通过枯草杆菌原生质体融合转移pUB110质粒的研究

在脱氧核糖核酸酶(DNase)存在的情况下,用聚乙二醇(PEG)方法,将枯草杆菌BD366(pUB110)(Thr~- Try~- Az~- Km~r Sm~s)的原生质体与枯草杆菌Ki-2-132(Thr~- Val~- Ile~- Km~sSm~r)的原生质体进行融合,在再生培养基上再生细胞壁,获得同时抗Km和Sm的融合体。融合频率在10~(-4)—10~(-7)之间。经测定,融合体的遗传性稳定。从融合体中挑出菌落形态与Ki-2-132相同的融合体A18、B20和B7,其质粒DNA带有Km~r基因,而且其琼脂糖凝胶电泳图与pUB110质粒DNA相同。因而确认pUB110质粒通过原生质体融合而进行转移。     

短小芽孢杆菌的遗传转导

短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)噬菌体PP5在碱性蛋白酶生产菌珠B.pumilus 289中能进行普遍性转导。PP5对于B.pumilus 289的营养标记的转导频率为10~(-6)转导子/PFU。对于B.pumilus 1037和B.pumilus 289之间的链霉素抗性标记的转导频率为10~(-4)至10~(-7)转导子/PFU。从而建立了一个新的B.pumilus遗传转导系统。     

pUB 110质粒转化枯草杆菌Ki-2株及其突变体的研究

迄今文献中报道枯草杆菌基因克隆化都采用枯草杆菌168株及其突变体。本文采用我国分离的枯草杆菌Ki-2株及其突变体Ki-2-1 32(Thr~-Ile~-Val~-)和Ki-2-148(ura~-)为pUB110质粒DNA的受体菌株。用酸酚法提纯pUB110质粒DNA,在琼脂糖凝胶电泳上看不到样品中有染色体DNA的带。结果表明,Ki-2、Ki-2-132和Ki-2-148都可作pUB 110质粒的受体菌,其转化频率在10~(—3)—10~(—8)之间,因菌株和条件不同,频率有所差异。Ki-2-132的转化效率为每微克DNA可产生10~4转化体。pUB 110质粒DNA浓度在0.01—1.00μg/ml之间时,转化体数目随DNA浓度增加而增加,其中,在浓度为0.01—0.1μg/ml之间成直线关系,测定的DNA依赖指数为1.04,系一级反应。从pUB110质粒DNA转化168、Ki-2、Ki-2-132、Ki-2-148的转化体中提取的质粒DNA仍具有pUB110质粒DNA的抗卡那霉素的转化活性。从转化体提纯的质粒DNA的电泳图以及EcoRI消化后的电泳图与原来的pUB110 DNA的电泳图相同。     

芽孢杆菌基因工程新载体的构建

利用从Bacillus pumilus 289中分离出的隐秘质粒pNK289(7.2kb)的复制起始调控区及启动区DNA片段和质粒pPL 601上的氯霉素乙酰基转移酶结构基因(cat-86),构建了能在B.subtilis和B. pumilus中稳定传代的质粒pNQ216(4.1kb)和pNQ402(2.8kb)。在非诱导条件下,其在含Cm的LB平皿上的外显率都比pPL600高约30％,可以用作芽孢杆菌基因克隆的质粒载体。     

多粘芽孢杆菌质粒的研究——Ⅱ.多粘芽孢杆菌原生质体形成、再生与转化

多粘芽孢杆菌P250-2完整菌体不能作为质粒DNA的转化受体,但其质粒消除菌株P_0250-5制成的原生质体,可接受多粘芽孢杆菌的pBD2502及枯草杆菌的pUB110质粒DNA转化。在高渗蔗糖再生培养基上,原生质体再生率为20％左右,形成率在95％以上。在含新霉素(10μg/ml)、青霉素(25μg/ml)、四环素(12.5μg/ml)的高渗蔗糖再生培养基上分别获得了转化子。多粘芽孢杆菌的转化频率为3.29×10~(-3),枯草杆菌为4.4×10~(-4)。转化子的形态表现、生化特性和抗菌谱与给体菌株一致,表明多粘芽孢杆菌株间及多粘芽孢杆菌和枯草杆菌种间的质粒可以进行转化。     

外源质粒在枯草芽孢杆菌BF7658中的稳定性及其基因表达

通过B.subtilis噬菌体PBSI转导,已将携带热稳定α-淀粉酶基因的质粒pAmy411引进了B.subtilis BF7658.转导频率为10_(-9)转导子/PFU。尽管pAmy 411的诲贝数在B.subtilis BF7658中较在B.subtilis AS 1.1176中高1倍,但其传代稳定性却较后者低。质粒携带的热稳定α-淀粉酶基因的表达水平在B.subtilis BF 7658中较在B.subtilisAS1.1176中高6倍。     

