渤海湾地区红腹滨鹬迁徙动态的初步研究

红腹滨鹬(Calidris canutus)繁殖于环北极地区,属长距离迁徙鸟类,我国黄渤海地区是其在东亚-澳大利西亚迁徙路线上重要的停歇地。2003~2004年,通过对渤海湾北部双龙河口(东经118°21′,北纬37°2′)及其附近地区红腹滨鹬的种群调查,发现其迁徙高峰期出现在4月底到6月初,峰值为2004年5月15日的3 814只;2004年北迁时期,记录到佩戴有澳大利亚和新西兰脚旗的红腹滨鹬17只次,证实在澳大利亚西北部、东南部以及新西兰等3个地区越冬的2个红腹滨鹬亚种都在北迁时使用渤海湾作为其停歇地。     

黑腹滨鹬亚种分类研究进展

黑腹滨鹬Calidris alpina因繁殖季节其腹部有黑斑而得名,是北半球最常见的鸻形目鸟类之一.黑腹滨鹬历史上共命名过11个亚种,经过2次主要的系统厘定后,目前认为分化有10个亚种.亚种间除在量度性状、体色性状和地理分布有区别外,还在换羽模式、线粒体谱系组成等方面有所不同,从而使其成为研究种群分化的理想对象之一.本文介绍了黑腹滨鹬的亚种分类性状、分类修订以及亚种分类系统,并就非繁殖期的相关研究作了概述.由于混群,非繁殖地的亚种鉴定与繁殖地的亚种鉴定在性状的使用侧重上有很大的不同.非繁殖地亚种的划分,以环志回收结果和线粒体DNA谱系组成为主,其它性状为辅.中国究竟有几个亚种分布还需要进一步研究后才能确定.     

人为干扰对黑腹滨鹬觅食行为的影响

2003年11月至2004年3月,采用目标动物取样法和人为干扰实验法,于浙江省乐清湾滩涂进行人类活动对黑腹滨鹬(Calidrisalpina)觅食行为影响的研究。取样观察结果表明,在每天沿海堤可观察黑腹滨鹬持续觅食的1h里,96.6%的黑腹滨鹬在35m或更小的距离上通过奔跑或惊飞对人类的活动作出反应;黑腹滨鹬花费90%(人类较多的盐盆滩涂为85%,较少的乐成滩涂为94%)的时间觅食,10%的时间用于避免人类的干扰;人数、人类活动类型对觅食时间具有显著影响,人数、人离黑腹滨鹬的距离、人类活动类型对黑腹滨鹬移动的距离、移动的次数以及黑腹滨鹬对人类靠近的反应均具有显著效应。人为干扰最小接近距离实验结果表明,黑腹滨鹬对人类反应的距离在3～30m;干扰人数为1人时的最小接近距离显著大于2人;人类行走和奔跑的两种活动类型对黑腹滨鹬的最小接近距离没有显著影响。本研究验证了滨鸟觅食区内的人为活动严重影响黑腹滨鹬觅食行为的假设。     

云南省鸟类新纪录——黑腹滨鹬、彩鹮

<正>2010年11月21日在云南省昆明市呈贡大学城关山水库(海拔1940m,地理坐标102°50'E,24°49'N)进行鸟类调查时,观察并拍摄到一只鹬,拍摄距离约为10m。经查阅有关文献资料,该鹬为黑腹滨鹬Calidris alpine,系云南省鸟类新纪录。关山水库是一个以灌溉为主的小型水库,但在冬季会有多种水鸟在此越冬。除了黑腹滨鹬外,在调查中还记录到白鹭、牛背鹭、池鹭、苍鹭、红嘴鸥、反嘴鹬、黑翅长脚鹬、矶鹬、白腰草鹬、金眶鸻、小、凤头、普通鸬鹚、赤麻鸭、翘鼻麻鸭、斑嘴鸭等水禽。     

三油酸酯-半渗透膜采样装置对有机氯农药的富集作用

在实验室流水条件下研究了林丹、艾氏剂、环氧七氯、4 ,4′ 滴滴涕及六氯苯在三油酸酯 半渗透膜采样器 (SP MDs)中的富集。所研究的 5种有机氯农药在SPMDs中富集迅速 ,动力学过程可以用线性关系描述 ,2 0d后富集系数达到 15 0 0— 180 0 0。当暴露于接近天然水体浓度时 (2 μg/L) ,富集量能够达到对生物标记物研究制样量的要求 ,富集量大小顺序为六氯苯 >4 ,4’ 滴滴涕 >七氯环氧 >艾氏剂 >林丹 ,与有机氯化合物的脂 /水分配系数成正相关。初步研究结果表明SPMDs可以用来作为生物标记物测试的样品前处理手段 ,或替代水体生物进行微量或痕量有毒有机污染物的生物毒性监测。     

