华西雨屏区白夹竹分株种群的点格局分析

采用点格局分析方法对华西雨屏区白夹竹分株种群的分布格局以及不同龄级分株之间的相互关系进行分析.结果表明：白夹竹分株种群在0～0.32 m空间尺度上呈集群分布,0.64～4.48 m空间尺度上呈均匀分布,>4.48 m空间尺度上呈随机分布.各龄级分株种群在0～8.00 m空间尺度上主要呈随机分布,龄级间略有差别.其中,Ⅰ龄级与Ⅱ、Ⅲ龄级分别在1.76～4.16 m、0.32～4.16 m尺度上接近或达到空间负关联,与Ⅳ龄级在0.32～3.04 m尺度上呈显著空间负关联,表现为随着龄级差距的加大,幼龄分株与高龄级分株的空间负关联增加.白夹竹分株种群的空间格局及不同龄级分株之间的相互关系由尺度、分株龄级及环境因素共同决定.     

五鹿山白皮松林不同龄级立木的点格局分析

白皮松是五鹿山自然保护区的重要保护植物。本文采用能够分析各种尺度下空间格局的分析方法—点格局分析法,以山西五鹿山自然保护区白皮松种群个体在空间分布的点图坐标为基础,对其进行了研究,结果表明：五鹿山白皮松不同龄级密度差异较大,中间龄级密度较大;6个龄级集群分布不明显,且随着龄级的增加集群分布特征逐渐减弱更加趋向于随机分布;龄级1和龄级2之间呈显著正关联,有利于种群的发展,其余各龄级之间在小尺度上关联性强,随着尺度的增大关联性减弱,说明龄级间的关联性与尺度密切相关。     

芦芽山华北落叶松林不同龄级立木的点格局分析

华北落叶松林是芦芽山自然保护区的重要林型。对其建群种华北落叶松不同龄级个体的分布格局及其相互关系进行了研究。植物种群在群落中的分布格局与空间尺度有着密切关系,这里采用能够分析各种尺度下格局的分析方法——点格局分析法,其是以种群个体空间分布的坐标点图为基础。结果表明,芦芽山华北落叶松不同龄级密度差异较大,高龄级密度较大;目前华北落叶松是稳定型种群,但从长远看．,仍需人工协助更新;华北落叶松5个龄级集群分布特征比较明显,且随着龄级的增加,集群特征有更明显的趋势;各个龄级个体之间在各种尺度下都有比较显著的正关联,3～5龄级个体关联更为显著;点格局分析法能够分析各种尺度下的种群格局和种间关系,所描述的结果更符合实际,尤其是对群落结构的描述。     

油松种群不同龄级的空间格局与关联性分析

在霍山七里峪林场,选择典型油松林样地进行实地调查,运用点格局分析方法,对油松种群不同龄级的分布格局及其相互关系进行了研究。结果表明：(1)油松的龄级分布呈峰型,中间龄级个体多,主要集中在20～30 cm,小龄级和大龄级则相对较少;(2)油松的7个龄级个体的空间格局呈集群分布,其中龄级4、龄级5和龄级6的个体集群分布特征更为明显,同时表现出小尺度下呈集群分布,在大尺度下趋向于随机分布;(3)各龄级间的关系基本上呈显著正关联,3～5龄级的个体间正关联性更强,这种正关联的关系有利于油松种群对资源的充分利用,以确保种群的生存和发展。     

南方红豆杉迁地保护种群的点格局分析

南方红豆杉为国家I级珍稀濒危保护植物。为阐明其迁地保护种群的空间分布格局,采用点格局分析法对南京紫金山西麓各龄级南方红豆杉的空间格局进行测定,并分析其不同龄级的相互关系。结果表明:Ⅰ龄级个体在小尺度(1~4 m)和大尺度(10~15m)下呈随机分布,中尺度(4~10 m)下为集群分布,Ⅱ龄级个体在所有尺度下均为集群分布,而Ⅲ龄级个体在所有尺度下均呈随机分布,总体上看,该迁地种群呈现集群分布;龄级Ⅰ与Ⅱ的个体之间,在1~4 m和10~15 m下呈正关联,而在4~10 m下无显著关联,龄级Ⅰ与Ⅲ的个体在1~6 m和13~15 m下无显著关联,而在6~13 m下呈负关联;Ⅱ与Ⅲ龄级个体在所有尺度下均无关联;目前南方红豆杉迁地种群以低龄级个体为主,主要呈现集群分布,并且不同龄级从小到大表现出与野生种群相似的空间格局,因此建议对母株附近的紫金山次生林应尽量减少人为干扰并保护其生境,这将有利于该种群规模的增加及分布面积的扩展。     

