陆地革菌的化学成分研究

从陆地革菌(Thelephora terrestris)子实体中分离得到9个已知化合物,经波谱学分析鉴定为:(22E,24R)-麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β -醇 (1),(22E, 24R)-麦角甾-7, 22-二烯-3β ,5α,6β -三醇 (2),(22E,24R)-麦角甾-4,6,8(14),22-四烯-3-酮 (3),24-亚甲基羊毛甾-8-烯-3β -醇 (4),熊果酸 (5),木栓酮 (6),cerebroside B (7),(2S,3S,4R,2'R)-2-(2'-羟基二十二碳酰氨基)-十八碳烷-1,3,4-三醇 (8),(2S,3S,4R,2'R)-2-(2'-羟基二十三碳酰氨基)-十八碳烷-1,3,4-三醇 (9)。     

11种温带树种粗木质残体分解初期结构性成分和呼吸速率的变化

采用长期定位跟踪实测方法,比较分析我国东北温带森林11个主要树种粗木质残体(CWD)分解初期3a中结构性成分的差异、变化以及与其呼吸速率(R_CWD)的关系。测定树种包括:软阔叶树种(白桦、山杨、紫椴)、硬阔叶树种(胡桃楸、蒙古栎、色木槭、春榆、黄檗、水曲柳)和针叶树种(兴安落叶松、红松)。结果表明:11个树种CWD木质素含量(L_c,%)和综纤维素含量(H_c,%)差异显著(P<0.001),其中软阔叶树种的L_c最低。木质素含量与N含量的比值(L_c/N)依次为:针叶树种 >硬阔叶树种 >软阔叶树种。经过3a的分解,大部分树种(除了紫椴和春榆)的L_c略有增加,但变化不显著(P>0.05);而其木质素密度(L_d, g/cm³)和综纤维素密度(H_d, g/cm³)都有不同程度的减小(P<0.05),软阔叶树种损失最多,针叶树种损失最少。所有树种L_c/N值均增大。将R_CWD标准化成温度为15 ℃时(R₁₅)比较发现,在CWD形成初期(2005年)不同树种的R₁₅有所差异;阔叶树种的R₁₅及其温度系数(Q₁₀)均高于针叶树种。经过3a的分解,除兴安落叶松、色木槭和水曲柳外,其它树种的R₁₅出现了不同程度减小。总体看来,软阔叶树种R₁₅减少了32.0%,而针叶树种R₁₅则增加了23.1%。另外,针叶树种的Q₁₀增大,而阔叶树种的Q₁₀则基本保持不变。R₁₅与H_c呈正相关,与L_c和L_c/N呈负相关。CWD分解初期3a R₁₅的变化率与H_c的变化率之间呈正相关关系,表明结构性成分的变化是导致CWD分解初期R_CWD变化的主要因素之一。     

Partitioning soil respiration of temperate forest ecosystems in northeastern China

Quantifying soil respiration components and their relations to environmental controls are essential to estimate both local and regional carbon (C) budgets of forest ecosystems. In this study, we used the trenching-plot and infrared gas exchange analyzer approaches to determine heterotrophic (R_H) and autotrophic respiration (R_A) in the soil surface CO₂ flux for six major temperate forest ecosystems in northeastern China. The ecosystems were: Mongolian oak forest (dominated by Quercus mongolica), aspen-birch forest (dominated by Populous davidiana and Betula platyphylla), mixed wood forest (composed of P. davidiana, B. platyphylla, Fraxinus mandshurica, Tilia amurensis, Acer amono, etc.), hardwood forest (dominated by F. mandshurica, Juglans mandshurica, and Phellodendron amurense), Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), and Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii) plantations, representing the typical secondary forest ecosystems in this region. Our specific objectives were to: (1) quantify R_H and its relationship with the environmental factors of the forest ecosystems, (2) characterize seasonal dynamics in the contribution of root respiration to total soil surface CO₂ flux (RC), and (3) compare annual CO₂ fluxes from R_H and R_A among the six forest ecosystems. Soil temperature, water content, and their interactions significantly affected R_H in the ecosystems and accounted for 46.5%–78.8% variations in R_H. However, the environmental controlling factors of R_H varied with ecosystem types: soil temperature in hardwood and Dahurian larch forest ecosystems, soil temperature, and water content in the others. The RC for hardwood, poplar-birch, mixed wood, Mongolian oak, Korean pine, and Dahurian larch forest ecosystems varied between 32.40%–51.44%, 39.72%–46.65%, 17.94%–47.74%, 34.31%–37.36%, 33.78%–37.02%, and 14.39%–35.75%, respectively. The annual CO₂ fluxes from R_H were significantly greater than those from R_A for all the ecosystems, ranging from 337–540 g Cm^-2a^-1 and 88‐331 gCm^-2a^-1 for R_H and R_A, respectively. The annual CO₂ fluxes from R_H and R_A differed significantly among the six forest ecosystems.     

