洱海沉水植物的光合特性与分布水深的关系

为研究沉水植物光合特性与其分布水深的关系,选取黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、苦草(Vallisneria natans)、水蕴草(Egeria densa)、大茨藻(Najas marina)、微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus)、光叶眼子菜(Potamogeton lucens)和穿叶眼子菜(Potamogeton perfoliatus)等15种洱海常见沉水植物,测定其光合作用参数。结果表明:光合速率为2.8—18.1μmol O₂/(g DW·h)、暗呼吸速率为0.3—2.0μmol O₂/(g DW·h)、光补偿点为6.3—63.8μE/(m²·s)、光饱和点为55.6—441.5μE/(m²·s),不同沉水植物间光合作用参数存在显著差异。结合洱海全湖沉水植物分布水深调查结果,沉水植物的光补偿点和光饱和点与分布水深呈显著负相关;苦草与其他物种比较具有更低的光补偿点6.3μE/(m²·s)、光饱和点55.6μE/(m^2...     

外来植物南美蟛蜞菊、裂叶牵牛和五爪金龙的光合特性

对南美蟛蜞菊、裂叶牵牛和五爪金龙的光合生理特性进行研究 ,结果表明 :(1) 3种植物都具有较强的 CO2 固定能力 ,南美蟛蜞菊的净光合速率峰值达 2 2 .1μm ol/ (m2 · s) ,高于裂叶牵牛 (17.2 μmol/ (m2 · s) )和五爪金龙 (18.6 μmol/ (m2 · s) ) ;(2 ) 3种植物光合速率、蒸腾速率的日进程曲线呈“双峰”型 ,气孔导度变化规律与蒸腾速率相似 ,在中午前后均出现一定程度的下降 ;(3)暗呼吸速率曲线呈单峰型 ,在中午时出现高峰 ,暗呼吸速率大小次序为 :五爪金龙 >裂叶牵牛 >南美蟛蜞菊。(4 )南美蟛蜞菊的光饱和点为 15 31μm ol/ (m2· s) ,光补偿点为 2 0 .0 μmol/ (m2· s) ,而裂叶牵牛的光饱和点 114 6 μmol/ (m2· s) ,光补偿点39.3μmol/ (m2· s) ;五爪金龙的光饱和点 12 6 1μmol/ (m2· s) ,光补偿点 4 4 .1μm ol/ (m2· s) ,3种植物都表现为喜阳植物的特性 ,且对弱光条件的适应力也较强 ,其中尤以南美蟛蜞菊的有效光合辐射范围最广 ,光量子利用效率较高 ,具有很强忍耐强光及适应阴生环境的能力。该项研究有助于解释南美蟛蜞菊生长迅速、生产力高、竞争性强的生物学特点     

低温弱光对辣椒幼苗光合特性与光合作用启动时间的影响

以辣椒(Capsicum annuumL.)幼苗为试材,研究了偏低温弱光(19℃/12℃昼/夜,90μmol?m-2?s-1)和临界低温弱光(15℃/8℃昼/夜,90μmol?m-2?s-1)胁迫10 d后的光合特性与光合作用启动时间的变化.结果表明:无论是在偏低温弱光还是在临界低温弱光下,辣椒幼苗的光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)、光饱和时的光合速率(Amax)和表观量子产额(AOY)下降;CO2补偿点(CCP)升高,而CO2饱和点(CSP)、CO2饱和时的光合速率(Amax)以及羧化效率(CE)下降;温度补偿点(TCP)降低;光合作用启动时间(STP)延长.在偏低温弱光下,辣椒幼苗有着更高的光与CO2利用能力和利用效率,光合作用启动时间较短,但温度补偿点较高.     