山西霍山白桦种群不同龄级立木的点格局分析

以山西霍山地区的先锋树种之一白桦( Betula platyphylla)为研究对象,在霍山七里峪林场典型地段设置一个50 m×50 m的样方,应用点格局分析方法对其不同龄级(Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级)个体的分布格局及相互关系进行了研究.结果表明:(1)白桦种群不同龄级的个体间密度也不相同,中间龄级Ⅱ级(7 cm＜ DBH≤14 cm)和Ⅲ级(14 cm ＜DBH≤21 cm)的密度较大,幼龄和老龄个体密度小,年龄结构为衰退型;(2)除Ⅰ级(DBH≤7 cm)外,其余3个龄级集群分布特征比较明显,且随着龄级的增加,集群特征有更明显的趋势;(3)除Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级、Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级、Ⅱ级和Ⅳ级(DBH ＞21 cm)之外,其余龄级间基本都是小尺度下负关联,并随尺度的增大关联性逐渐变得不显著.     

水杉原生种群结构及空间分布格局

水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)是我国特有濒危极小种群物种, 其种群的状态一直被国内外学者广泛关注。分析现存水杉原生种群结构和空间分布格局及其空间关联性, 可以从空间格局角度深入认识水杉原生种群结构和分布格局及可能的形成机理。本文基于湖北利川境内水杉原生种群的野外调查数据, 分析其径级和高度级结构, 同时运用点格局分析中的成对相关函数g(r)以及3个零模型(完全空间随机模型、异质泊松模型、先决条件模型)分析水杉原生种群空间分布格局、各龄级空间分布格局及空间关联性。结果表明: (1)分布于研究区域内的水杉原生种群个体数共5,663株, 已死亡33株, 现存活5,630株, 其中40株濒临死亡, 465株处于衰弱状态, 部分个体呈现不同的形态特征和生长状况, 断梢和蚁害最为常见, 雷击是最致命的危害。(2)水杉原生种群结构分析显示, 其径级结构和高度级结构均呈纺锤型, 自然更新不良。(3)基于完全空间随机模型, 水杉原生种群在各尺度下均呈现聚集分布, 中龄树在较小尺度(r < 3,300 m)上呈现聚集分布, 成年树和老龄树在较大尺度(r < 4,700 m)上呈现聚集分布; 排除生境异质性影响后, 聚集尺度均减小, 所以种群及不同龄级的聚集尺度分别为0-3,000 m、0-2,100 m、0-2,900 m和0-2,500 m, 随后呈现为微弱的随机分布和均匀分布。(4)基于完全空间随机模型, 3个龄级之间在所有尺度均为正关联; 在排除生境异质性影响后, 不同龄级的正关联尺度减小, 均在0-2,800 m呈正关联。综上, 水杉原生种群个体数量正呈现逐步减少的趋势, 种群主要呈聚集分布, 各个龄级间具有正向的关系, 从现有的空间格局来看, 生境异质性、扩散限制和种内竞争是导致该格局的主要原因。     

川滇高山栎种群不同海拔空间格局的尺度效应及个体间空间关联

川滇高山栎灌丛(Quercus aquifolioides)是我国西南高山典型的植被类型,研究其空间格局对于研究种群的生态学过程有重要意义。为了弄清川滇高山栎种群空间格局及其个体间空间关联对海拔,尺度和大小级等因素的响应情况,研究中应用点格局分析的方法,在巴郎山沿高山栎分布海拔范围设置4个海拔梯度,并根据体积大小将高山栎分为4个大小级等级,比较不同海拔、不同尺度、不同大小级间的高山栎种群空间格局及个体间空间关联。结果表明,川滇高山栎种群空间格局及其个体间关联与空间尺度、植株形体大小和海拔梯度密切相关:在小尺度上,种群趋向于聚集分布,个体间有较强的空间关联,随着空间尺度的增大,种群逐渐趋于随机分布,个体间空间关联减弱,区域无关联;个体间形体差异越小,个体间正关联就越强,个体间形体差异越大,正关联就越弱,负关联就越强;海拔因子对聚集分布的聚集规模和个体间关联的关联程度有较大影响。     