物种组成对高寒草甸植被冠层降雨截留容量的影响

高寒草甸退化减少地上生物量、叶面积指数(LAI),因而减少冠层降雨截留容量(S)。但是,未有研究评价物种组成改变对S的影响。用水浸泡法和水量平衡法研究青藏高原高寒草甸3个不同退化阶段下(未退化、轻度退化、中度退化)的S变化规律,并评价物种组成改变对S的影响。结果表明:高寒草甸退化显著减少S(P<0.05)。在未退化、轻度退化、中度退化的高寒草甸,水浸泡法测得的S分别为0.612 mm,0.289 mm 和0.217 mm;水量平衡法测得的S分别为0.979 mm,0.493 mm 和0.419 mm。物种组成改变对S的影响表现为:随着高寒草甸的3个不同退化阶段,S减少的幅度先大于后小于LAI减少的幅度。原因是:(1)在未退化的草甸,鹅绒委陵菜(Potentilla arserina)的叶面积占有显著优势,占总叶面积的31.18%;在轻度退化的草甸,禾本科植物(Graminoid)的叶面积占有显著优势,占总叶面积的44.41%,而鹅绒委陵菜是稀有种,仅占总叶面积的3.76%;在中度退化的草甸,鹅绒委陵菜的叶面积占有显著优势,占总叶面积的19.91%;(2)鹅绒委陵菜的叶单位面积吸附水量(S_L)是禾本科植物的大约2.5倍。     

平茬措施对柠条生理特征及土壤水分的影响

通过对比试验,研究了平茬措施对柠条的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、枝水势,以及土壤水分含量的影响。结果表明:(1)平茬措施对柠条生理特征的影响因其生长发育阶段而异。其中,在花期(6月份),平茬柠条日平均净光合速率较对照(未平茬柠条)降低14.72%,日平均蒸腾速率提高27.31%,水分利用效率较对照低33.33%;随着柠条的生长发育(7月、8月、9月),平茬柠条日平均净光合速率逐渐升高最终高于对照,日平均蒸腾速率的差距也不断缩小;相应的其水分利用效率增加较快(对照柠条、平茬柠条增幅分别达108.3%、222.5%),至自然生长末期(9月),平茬柠条较对照高出4.76%。(2)平茬柠条枝水势的日变化和月变化均高于对照。(3)在整个生长季,平茬柠条地的平均土壤含水量在50—240 cm范围内均明显高于对照,且平茬措施显著降低了0—300 cm剖面各层土壤水分变异情况。(4)相关分析显示,平茬措施对柠条生理特征及土壤水分有重要影响。可见,采取平茬措施的第1年,平茬措施对柠条同时产生消极的生理影响和积极的土壤水分效应。弄清平茬措施的更新复壮机理,需要开展更多的深入研究工作。     

体重和盐度对中国蛤蜊耗氧率和排氨率的影响

采用室内实验生态方法研究了不同软体部干重((1.022 ±0.821)、(0.557±0.266)、(0.303±0.277) g)和盐度(13、18、23、28、33)对中国蛤蜊(Mactra chinensis Philippi)耗氧率和排氨率的影响。结果表明:盐度、个体大小对中国蛤蜊耗氧率的影响极显著(P＜0.01),二者的交互作用对中国蛤蜊耗氧率影响显著(P＜0.05);中国蛤蜊单位体重耗氧率(R₀)与软体部干重(W)负相关,符合幂函数方程R₀=aW^-b, 其中a值的取值范围是0.695-1.762,平均值为1.449,b值的取值范围是0.446-0.587,平均值为0.542。盐度、个体大小对中国蛤蜊排氨率影响也极显著(P＜0.01);随着中国蛤蜊个体的增大,其单位体重排氨率逐渐降低;排氨率与其软体部干重呈负相关,它们之间可以用幂函数R_N=a₀W^-b₀表示。单位体重耗氧率和排氨率与盐度(S)、软体部干重(W)的二元线性回归方程分别为: R_O=2.111-1.817W+0.49S (R²=0.546, F=34.294, P＜0.001);R_N=168.186-120.589W+1.734S (R²=0.561, F=36.418, P＜0.001)。     