6个不结球白菜品种光合作用特性的研究

对6个不结球白菜品种的光合作用特性进行了研究。结果表明,在800μmol·m-2·s-1的光强下,不结球白菜的净光合速率以‘正大抗热青3号’最高,达16.37μmol CO2·m-2·s-1,其光合作用表观量子效率、羧化效率和水分利用效率也最高,分别为0.0442、0.0854mol·m-2·s-1和6.20μmol CO2·mmol-1H2O;暗呼吸速率以‘绿星’最低,为2.24μmol CO2·m-2·s-1;Pn-PFD响应曲线显示,在光强300μmol·m-2·s-1以下,各品种的净光合速率差异较小,在光强为300~1000μmol·m-2·s-1区段时,净光合速率随着光照强度增加而迅速增加。‘正大抗热青3号’光饱和点最高,达1910.3μmol·m-2·s-1,其光饱和点的净光合速率也最高,达20.2μmol CO2·m-2·s-1;不结球白菜不同品种净光合速率日变化进程相似,不论数值高低均呈双峰曲线型,有明显的“午休”现象。     

从光合作用特性看铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)的竞争优势

通过测定净光合放氧速率,研究了温度、光照和pH对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和玫瑰拟衣藻(Chloromonas rosae)光合作用的影响。两种藻的光合放氧速率都随着温度的升高而加快,在10~35℃范围内,铜绿微囊藻净光合放氧速率随温度升高而直线上升,其最适温度高于35℃,而当温度高于30℃后玫瑰拟衣藻的净光合放氧速率迅速下降;两种微藻的光合放氧速率-光强变化曲线有所不同,铜绿微囊藻光饱和点在500μmol·m^-2·s^-1附近,光强达到900μmol·m^-2·s^-1时仍无光抑制现象发生,玫瑰拟衣藻光饱和点在630μmol·m^-2·s^-1附近,当光强进一步升高,光合放氧速率开始下降;铜绿微囊藻最适pH值是10.0,在pH值6.5~11.5范围内,光合放氧都很活跃,变化幅度不大,玫瑰拟衣藻最适pH值7.0,偏酸或偏碱光合放氧都迅速地下降,pH高于10.0出现了负值。比较两种藻的光合作用特性,铜绿微囊藻光合作用具有3个特点:(1)适应温度范围宽,对高温具有良好的适应性,并且光合作用随温度的升高显著提高;(2)光饱和点低,光合作用活性高,能在弱光环境中高效地进行光合作用,并且抗强光伤害;(3)对pH变化具有超强的适应能力,在中性和碱性环境中,都能进行活跃的光合作用。铜绿微囊藻在光能利用、温度和pH适应性方面的特点,可以使其快速生长繁殖,积累大量的生物量,在与其它藻类的竞争中占据显著的优势。     

短期CO2浓度升高对雨林树种盘壳栎光合特性的影响

比较研究了海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林上层乔木盘壳栎 (Castanopsis patelliformis(Chun) Chun)叶片光合作用对高 CO2浓度的短期响应。用 L i- 6 4 0 0 (L i- cor,Inc.,USA)便携式光合作用测定系统外置 CO2 气源 ,程序控制 CO2 处理浓度为35 0μmol/ mol及其加倍浓度 ,测定叶片光合速率的日变化进程 ,并通过光合作用相关响应曲线计算主要光合参数。结果表明 ,CO2 浓度倍增可使盘壳栎植株阳性叶净光合速率平均提高 75 % ,光饱和光合速率提高 6 5 % ,气孔导度降低 2 8%～ 73% ,水分利用效率提高 4 3%～ 70 % ,光补偿点升高近 7μmol/ (m2· s) ,饱和点提高 10 0 μmol/ (m2·s) ,表观量子产量提高 6 1% ,反映出 CO2浓度升高可提高植物的光合生产力。叶片光合作用日变化趋势在高 CO2 浓度的短期作用下并未发生明显改变     

人工栽培糯米条的生理生态习性及其在园林中的应用

糯米条具有较强的观赏性,并逐渐应用于园林绿化中.本文主要对糯米条形态特征进行概述,同时对其生理生态指标进行了测定和总结.研究结果表明,糯米条叶片从枝先端开始的第5片就已完全成熟,其叶绿素含量稳定;利用Licor6400便携式光合仪测定糯米条的光补偿点为12 μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),光饱和点为356 μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),最大的光合速率为4.856μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),呼吸速率为0.401μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),这些数据表明糯米条为阳性植物;测定糯米条的CO_2补偿点为92.8μmol/mol,CO_2饱和点为822.4μmol/mol.叶绿素荧光参数变化数据表明,糯米条能适应37℃的强光、高温环境.根据实验结果,我们建议糯米条在园林中的主要应用形式为地被、绿篱、攀扎整形和球形观赏.     