枯草杆菌Ki-2-132株运载体质粒pKC1的构建和特性

pc194质粒在枯草杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)Ki-2-132株中的稳定性比在168株中的稳定性高。在EcoRI位点将质粒pUB110(Km~c)和pTP-4(Cm~r)重组,获得重组质粒pKC1(km~c Cm~c)。电镜照片表明pKC1 DNA是一环状分子。它可转化Ki-2-132获得同时抗Km和Cm的转化体,其稳定性介于二亲代质粒之间,但更接近于较稳定的pUB110。pKC1在Km~c基因内有单一的BglⅡ切点,在该位点上克隆Ki-2染色体无选择记号的BglⅡ、BamHI或BglⅡ-BamHI片段,获得插入失活的Km~s Cm~r转化体,其中一个(pK15)插入DNA片段的分子量约为1.5Md。pK15稳定性比pKC1低,但还可相当稳定地保持在Ki-2-132中。结果表明,Ki-2-132和pKG1是一个克隆外源DNA的系统。     

短小芽孢杆菌的遗传转化——Ⅰ.感受态菌株的筛选

通过诱变剂处理,从原来不出现感受态的短小芽孢杆菌(Dacillus pumilus)289中筛选获得一株具有感受态的菌株——B.pumilus N 246。感受态培养和转化操作与枯草杆菌(B.subtilis)基本相同。     

枯草杆菌中通过细胞融合的质粒转移

在PEG存在下,枯草杆菌BD366(pUB110)菌株和G1菌株的原生质体以10~(-6)—10~(-4)的融合率发生融合。在染色体的抗药性标记、营养要求和一般细菌学特征鉴定方面,多数融合子相似于亲本G1,所不同的是质粒上的抗药性标记相同于另一亲本菌株BD366,并且在高渗培养基上具有独特的菌落形态。融合子的以上一些特征极为稳定。高温能使质粒pUB110消除,质粒消除后融合子的菌落形态转变成为亲本G1的形态特征。我们认为双亲细胞融合后没有发生遗传重组,而是在分裂过程中发生分离,于是质粒pUB110可能出现在G1细胞中,因此本文为通过细胞融合的质粒转移和由于某一特定质粒的存在而改变菌落形态提供了初步证据。     

有益芽孢杆菌受体菌研究

采用酸性茚三酮法测定了30株有益芽胞杆菌的赖氨酸产量,然后在不同的溶菌酶浓度下,对赖氨酸产量超过0．07g/L的21株菌进行原生质体转化质粒pUB110,测定原生质体形成率、原生质体再生率及转化频率,结果6103,6104,6120,6129四株菌的转化频率较高。最后,采用经典遗传学方法选育AEC抗性突变株,使赖氨酸积累提高。其中,B.licheniformis 6104诱变菌株610401能积累赖氨酸2．91g/L ,比出发菌株提高了17倍左右,转化率也提高了一个数量级。通过质粒的再转化试验及传代稳定性试验,进一步证实B.licheniformis 6104及其 突变菌株610401是较好的受体菌,尤其是用于赖氨酸合成酶基因的表达。     

Plasmid transfer in bacilli by a self-transmissible plasmid p19 from a Bacillus subtilis soil strain

The cryptic 95-kb plasmid p19 of the Bacillus subtilis 19 soil strain promotes the transfer of a small kanamycin resistance plasmid pUB110. To facilitate direct selection for p19 transfer, a plasmid derivative carrying the chloramphenicol resistance gene was constructed. The frequency of transfer of the large plasmid between cells of B. subtilis 19 approached 100% but was more than two orders of magnitude lower when the strain B. subtilis 168 was a recipient. However, when the restriction-deficient strain B. subtilis 168 was a recipient, the transfer efficiency was almost completely recovered. The effectiveness of pUB110 mobilization was virtually not altered in all these cases. pC194 was not mobilized by p19. The kinetics of p19 conjugative transfer is also presented.     

Transformation of Bacillus stearothermophilus with plasmid DNA and characterization of shuttle vector plasmids between Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus subtilis.