不同平茬年限人工柠条林光合特性及土壤水分的响应变化

平茬是荒漠草原老化人工柠条林营林抚育的重要措施,为系统认识柠条平茬后连续的生理与生态响应过程及其变化规律,该研究设置对比观测样地,以未平茬柠条(WPC)为对照,以平茬后连续生长1～5年(PC1～PC5)的柠条为处理,对各样地柠条净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、水分利用效率等光合生理特征及其土壤含水量分布的影响进行测定分析。结果表明:(1)平茬处理对柠条生理特性的影响因平茬年限的增加而异,其中PC1和PC2柠条的净光合速率和蒸腾速率较WPC略有提高,PC1柠条处于补偿生长的活跃期,水分利用效率明显高于其他平茬处理,PC2柠条的水分利用效率开始下降;PC3和PC4的柠条蒸腾速率、净光合速率和气孔导度显著上升,且PC4处理下达到最大值,相应水分利用效率也逐步回升;PC5的柠条几乎不存在补偿性生长,净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率开始回落,逐渐接近WPC;平茬措施对PC1与PC5柠条胞间CO2浓度大小的影响较大。(2)PC1的土壤水分含量在0～100cm土层因受冠层截留大幅减小的影响而低于其他年限平茬处理;PC2的土壤水分略有改善,PC3、PC4的土壤含水量显著提高,PC5的土壤水分状况则逐渐接近于WPC。(3)随平茬年限的增加,柠条光合特性与土壤含水量间存在一定的动态互馈关系,其中PC1的土壤水分略有下降,柠条生长减缓;PC2土壤含水量逐步恢复;PC3土壤含水量增长幅度开始下降,柠条的各项生理指标上升;PC4柠条的光合生理指标、土壤含水量都达到了最高值;PC5柠条的各项指标开始下降。研究发现,PC4处理是柠条光合生理和土壤水分响应变化的拐点,可参考作为平茬柠条优化管理的一个时间节点。     

降雨对草地土壤呼吸季节变异性的影响

利用土壤碳通量自动观测系统(LI-8150)对呼伦贝尔草原在自然降雨条件下的土壤呼吸作用进行了野外定位连续观测,研究结果表明:降雨对土壤呼吸作用存在激发效应和抑制效应,降雨发生后1-2 h内土壤呼吸速率可增加约1倍,当单次或者连续降雨累积量大于7-8 mm,或土壤含水量大于29%-30%时,降雨对土壤呼吸会产生明显的抑制作用。土壤呼吸的激发效应往往体现在次日,表现为次日平均土壤呼吸速率的显著升高;而抑制效应则在当日即可体现出来,表现为观测当日平均土壤呼吸速率的明显下降。土壤呼吸季节变异性与降雨频率和降雨强度密切相关,在降雨量一定的情况下,较低的降雨频率和较高的降雨强度会增加土壤呼吸的变异性。呼伦贝尔草甸草原而言,在生长季土壤平均含水量为16.5%时,土壤呼吸的温度敏感性值(Q₁₀)为2.12;而平均土壤含水量为26%时,Q₁₀值为2.82,明显高于前者,土壤含水量与Q₁₀之间存在正相关关系。降雨导致土壤呼吸的激发效应和抑制效应交替发生,使草地土壤呼吸的季节变异性增加,降雨格局变化必然会对草地碳循环和碳通量特征产生深刻影响。     