细嘴滨鹬春季迁徙中转停歇期间机体结构的表型弹性

通过描述细嘴滨鹬（Calidris tenuirostris）春季在上海中转停歇期间个体与器官表型变化,分析了中转停歇期间机体结构表型弹性的变化。结果表明：细嘴滨鹬中转停歇期间,体质量显著增加,最大增量约相当于平均体质量的52.2％。体质量增加的最大因素是脂肪质量的增加;其次是胸肌质量的增加,胸肌质量随体质量平行变化;腿肌与心质量随体质量的增加也有增加趋势;消化器官的变化分为2方面,一是消化腺（肝、胰）质量增加,二是消化道质量（砂囊、肠）没有大的变化,推测消化道没有大变化的原因可能是保留有一定的备用容量,细嘴滨鹬通过消化腺的增大来快速提高停歇期的觅食效率,同时避免重建消化器官的能量与时间的消耗,提高整体迁徙速度;脑、肺、肾、脾、眼及盐腺等器官质量保持稳定。     

有机氯农药在东方白鹳和白鹤羽毛中的残留分析

2007年5月,采集合肥野生动物园采集东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)及白鹤(Grus leucogeranus)的胸部廓羽、飞羽及尾羽样品共51枚,用气相色谱法分别检测其中的op’-DDT、pp’-DDD、pp’-DDE、pp’-DDT、α-六六六、β-六六六、γ-六六六、δ-六六六及六氯苯9种有机氯农药的残留量。检测结果发现,pp’-DDD、pp’-DDE、pp’-DDT、β-六六六、δ-六六六5种有机氯农药在东方白鹳和白鹤羽毛中都有不同程度的检出,其中pp’-DDD的残留量最高,在东方白鹳的廓羽、飞羽和尾羽中的平均残留量分别达到0.8936、0.8353和0.7516μg/g干重,在白鹤的廓羽、飞羽和尾羽中的平均残留量分别达到0.5685、0.5077和0.4657μg/g干重;pp’-DDD和pp’-DDT在两种鸟胸部廓羽、飞羽及尾羽间的残留量无显著差异;pp’-DDD在东方白鹳飞羽和尾羽中的残留量显著高于白鹤。     

果蔬中有机氯农药残留的分析测定

目的:用高效气相色谱法对蔬菜和水果中的有机氯农药残留进行测定分析.方法:称取一定量的样品,采用丙酮和乙酸乙脂(4:1)提取,旋转蒸发仪上蒸发近干,石油醚和乙酸乙脂(4:1)洗脱过柱净化,再用旋转蒸发仪蒸发近干,5ml石油醚定容,在高效气相色谱仪上进行色谱分析.结果:样品采用匀浆提取法,测定选择BPX608石英毛细管柱,柱温225℃,样品的回收率在92%-105%之间.结论:该法具有简便、快捷、准确的特点,为进一步改进测定方法提供依据.     

滇池湿地的鸻鹬类及铁嘴沙鸻和弯嘴滨鹬云南新分布

2012年1月至2013年5月在滇池湿地34个样点上开展了每月1次(共17次)的鸟类调查。迄今为止,滇池湿地共发现鸻鹬类850只次,隶属于5科11属20种。其中,铁嘴沙鸻Charadrius leschenaultia和弯嘴滨鹬Calidris ferruginea为云南鸟类新分布;水雉Hydrophasianus chirurgus和蒙古沙鸻Charadrius mongolus为滇池鸟类新纪录。有18种(731只次)鸻鹬类集中分布在滇池整治过程中形成的福保湾湿地。福保湾湿地大面积浅水泥滩、开阔水域和稠密植被,交错形成了鸻鹬类偏好的生境格局,是导致3种鸻鹬类新分布和大量鸻鹬类个体集中分布的主要原因。     

江西省两种鸟类新记录——白喉斑秧鸡和红颈瓣蹼鹬

2006年10月2日和2007年8月21日笔者在江西吉安市遂川鸟类环志站(25°28'-26°20'N,113°56'-114°13'E)进行鸟类环志和野外鸟类观测过程中,记录白喉斑秧鸡(Rallina eurizonides)和红颈瓣蹼鹬(Phalaropus lobatus),经查阅文献后确认为江西省新记录(Zheng,2005).现报道如下:     

New high-resolution mass spectrometric approach for the measurement of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in human serum