大豆叶片光呼吸对光强和CO_2浓度的响应

利用低氧法(2% O_2)研究了大豆叶片光呼吸速率(R_p)对光强和CO_2浓度的响应。结果表明:当光合有效辐射强度(PAR)小于600μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)时,大豆叶片的R_p随光强的升高而几乎直线增加;当PAR约为1200μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)时,R_p达到最大值(12.69·mol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1)),随后R_p随PAR的升高呈下降趋势;构建的光呼吸速率与光强的方程式拟合结果表明,大豆叶片最大光呼吸速率为13.42·mol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1),其对应的光强为1207.74·mol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),该拟合值与实际测量值极为吻合(P0.05);当PAR一定(2000μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))时,随着CO_2浓度的增加(0~1200μmol·mol~(-1)),大豆叶片的R_p呈先升高后下降变化,在600μmol·mol~(-1)时达到最大值(9.97·mol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1));构建的光呼吸速率与CO_2浓度的方程式拟合结果表明,大豆叶片最大光呼吸速率为10.21·mol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1),其对应的外界CO_2浓度为625.74·mol·mol~(-1)。该拟合值也与实际测量值极为吻合(P"0.05)。本文所构建的方程式可较好地拟合光呼吸速率对不同光强和不同CO_2浓度的响应,这对定量研究光呼吸提供了强有力的手段。     

在海洋酸化背景下温度变化对大型绿藻缘管浒苔光合生理特性的影响

为了探讨在未来海洋酸化背景下温度变化对大型海藻的影响,选取了绿潮藻缘管浒苔(Ulva linza)作为实验材料。实验设置2个CO2浓度,分别为正常空气水平(LC:390μL·L-1)和高CO2水平(HC:1000μL·L-1),在20℃下从缘管浒苔的幼苗开始培养,等成体后转入不同的温度梯度(5、10、15、20、25和30℃)下测定藻体的光合作用。结果表明:海洋酸化显著提高了缘管浒苔的相对生长速率,虽然藻体光合作用速率没有明显变化,但藻体的呼吸作用和硝酸还原酶能力显著增加;对于光合色素来说,高CO2显著降低了叶绿素a和叶绿素b的含量;温度变化在不同CO2处理下表现为不同的效应;长期生长在20℃的缘管浒苔,当环境温度降低时,其最大光合作用速率Pmax、呼吸作用Rd、光饱和点Ik和光补偿点Ic都随之降低,而光合效率α则是先升高再降低,其中高CO2提高了藻体的α、Rd和Ic;而当温度增加时,缘管浒苔的Pmax和Ik都随之升高,α、Rd和Ic都有下降的趋势,高温下高CO2的α和Rd较高,光补偿点较低。相较于正常环境来说,海洋酸化下的缘管浒苔对温度的骤变具有更好的适应能力。     

盐度、光照和营养盐对孔石莼(Ulva pertusa)光合作用的影响

通过测定光合作用产氧速率研究了孔石莼Ulvapertusa不育性变种在不同盐度、光强度和营养盐水平下的光合作用特性.结果表明,盐度可影响光合作用速率,在2710lx光强下孔石莼在盐度20‰左右有最大光合作用速率;光合作用参数Pm为79.62O2,μg/cm2*h,Is为191.08μE/m2*s,IC为10.12μE/m2*s;对营养盐(NH4+-N,NO2--N,PO43--P)的吸收特征可用Michaelis-Menten方程描述,低光强(106lx)下氨氮超过0.07mmol/L时可抑制孔石莼的光合作用.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.