昆仑山北坡不同海拔塔里木沙拐枣的光合生理生态特性

在2008年7月25日-8月6日的连续晴天中,选择昆仑山北坡塔里木沙拐枣自然分布区3个海拔高度(2100,2300,2500m),利用便携式光合测定仪LI-6400测定塔里木沙拐枣的光合生理生态特性。结果表明:2100m处塔里木沙拐枣的光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP)与2300m,2500m处差异分别达到显著,而3者间的最大净光合速率(P_max)差异均达显著。表观量子效率(AQY)在3个海拔之间差异均不显著,但在2100m处的羧化效率(CE)分别与2300m和2500m处的差异显著。相同海拔下塔里木沙拐枣的暗呼吸速率值(R_day)要高于光呼吸速率值(R_p),且2500m处的暗呼吸速率分别与2100m和2300m处的有显著的差异,2100m处的光呼吸速率分别与2300m和2500m差异显著。3个海拔塔里木沙拐枣的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和气孔导度(G_s)的日变化均为单峰曲线。随着海拔的升高,塔里木沙拐枣P_n,T_r,G_s和L_s的日均值降低,但光能利用率(LUE)和水分利用效率(WUE)却显著增加。塔里木沙拐枣的P_n与叶温(T_l)、大气温度(T_a)和光照强度(PPFD)具有极显著的正相关关系,与海拔呈显著负相关,与空气相对湿度(RH)和大气CO₂浓度(C_a)之间均不具有显著相关性。T_r与T_a,T_l和PPFD具有极显著的正相关性,与RH之间存在显著的负相关。G_s只与C_a之间呈极显著的负相关。P_n与T_r,L_s,G_s,WUE和V_pdl分别具有极显著的正相关性,与C_i呈极显著的负相关。通过对不同海拔高度塔里木沙拐枣光合生理参数与光、温等生态因子关系的对比分析表明:塔里木沙拐枣对山地荒漠草地自然环境变化的温度和光照有很好的生态适应性。     

陶粒覆盖对土壤水分、植物光合作用及生长状况的影响

以河北省廊涿高速公路中央隔离种植槽为研究地点,探讨陶粒覆盖对土壤水分、植物光合作用及生长状况的影响,结果表明:(1)陶粒覆盖有效地提高了土壤含水量,减弱了不同土层、不同月份之间的差距,两层覆盖(M2)效果要好于一层覆盖(M1)。从10-60 cm土层,陶粒覆盖对土壤含水量的影响逐渐降低,裸露地面的土壤含水量和陶粒覆盖下的土壤含水量的差距逐渐减弱。越是干旱季节,陶粒覆盖保水效果越明显;(2)陶粒覆盖对月季、大叶黄杨的净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、水分利用效率(WUE)均产生了影响。两植物一天当中任何测量时刻的P_n均为M2>M1>MD(裸地)。陶粒覆盖也提高了月季、大叶黄杨的T_r日均值,使其日变化峰值出现时间发生变化。陶粒覆盖对WUE影响要远远小于对P_n、T_r的影响,相互之间差异均不显著。由于大叶黄杨的抗旱性较差,陶粒覆盖对大叶黄杨光合特性的影响大于对月季的影响。(3)陶粒覆盖大大提高了紫叶小檗、侧柏、小叶黄杨、大叶黄杨、月季5种植物的成活率,增加了植物的地径、株高增长量,M2的效果均好于M1。     

枝条覆盖对半干旱黄土丘陵区平茬柠条林地土壤水分的影响

为了研究枝条覆盖对林地土壤水分的影响,提高土壤水分利用效率。2013年5—9月,以半干旱黄土丘陵区平茬柠条林为对象,采用中子水分仪对未覆盖和枝条覆盖林地土壤水分进行定位观测,研究了枝条覆盖对林地土壤水分的影响。研究期间共观测到降雨28次,总降雨量达495.9 mm。未覆盖和覆盖林地降雨补给量与降雨量之间均呈极显著正相关关系。枝条覆盖使林地降水入渗补给系数由0.50增加至0.70,明显提高了林地次降水补给量和入渗深度。覆盖林地各月土壤水分消耗量均高于对照林地,整个生长季,前者比后者多消耗了37.56 mm土壤水分,仅相当于所增加的降雨补给量的1/3。在丰水年,覆盖一直表现出对林地土壤水分的正效应,剖面0—260 cm范围内土壤水分条件有明显改善。     

Modifying the ‘pulse–reserve’ paradigm for deserts of North America: precipitation pulses,soil water,and plant responses