To increase our analytical throughput for measuring polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine (OC) pesticides without sacrificing data quality, we have developed and validated a combined PCB/OC pesticide gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) analysis. In a single GC-HRMS analysis, both selected PCBs and OC pesticides are detected and quantified. Previously, this has been difficult, if not impossible, because of the major difference in masses of the most abundant electron-impact ions. However, we have identified slightly less abundant ions to monitor that allow us to successfully combine these analytes into a single analysis without sacrificing any analytical sensitivity or instrument reliability. Consequently, we have been able to double our analytical throughput by modification of mass spectrometric parameters alone. Our new methodology has been validated against our current GC-HRMS method, which entails using two separate injections, one for PCB analysis and one for OC pesticide analysis. The two methods differ by less than 4% overall, with no systematic bias. We used this method to analyze approximately 350 serum samples over a period of several months. We found that our new method was as reliable in automated, overnight runs as our current method.     

Improved sample preparation method for selected persistent organochlorine pollutants in human serum using solid-phase disk extraction with gas chromatographic analysis

An improved solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was developed to isolate and concentrate trace levels of selected POPs (persistent organochlorine pollutants) in human serum prior to GC–MS in SIM mode or GC–ECD quantitation. The extraction involves denaturation of serum proteins with formic acid, SPE using C₁₈ Empore™ disk cartridges, followed by elimination of lipid interferences using a sulfuric acid wash of the eluate. Use of the SPE disk improved assay throughput and gave a cleaner analytical matrix compared with previously reported solid-phase and liquid–liquid extraction techniques. The extraction method provided consistent recoveries at three fortification levels using ¹³C₁₂ PCB 149 as internal standard. Recoveries ranged from 48 to 140% for organochlorine pesticides (6.25, 12.5 and 25 ng/ml) and 71 to 126% for polychlorinated biphenyls (0.625, 1.25 and 2.5 ng/ml).     

Human blood and environmental media screening method for pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl compounds using liquid extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis

Screening assessment methods have been developed for semi- and non-volatile persistent organic pollutants (POPs) for human blood and solid environmental media. The specific methodology is developed for measuring the presence of "native" compounds, specifically, a variety of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphate pesticides (OPPs), and for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The method is demonstrated on anonymous Red Cross blood samples as well as two potential environmental sources, tracked in soil and dog hair. This work is based on previously developed methods for semi-volatile hydrocarbon exposure from fuels usage and similarly employs liquid solvent extraction, evaporative volume reduction. and subsequent specialized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS). Standard curves, estimates of recovery efficiency, and specific GC-MS SIM quantification methods were developed for common pesticides including diazinon. aldrin, chlorpyrifos, malathion, dieldrin, DDT, permethrin, cyhalothrin, and cypermethrin, and for seven selected PCBs. Trace levels of certain PCBs and pesticides such as permethrin, dieldrin, malathion, lindane, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos were tentatively identified in anonymous blood samples as well as in two potential environmental sources. tracked in soil and dog hair. The method provides a simple screening procedure for various media and a variety of common organic pollutants without extensive sample preparation. It is meant to complement and augment data from more specific or complex methodology, to provide initial broad spectrum guidance for designing targeted experiments, and to provide confirmatory evidence for the usual metabolic biomarker measurements made to assess human exposure.     

太湖湿地生态系统有机氯污染的夜鹭生物指示

1999年春季,在对无锡鼋头渚鹭鸟种群野外生态调查的基础上,对夜鹭幼鸟反吐物,觅食地底泥和水体进行了采样,并在实验室用气相色谱测定了样品中的α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯、环氧七氯、p,p'-DDE、p,p'-DDD、o,p'-DDT和p,p'-DDT等有机氯农药的残留状况,结果表明,在有机氯农药禁用近20年后,六六六的异构体和滴滴涕及其衍生物均能在环境中和夜鹭食物中有不明,在有机氯农药禁用近20年后,六六六的异构体和滴滴涕及其衍生物均能在环境中和夜鹭食物中有不明,在有机氯农药禁用近20年后,六六六的异构体和滴滴涕及其衍生物均能在环境中和夜鹭食物中有不检出,有机氯污染物沿夜鹭食物链产生逐级富集,太湖湿地生态系统中夜鹭卵富集了滴滴涕万倍以上,富集了六六六数千倍,从而使有机氯污染物易被检测,因此夜鹭锘放可作为湿地生态系统有机氯污染的生物指示物。     

Organochlorine Pesticides in Sediments around Chaohu Lake: Concentration Levels and Vertical Distribution

Eighteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were investigated in surface sediments from the Nanfei River and in four sediment cores from the primary estuaries of Chaohu Lake, Eastern China. The results indicate that the OCP concentrations in the surface and core sediments around Chaohu Lake were 3.48–121.08 (with a mean of 34.93) ng/g and 0.60–39.28 (7.07) ng/g, respectively. Significantly higher concentrations of ΣOCPs were observed in sediment samples from the Nanfei River and its estuary. The three important OCP contributors around Chaohu Lake were dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), which originated primarily from the historical use of technical DDTs and HCHs. A principal component analysis (PCA) suggests that HCB and lindane may originate from the same sources, and DDTs were greatly influenced by organic carbon from the soil environment and the impact of urbanization processes.     

Serum organochlorine pesticides residues and risk of cancer: A case-control study

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are frequently used worldwide as insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and termiticides and have been associated with a variety of cancers in animal and human studies. In the present study, we examined residues of fourteen OCPs in the serum samples of diagnosed cancer patients and healthy residents of Karachi, Pakistan. A random collection of fasting blood samples was carried out from the donors with informed consent. Serum was separated within 2?h of blood collection and was then subjected to extraction with organic solvents followed by purification with florisil column. The final organic extract of each serum sample was processed with Gas Chromatograph coupled with Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD). OCPs were detected in 97.59% of the cancer cases and 93.75% of the healthy subjects. Mean concentrations of total OCPs (ΣOCPs) was found elevated in the cancer group (0.606?mg/kg) compared with the control group (0.322?mg/kg). Endosulfan was the highest prevalent OCP with a mean concentration of 0.214?mg/kg in the cancer group and 0.166?mg/kg in the control group. The second most prevalent OCP was 4,4-DDE with a mean concentration of 0.131?mg/kg in the cancer group and 0.019?mg/kg in the control group. Highest level of ΣOCPs was detected in the breast cancer cases (20.411?mg/kg) with a mean level of (2.041?mg/kg). In light of the obtained results and available literature on the subject, it has been concluded that OCPs are positively associated with the risk of various cancers in humans.     

An intertidal limpet species as a bioindicator: Pollution effects reflected by shell characteristics

Mollusc shells have been widely used for monitoring the bioavailability of contaminants in the aquatic environment. The present work examined malformations among the shells of the limpet Siphonaria lessoni from heavily polluted, light polluted and unpolluted sites in Argentina. Data on shell shape, thickness, dry weight, microstructure and semi-quantitative elemental composition was evaluated as well as soft tissue dry weight. Shells from the heavily polluted site were significantly (p < 0.001) thicker than those from other areas. SEM (scanning electron microscopy) analysis of thickened shells revealed the presence of globular malformations on inner shell surfaces. On heavily polluted shells, elemental composition analysis by EDS (electron dispersive spectroscopy) of such malformations indicated concentrations three times higher of carbon and four times lower of calcium and oxygen than the control. Light polluted shells presented concentrations two times lower of calcium. In addition, soft tissues were lighter at the heavily polluted site (p < 0.001). These data demonstrate the sensitivity of this abundant and widely distributed intertidal limpet to aquatic pollutants, and support the use of this limpet as a potential biomarker.     

Mineralization of hexachlorocyclohexane in soil during solid-phase bioremediation

Soil containing hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) was spiked with ¹⁴C--HCH and then subjected to bioremediation in bench-scale microcosms to determine the rate and extent of mineralization of the ¹⁴C-labeled HCH to ¹⁴CO₂. The soil was treated using two different DARAMEND amendments, D6386 and D6390. The amendments were previously found to enhance natural HCH bioremediation as determined by measuring the disappearance of parent compounds under either strictly oxic conditions (D6386), or cycled anoxic/oxic conditions (D6390). Within 80 days of the initiation of treatment, mineralization was observed in all of the strictly oxic microcosms. However, mineralization was negligible in the cycled anoxic/oxic microcosms throughout the 275-day study, even after cycling was ceased at 84 days and although significant removal (up to 51%) of indigenous -HCH (146 mg/kg) was detected by GC with electron capture detector. Of the amended, strictly oxic treatments, only one, in which 47% of the spiked ¹⁴C-HCH was recovered as ¹⁴CO₂, enhanced mineralization compared with an unamended treatment (in which 34% recovery was measured). Other oxic treatments involving higher amendment application rates or auxiliary carbon sources were inhibitory to mineralization. Thus, although HCH degradation occurs during the application of either oxic or cycled anoxic/oxic DARAMEND treatments, mineralization of -HCH may be inhibited depending on the amendment and treatment protocol.