands. Growing stock volume was the least in natural stands and greatest in birch stands. The aboveground biomass of ground vegetation was highest in alder stands and lowest in the pine stands. We can conclude that spontaneous succession promotes establishment of diverse vegetation. In plantations the establishment of diverse ground vegetation depends on planted tree species.     

桃江县毛竹林生态系统碳储量及其空间分布

采用标准地调查和生物量实测方法,研究了湖南省桃江县毛竹林生态系统生物量、碳含量、碳储量及空间分布格局。结果表明,不同年龄毛竹林生态系统总生物量分别为:28.147、30.889 t/hm~2和57.763 t/hm~2,其中竹林层生物量为20.254、25.036、55.685 t/hm~2,各器官生物量均以竹竿最高,占器官生物量的63.0%以上。不同年龄毛竹各器官碳平均含量为0.466—0.483 g C/g;灌木层碳含量为0.474—0.489 g C/g;草本层为0.472—0.490 g C/g;死地被物层为0.213—0.276 g C/g;土壤层有机碳含量为14.790—34.503 g C/g。各年龄毛竹林生态系统总碳储量分别为131.273、139.089 t/hm~2和167.817 t/hm~2,其中植被层碳储量为13.627—28.419 t/hm~2,占系统总碳储量的9.935%—16.935%;死地被物为0.307—0.420 t/hm~2,占0.234%—0.265%;土壤层为117.339—138.978 t/hm~2,占82.815%—89.799%。毛竹林生态系统碳储量分布格局为:土壤层植被层死地被物层。研究结果可为深入研究毛竹林的碳平衡提供基础数据。     

Response of plant species and life form diversity to variable fire histories and biomass in the jarrah forest of south‐west Australia

Frequent fires reduce the abundance of woody plant species and favour herbaceous species. Plant species richness also tends to increase with decreasing vegetation biomass and cover due to reduced competition for light. We assessed the influence of variable fire histories and site biomass on the following diversity measures: woody and herbaceous species richness, overall species richness and evenness, and life form evenness (i.e. the relative abundance or dominance among six herbaceous and six woody plant life forms), across 16 mixed jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) and marri (Corymbia calophylla) forest stands in south‐west Australia. Fire frequency was defined as the total number of fires over a 30‐year period. Overall species richness and species evenness did not vary with fire frequency or biomass. However, there were more herbaceous species (particularly rushes, geophytes and herbs) where there were fewer shrubs and low biomass, suggesting that more herbaceous species coexist where dominance by shrubs is low. Frequently burnt plots also had lower number and abundance of shrub species. Life form evenness was also higher at both high fire frequency and low biomass sites. These results suggest that the impact of fire frequency and biomass on vegetation composition is mediated by local interactions among different life forms rather than among individual species. Our results demonstrate that measuring the variation in the relative diversity of different woody and herbaceous life forms is crucial to understanding the compositional response of forests and other structurally complex vegetation communities to changes in disturbance regime such as increased fire frequency.     

Biomass and production of a naturally regenerated oak forest in southern Korea

Biomass and production of two stands with Quercus variabilis Bl. as the dominant species (stands 1 and 3) and one with Q. mongolica Fisch. as the dominant species (stand 2) were investigated in southern Korea. Stands 1 and 3 naturally occurred on sites with southerly aspects while stand 2 naturally occurred on northerly aspects; stand ages were similar for the three stands (36–38 years old). Total above- and belowground biomass including understory vegetation (Mg ha^–1) was 108.4 for stand 1, 115.6 for stand 2, and 132.0 for stand 3, respectively. Understory vegetation constituted 17.4% of the total biomass in stand 1 but only 3.7–4.5% in stand 2 and stand 3. Roots constituted 20.1–24.6% of the biomass of the overstory vegetation. Although stand 3 showed the highest total biomass, net production was highest in stand 2 at 12.6 (Mg ha^–1 year^–1); net production levels for stands 1 and 3 were 11.7 and 11.1 (Mg ha^–1 year^–1), respectively. It appeared that the differences in site conditions related to aspect influenced the distribution of naturally regenerated oak species within a relatively small area and resulted in differences in biomass and production among the stands.     

Riverscape-level patterns of riparian plant diversity along a successional gradient, Willamette river, Oregon

Riparian forest communities dominated by Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa L. (Torr. and Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw are important contributors to biodiversity in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the Western United States. Species composition along a successional gradient from stand initiation to late-succession of P. balsamifera-dominated riparian forests was investigated along 145 km of the Willamette River, Oregon. There were 151 total species encountered across 28 stands and a mean species richness of 33.3 species per stand. Young stands were dominated by P. balsamifera and Salix tree spp. and opportunistic herbaceous species. Understory trees, shrubs, and herbaceous species as well as late-successional tree species established 12–15 years after stand initiation. Fraxinus latifolia Benth. was the dominant late-successional tree species. Vertical structural diversity, P. balsamifera mean diameter at breast height, large tree biomass, and stand age were strongly correlated with understory species presence and abundance based on non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination. There were no young stands on mid and high terraces and this was reflected in geomorphic position being strongly correlated with the stand age gradient. Abundance of Phalaris arundinacea L. an invasive grass species, was also significantly correlated with plant species composition and abundance. This study indicates that Willamette River riparian forests are diverse and therefore important to the biodiversity of the Willamette River valley and that their presence as a mosaic of communities of different successional stages may be threatened by human interventions, including influences exerted by introduced plant species.     

不同施肥对雷竹林径流及渗漏水中氮形态流失的影响

雷竹经营过程中化肥的大量施用,是产区水体污染的主要原因之一,养分管理技术可有效控制面源污染。为了探明减量施肥和有机肥施用对雷竹不同氮形态流失的影响,2012年在浙江省临安市雷竹产区设置了4种施肥处理:对照(CK);常规施肥(CF);减量无机(DI);减量有机无机(DOI),试验于5月18日、9月7日、11月9日分别施用肥料总量的40%,30%和30%,施肥后均进行浅翻,深度5 cm左右。通过建立径流场和土壤渗漏水收集装置,同时在试验田附近布置量雨筒,观察2012年不同氮形态浓度及流失负荷随降雨量的动态变化。研究结果表明:不同施肥处理径流水硝态氮、水溶性有机氮(WSON)以及颗粒态氮的浓度分别在3.82-6.82 mg/L、0.89-1.85 mg/L和0.89-1.83 mg/L,其占总氮的百分比分别为60.9%-68.2%、16.0%-18.1%和15.1%-21.6%。不同施肥处理渗漏水中硝态氮、铵态氮及WSON的浓度分别在26.2-92.5 mg/L、0.50-6.42 mg/L和6.57-12.6 mg/L,其占总氮的百分比分别为75.8%-82.9%、1.50%-6.36%和11.2%-20.6%。不同施肥处理径流水的氮总流失负荷,减量无机和减量有机无机相对于常规施肥来说减少了46.9%和23.1%;不同施肥处理的渗漏水的氮总流失负荷,减量无机和减量有机无机相对于常规施肥来说减少了19.1%和52.1%,可见减量施肥和减量有机无机减少氮流失的效果显著。