The ‘pulse–reserve’ conceptual model—arguably one of the most-cited paradigms in aridland ecology—depicts a simple, direct relationship between rainfall, which triggers pulses of plant growth, and reserves of carbon and energy. While the heuristics of ‘pulses’, ‘triggers’ and ‘reserves’ are intuitive and thus appealing, the value of the paradigm is limited, both as a conceptual model of how pulsed water inputs are translated into primary production and as a framework for developing quantitative models. To overcome these limitations, we propose a revision of the pulse–reserve model that emphasizes the following: (1) what explicitly constitutes a biologically significant ‘rainfall pulse’, (2) how do rainfall pulses translate into usable ‘soil moisture pulses’, and (3) how are soil moisture pulses differentially utilized by various plant functional types (FTs) in terms of growth? We explore these questions using the patch arid lands simulation (PALS) model for sites in the Mojave, Sonoran, and Chihuahuan deserts of North America. Our analyses indicate that rainfall variability is best understood in terms of sequences of rainfall events that produce biologically-significant ‘pulses’ of soil moisture recharge, as opposed to individual rain events. In the desert regions investigated, biologically significant pulses of soil moisture occur in either winter (October–March) or summer (July–September), as determined by the period of activity of the plant FTs. Nevertheless, it is difficult to make generalizations regarding specific growth responses to moisture pulses, because of the strong effects of and interactions between precipitation, antecedent soil moisture, and plant FT responses, all of which vary among deserts and seasons. Our results further suggest that, in most soil types and in most seasons, there is little separation of soil water with depth. Thus, coexistence of plant FTs in a single patch as examined in this PALS study is likely to be fostered by factors that promote: (1) separation of water use over time (seasonal differences in growth), (2) relative differences in the utilization of water in the upper soil layers, or (3) separation in the responses of plant FTs as a function of preceding conditions, i.e., the physiological and morphological readiness of the plant for water-uptake and growth. Finally, the high seasonal and annual variability in soil water recharge and plant growth, which result from the complex interactions that occur as a result of rainfall variability, antecedent soil moisture conditions, nutrient availability, and plant FT composition and cover, call into question the use of simplified vegetation models in forecasting potential impacts of climate change in the arid zones in North America.     

Response of soil surface CO2 flux in a boreal forest to ecosystem warming

Soil surface carbon dioxide (CO₂) flux (R_S) was measured for 2 years at the Boreal Soil and Air Warming Experiment site near Thompson, MB, Canada. The experimental design was a complete random block design that consisted of four replicate blocks, with each block containing a 15 m × 15 m control and heated plot. Black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP] was the overstory species and Epilobium angustifolium was the dominant understory. Soil temperature was maintained (～5 °C) above the control soil temperature using electric cables inside water filled polyethylene tubing for each heated plot. Air inside a 7.3‐m‐diameter chamber, centered in the soil warming plot, contained approximately nine black spruce trees was heated ～5 °C above control ambient air temperature allowing for the testing of soil‐only warming and soil+air warming. Soil surface CO₂ flux (R_S) was positively correlated (P < 0.0001) to soil temperature at 10 cm depth. Soil surface CO₂ flux (R_S) was 24% greater in the soil‐only warming than the control in 2004, but was only 11% greater in 2005, while R_S in the soil+air warming treatments was 31% less than the control in 2004 and 23% less in 2005. Live fine root mass (< 2 mm diameter) was less in the heated than control treatments in 2004 and statistically less (P < 0.01) in 2005. Similar root mass between the two heated treatments suggests that different heating methods (soil‐only vs. soil+air warming) can affect the rate of decomposition.     

Roles of dominant understory Sasa bamboo in carbon and nitrogen dynamics following canopy tree removal in a cool‐temperate forest in northern Japan

To clarify the role of dense understory vegetation in the stand structure, and in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics of forest ecosystems with various conditions of overstory trees, we: (i) quantified the above‐ and below‐ground biomasses of understory dwarf bamboo (Sasa senanensis) at the old canopy‐gap area and the closed‐canopy area and compared the stand‐level biomasses of S. senanensis with that of overstory trees; (ii) determined the N leaching, soil respiration rates, fine‐root dynamics, plant area index (PAI) of S. senanensis, and soil temperature and moisture at the tree‐cut patches (cut) and the intact closed‐canopy patches (control). The biomass of S. senanensis in the canopy‐gap area was twice that at the closed‐canopy area. It equated to 12% of total biomass above ground but 41% below ground in the stand. The concentrations of NO₃^? and NH₄⁺ in the soil solution and soil respiration rates did not significantly change between cut and control plots, indicating that gap creation did not affect the C or N dynamics in the soil. Root‐length density and PAI of S. senanensis were significantly greater at the cut plots, suggesting the promotion of S. senanensis growth following tree cutting. The levels of soil temperature and soil moisture were not changed following tree cutting. These results show that S. senanensis is a key component species in this cool‐temperate forest ecosystem and plays significant roles in mitigating the loss of N and C from the soil following tree cutting by increasing its leaf and root biomass and stabilizing the soil environment.     