A thermophilic bacterium Bacillus stearothermophilus IFO 12550 (ATCC 12980) was transformed with each of the following plasmids, pUB110 (kanamycin resistance, Kmr), pTB19 (Kmr and tetracycline resistance [Tcr]), and its derivative pTB90 (Kmr Tcr), by the protoplast procedure in the presence of polyethylene glycol at 48 degrees C. The transformation frequencies per regenerant for pUB110, pTB19, and pTB90 were 5.9 x 10(-3), 5.5 x 10(-3), and 2.0 x 10(-1), respectively. Among these plasmids, pTB90 was newly derived, and the restriction endonuclease cleavage map was constructed. When tetracycline (5 micrograms/ml) was added into the culture medium, the copy number of pTB90 in B. stearothermophilus was about fourfold higher than that when kanamycin (5 micrograms/ml) was added instead of tetracycline. Bacillus subtilis could also be transformed with the plasmids extracted from B. stearothermophilus and vice versa. Accordingly, pUB110, pTB19, and pTB90 served as shuttle vectors between B. stearothermophilus and B. subtilis. The requirements for replication of pTB19 in B. subtilis and B. stearothermophilus appear to be different, because some deletion plasmids (pTB51, pTB52, and pTB53) derived from pTB19 could replicate only in B. subtilis, whereas another deletion plasmid pTB92 could replicate solely in B. stearothermophilus. Plasmids pTB19 and pTB90 could be maintained and expressed in B. stearothermophilus up to 65 degrees C, whereas the expression of pUB110 in the same strain was up to 55 degrees C.     

Expression of the staphylococcal protein A gene in Bacillus subtilis by gene fusions utilizing the promoter from a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase gene.

Gene fusions of DNA sequences encoding protein A from Staphylococcus aureus (spa) with expression elements from an alpha-amylase gene from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (amyEBamP) directed the synthesis and efficient secretion of protein A in Bacillus subtilis. The fusions were established on multicopy pUB110-based plasmid vectors, in contrast to the intact spa gene, which could not be stably established on plasmids in B. subtilis. Some of the resulting B. subtilis strains secreted protein A at levels in excess of 1 g/liter, demonstrating that a foreign protein encoded by an engineered gene can be secreted by B. subtilis at levels comparable to endogenous exoproteins.     

转座子Tn917在短小芽孢杆菌中的转座作用

Transposition Tn917 was introduced into Bacillus pumilus 289 by protoplast transformation with plasmid pTV32. The temperature-sensitive replication property of pTV32 was maintained in B. pumilus. Tn917 was transposed efficiently in B. pumilus with 4.8 x 10(-4) transposition rate. The yield of auxotrophs was about 0.65% in all insertional mutants. It indicated a prospects for the use of Tn917 as a tool for insertional mutagenesis and genetic manipulation in B. pumilus.     

Recombination between compatible plasmids containing homologous segments requires the Bacillus subtilis recE gene product.

Plasmid pSL103 was previously constructed by cloning a Trp fragment (approximately 2.3 X 10(6) daltons) from restriction endonuclease EcoRI-digested chromosome DNA of Bacillus pumilus using the neomycin-resistance plasmid pUB110 (approximately 2.8 X 10(6) daltons) as vector and B. subtilis as transformation recipient. In the present study the EcoRI Trp fragment from pSL103 was transferred in vitro to EcoRI fragments of the Bacillus plasmid pPL576 to determine the ability of the plasmid fragments to replicate in B. subtilis. Endonuclease EcoRI digestion of pPL576 (approximately 28 X 10(6) daltons) generated three fragments having molecular weights of about 13 X 13(6) (the A fragment), 9.5 X 10(6) (B fragment, and 6.5 X 10(6) (C fragment). Trp derivatives of pPL576 fragments capable of autonomous replication in B. subtilis contained the B fragment (e.g., pSL107) or both the B and C fragments (e.g., pSL108). Accordingly, the B fragment of pPL576 contains information essential for autonomous replication. pSL107 and pSL108 are compatible with pUB110. Constructed derivatives of the compatible plasmids pPL576 and pUB110, harboring genetically distinguishable EcoRI-generated Trp fragments cloned from the DNA of a B. pumilus strain, exhibited relatively high frequency recombination for a trpC marker when the plasmid pairs were present in a recombination-proficient strain of B. subtilis. No recombination was detected when the host carried the chromosome mutation recE4. Therefore, the recE4 mutation suppresses recombination between compatible plasmids that contain homologous segments.     

Tn916-dependent conjugal transfer of PC194 and PUB110 from Bacillus subtilis into Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis

The Staphylococcus aureus plasmids pC194 and pUB110 were introduced into Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis by using the Streptococcus faecalis transposon Tn916 as a mobilizing agent. Plasmid transfer occurred only when B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis was mated with a B. subtilis donor that contained both pC194 and pUB110 and Tn916; plasmid transfer was not observed in the absence of the transposon. B. thuringiensis transconjugants resistant to chloramphenicol (Cmr) and tetracycline (Tetr) were detected at a frequency of 1.96 x 10(-6) per recipient cell, whereas the Tetr phenotype, but not the Cmr, was observed at a frequency of 1.09 x 10(-4). The converse, Cmr but not Tetr, was observed at a frequency of 2.94 X 10(-5). The transfer of pUB110 from B. subtilis to B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis was observed at a frequency of 3.0 x 10(-6) per recipient cell but concomitant transfer of pUB110 and Tn916 was not observed. Mobilization of plasmid pE194 was not observed under these conditions. Transconjugants were detected in filter matings only, not in broth. The Tn916 phenotype was maintained during serial passage of B. thuringiensis without selection, whereas the pC194 phenotype was not. Unlike pC194, however, pUB110 remained stable in B. thuringiensis during several passages through nonselective medium. Southern hybridization analysis demonstrated that Tn916 had inserted into several different sites on the B. thuringiensis chromosome and that pC194 and pUB110 were maintained as an autonomous plasmid.     