Soil CO2 efflux in a tropical forest in the central Amazon

This study investigated the spatial and temporal variation in soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) efflux and its relationship with soil temperature, soil moisture and rainfall in a forest near Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. The mean rate of efflux was 6.45±0.25 SE μmol CO₂ m^?2s^?1 at 25.6±0.22 SE°C (5 cm depth) ranging from 4.35 to 9.76 μmol CO₂ m^?2s^?1; diel changes in efflux were correlated with soil temperature (r²=0.60). However, the efflux response to the diel cycle in temperature was not always a clear exponential function. During period of low soil water content, temperature in deeper layers had a better relationship with CO₂ efflux than with the temperature nearer the soil surface. Soil water content may limit CO₂ production during the drying‐down period that appeared to be an important factor controlling the efflux rate (r²=0.39). On the other hand, during the rewetting period microbial activity may be the main controlling factor, which may quickly induce very high rates of efflux. The CO₂ flux chamber was adapted to mimic the effects of rainfall on soil CO₂ efflux and the results showed that efflux rates reduced 30% immediately after a rainfall event. Measurements of the CO₂ concentration gradient in the soil profile showed a buildup in the concentration of CO₂ after rain on the top soil. This higher CO₂ concentration developed shortly after rainfall when the soil pores in the upper layers were filled with water, which created a barrier for gas exchange between the soil and the atmosphere.     

Effects of an induced drought on soil carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux and soil CO2 production in an Eastern Amazonian rainforest, Brazil

In the next few decades, climate of the Amazon basin is expected to change, as a result of deforestation and rising temperatures, which may lead to feedback mechanisms in carbon (C) cycling that are presently unknown. Here, we report how a throughfall exclusion (TFE) experiment affected soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) production in a deeply weathered sandy Oxisol of Caxiuanã (Eastern Amazon). Over the course of 2 years, we measured soil CO₂ efflux and soil CO₂ concentrations, soil temperature and moisture in pits down to 3 m depth. Over a period of 2 years, TFE reduced on average soil CO₂ efflux from 4.3±0.1 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ (control) to 3.2±0.1 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ (TFE). The contribution of the subsoil (below 0.5 m depth) to the total soil CO₂ production was higher in the TFE plot (28%) compared with the control plot (17%), and it did not differ between years. We distinguished three phases of drying after the TFE was started. The first phase was characterized by a translocation of water uptake (and accompanying root activity) to deeper layers and not enough water stress to affect microbial activity and/or total root respiration. During the second phase a reduction in total soil CO₂ efflux in the TFE plot was related to a reduction of soil and litter decomposers activity. The third phase of drying, characterized by a continuing decrease in soil CO₂ production was dominated by a water stress‐induced decrease in total root respiration. Our results contrast to results of a drought experiment on clay Oxisols, which may be related to differences in soil water retention characteristics and depth of rooting zone. These results show that large differences exist in drought sensitivity among Amazonian forest ecosystems, which primarily seem to be affected by the combined effects of texture (affecting water holding capacity) and depth of rooting zone.     

Response of transpiration to rain pulses for two tree species in a semiarid plantation

Responses of transpiration (E _c) to rain pulses are presented for two semiarid tree species in a stand of Pinus tabulaeformis and Robinia pseudoacacia. Our objectives are to investigate (1) the environmental control over the stand transpiration after rainfall by analyzing the effect of vapor pressure deficit (VPD), soil water condition, and rainfall on the post-rainfall E _c development and recovery rate, and (2) the species responses to rain pulses and implications on vegetation coverage under a changing rainfall regime. Results showed that the sensitivity of canopy conductance (G _c) to VPD varied under different incident radiation and soil water conditions, and the two species exhibited the same hydraulic control (?dG _c/dlnVPD to G _cref ratio) over transpiration. Strengthened physiological control and low sapwood area of the stand contributed to low E _c. VPD after rainfall significantly influenced the magnitude and time series of post-rainfall stand E _c. The fluctuation of post-rainfall VPD in comparison with the pre-rainfall influenced the E _c recovery. Further, the stand E _c was significantly related to monthly rainfall, but the recovery was independent of the rainfall event size. E _c enhanced with cumulative soil moisture change (ΔVWC) within each dry–wet cycle, yet still was limited in large rainfall months. The two species had different response patterns of post-rainfall E _c recovery. E _c recovery of P. tabulaeformis was influenced by the pre- and post-rainfall VPD differences and the duration of rainless interval. R. pseudoacacia showed a larger immediate post-rainfall E _c increase than P. tabulaeformis did. We, therefore, concluded that concentrated rainfall events do not trigger significant increase of transpiration unless large events penetrate the deep soil and the species differences of E _c in response to pulses of rain may shape the composition of semiarid woodlands under future rainfall regimes.     

新疆杨边材贮存水分对单株液流通量的影响

树木体内贮存水分量的大小及其参与液流循环的程度被认为是树木抵御干旱胁迫的重要机制之一.以我国北方广泛适生的新疆杨为研究对象,利用热扩散技术(TDP)分别监测了树冠基部、树杆基部处液流通量,并结合同步气象观测,分析了树杆不同高度处液流通量与大气蒸发潜力(ET0)间的关系,发现:冠基部的液流通量(Qu)是估算新疆杨单株液流通量可靠的指标,试验期间(6-9月)典型晴天日Qu日平均值为(7.61±0.65) L/d,比云天、阴天分别高0.41和2.71 L/d.新疆杨杆基部液流通量(Qd)在不同季节变化较大,在前3个月的典型晴天日,Qd小于Qu,树木处于失水过程,但在8月下旬连续多日降雨后迅速增加而反超,新疆杨能通过这种方式缓解季节间的水分亏缺,维持水分的总体平衡.在8月下旬连续多日降雨、土壤水分得到有效改善后,Qd占全天液流总量的比例由先前的31.98％-35.36％下降到6.72％-7.99％,夜间液流成为补偿与缓解日间水分亏缺的重要方式.在整个生长季内,新疆杨体内经历了水分补充(6月)—失水(7、8月份)—再补充(9月)的过程.ET0是评价液流环境驱动效应可靠的综合变量,建立基于Logistic方程的模型可通过ET0较好的估算Qu,估算新疆杨Qu的上限约为7.82L/d.分析显示当ET0超过5mm/d时,Qu、Qd均不再随ET0的增加而增加或有下降,显示了树木主动保护、抵御干旱的策略.8月下旬连续降雨使得新疆杨蒸腾量占大气蒸发潜力的比例(T/ET0)由先前的0.32增加到之后的0.47,可以看出土壤水分改善对液流量的贡献较大.     

Linking the patterns in soil moisture to leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, growth, and mortality of dominant shrubs in the Florida scrub ecosystem

Patterns in soil moisture availability affect plant survival, growth and fecundity. Here we link patterns in soil moisture to physiological and demographic consequences in Florida scrub plants. We use data on different temporal scales to (1) determine critical soil moisture content that leads to loss of turgor in leaves during predawn measurements of leaf water status (Ψ _crit), (2) describe the temporal patterns in the distribution of Ψ _crit, (3) analyze the strength of relationship between rainfall and soil moisture content based on 8 years of data, (4) predict soil moisture content for 75 years of rainfall data, and (5) evaluate morphological, physiological and demographic consequences of spring 2006 drought on dominant shrubs in Florida scrub ecosystem in the light of water-uptake depth as determined by stable isotope analysis (δ¹⁸O). Based on 1998–2006 data, the soil moisture content at 50 cm depth explained significant variation in predawn leaf water potential of two dominant shrubs, Quercus chapmanii and Ceratiola ericoides (r ²?=?0.69). During 8 years of data collection, leaves attained Ψ _crit only during the peak drought of 2000 when the soil moisture fell below 1% by volume at 50 and 90 cm depth. Precipitation explained a significant variation in soil moisture content (r ²?=?0.62). The patterns in predicted soil moisture for 75 year period, suggested that the frequency of drought occurrence has not increased in time. In spring 2006, the soil reached critical soil moisture levels, with consequences for plant growth and physiological responses. Overall, 24% of plants showed no drought-induced damage, 51% showed damage up to 50%, 21% had intense leaf shedding and 2% of all plants died. Over the drought and recovery period (May–October 2006), relative height growth was significantly lower in plants with greater die-back. All species showed a significant depression in stomatal conductance, while all but deep-rooted palms Sabal etonia and Serenoa repens showed significantly lower predawn (Ψ _pd) and mid-day (Ψ _md) leaf water potential in dry compared to wet season. Plants experiencing less severe die-back exhibited greater stomatal conductance, suggesting a strong relationship between physiology and morphology. Based on results we suggest that the restoration efforts in Florida scrub should consider the soil moisture requirements of key species.