Characterization of interspecific plasmid transfer mediated by Bacillus subtilis temperate bacteriophage SP02.

Plasmid pPL1010 is a 7.0-kilobase derivative of plasmid pUB110 that harbors the cohesive end site of the bacteriophage SP02 genome. Plasmid pPL1017 is a 6.8-kilobase derivative of plasmid pC194 that contains the immunity region of bacteriophage phi 105 and the cohesive end site of bacteriophage SP02. These plasmids are transducible by bacteriophage SP02 at a frequency of 10(-2) transductants per PFU among mutant derivatives of Bacillus subtilis 168 and have been transferred to other strains of B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens by means of bacteriophage SP02-mediated transduction, with frequencies ranging from 10(-5) to 10(-7) transductants per PFU. The introduced plasmids were stably maintained in nearly all new hosts in the absence of selective pressure. An exception was found in B. subtilis DSM704, which also harbored three cryptic plasmids. Plasmids pPL1010 and pPL1017 were incompatible with a 7.9-kilobase replicon native to strain DSM704. Furthermore, plasmid pPL1017 was processed by strain DSM704 into a approximately 5.3-kilobase replicon that was compatible with the resident plasmid content of strain DSM704. The use of bacteriophage SP02-mediated plasmid transduction has allowed the identification of Bacillus strains that are susceptible to bacteriophage SP02-mediated genetic transfer but cannot support bacteriophage SP02 lytic infection.     

Plasmid transformation in Bacillus subtilis NB22, an antifungal-antibiotic iturin producer

A transformation system with plasmids was developed for Bacillus subtilis NB22, an antibiotic iturin producing strain. Treatment of B. subtilis NB22 with 4 M KCl was effective for the induction of competence, followed by uptake of plasmid DNA in the presence of polyethylene glycol. The efficiency of transformation of this bacterium with pC194 and pUB110 was 4.1 X 10(3) and 1.5 X 10(3) transformants per micrograms DNA, respectively and the transformation frequency was 3.3 X 10(-3) and 7.2 X 10(-4), transformants per viable cell, respectively. This method was much faster and three orders of magnitude more efficient in transformation efficiency than protoplast transformation methods.     

Bacillus subtilis (natto) plasmid pLS20 mediates interspecies plasmid transfer.

The 55-kilobase plasmid, pLS20, of Bacillus subtilis (natto) 3335 promotes transfer of the tetracycline resistance plasmid pBC16 from B. subtilis (natto) to the Bacillus species B. anthracis, B. cereus, B. licheniformis, B. megaterium, B. pumilus, B. subtilis, and B. thuringiensis. Frequency of pBC16 transfer ranged from 2.3 x 10(-6) to 2.8 x 10(-3). Evidence for a plasmid-encoded conjugationlike mechanism of genetic exchange includes (i) pLS20+ strains, but not pLS20- strains, functioned as donors of pBC16; (ii) plasmid transfer was insensitive to the presence of DNase; and (iii) cell-free filtrates of donor cultures did not convert recipient cells to Tcr. Cotransfer of pLS20 and pBC16 in intraspecies matings and in matings with a restriction-deficient B. subtilis strain indicated that pLS20 was self-transmissible. In addition to mobilizing pBC16, pLS20 mediated transfer of the B. subtilis (natto) plasmid pLS19 and the Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pUB110. The fertility plasmid did not carry a selectable marker. To facilitate direct selection for pLS20 transfer, plasmid derivatives which carried the erythromycin resistance transposon Tn917 were generated. Development of this method of genetic exchange will facilitate the introduction of plasmid DNA into nontransformable species by use of transformable fertile B. subtilis or B. subtilis (natto) strains as intermediates.     

Nucleotide sequence of a Bacillus pumilus gene specifying chloramphenicol acetyltransferase

Gene cat-86 of Bacillus pumilus, specifying chloramphenicol-inducible chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, was previously cloned in Bacillus subtilis on plasmid pUB110. The nucleotide sequence of cat-86 indicates that the gene encodes a protein of 220 amino acids and contains TTG as the translations-initiation codon. The proteins specified by cat-86 and the cat genes present on pC194, pC221 and Tn9 appear to share regions of amino acid sequence similarity. cat-86 is a structural gene on the B. subtilis expression plasmid pPL608. Restriction sites exist within the gene that should permit the product of inserted heterologous coding sequences to be synthesized in B. subtilis as fusion proteins.