宁夏珍稀濒危植物半日花种群结构和点格局分析

半日花是国家二级珍稀濒危植物,其种群数量日益减少,分布区破碎化。以宁夏新记录物种半日花为研究对象,分析在沙地和砾石质两种生境下半日花种群结构、各龄级的空间分布格局及关联性。结果表明: 宁夏青铜峡地区半日花个体主要集中在龄级Ⅲ,种群年龄结构呈倒三角形,种群正在衰退。种群空间分布格局与不同龄级间空间关联性受生境条件的影响较大,并且对空间尺度表现出很强的依赖性,与沙地生境相比,砾石质生境中半日花种群更趋向于聚集分布,各个龄级之间的正相关性也更明显,这种差别与两种生境的环境条件和群落结构有关。半日花种群中幼龄个体(龄级Ⅰ和龄级Ⅱ)具有相互依赖的生态关系。     

北京山区栓皮栎林优势种群点格局分析

采用点格局分析方法对北京山区栓皮栎林主要种群和不同发育阶段种群的空间分布格局及相互关系进行分析。结果表明:(1)群落物种组成简单,栓皮栎和油松是群落的优势种群,优势种群以中径木为主,缺乏可供更新的幼苗,种群呈现出衰退趋势;(2)在研究尺度内,栓皮栎、油松单种的空间分布格局以聚集型分布为主,随着尺度的增大呈现出随机分布和均匀分布的趋势;栓皮栎和油松呈现显著负相关;(3)优势种群不同发育阶段的空间分布格局与研究尺度紧密相关,栓皮栎小树和中树以聚集型分布为主、大树呈随机分布,而油松不同发育阶段均以随机分布为主;(4)栓皮栎、油松种群不同发育阶段之间的空间关联主要发生在小尺度范围内,小树和中树以正关联为主,而中树和大树、小树和大树以负关联为主;随着研究尺度的增大趋于无关联。     

Point pattern analysis of Phyllostachys bissetti ramet population in West China Rainy Area

In this paper, point pattern analysis was conducted to study the spatial distribution of Phyllostachys bissetii ramet population and the spatial association between different age-class P. bissetii ramet populations in West China Rainy Area. The ramet population had a clumped distribution at the scale 0-0.32 m, a regular distribution at the scale 0.64-4.48 m, and a random distribution at the scale > 4.48 m. Different age-class ramet populations mainly had a random distribution at the scale 0-8.00 m, though a slight difference was observed among different age-classes. The spatial association between age-class I and age-classes II and III at the scale 1.76 - 4.16 m and 0.32-4.16 m approached to or reached to negative, respectively, while the spatial association between age-classes I and IV at the scale 0.32-3.04 m was significantly negative, indicating that the spatial negative association between younger and elder ramet populations increased with enlarged age-class difference. The spatial pattern of P. bissetii ramet population and the spatial association between different age-class ramet populations were depended on spatial scale, ramet age, and environmental factors.     

Point pattern analysis of different age-classes of Larix principis-rupprechtii in Luya Mountain Reserve, Shanxi Province, China

Larix principis-rupprechtii forest is an important vegetation formation and has a large distribution area in Luya Mountain Reserve,China.Spatial pattern analysis on individual trees in different age-classes of Larix principisrupprechtii was made in this paper.Here,we employed the technique of point pattern analysis,which could analyze patterns under all scales along a gradient.It was based on spatial mapped points of individual distribution.The results of this study showed that the densities of the five age-classes varied in the order:age-class 3＞age-class 4＞age-class 5＞age-class 2＞age-class 1.Although age-classes 1 and 2 have much fewer individuals than other three age-classes do,the population was stable at present.However,it would be necessary to take some measures for improving population regeneration for a long-time view.The individuals of all age-classes focused on clumping distribution in space;however,their distribution pattern varied with the change of scale.This mainly depended on biological features of Larix principis-rupprechtii and forest environments,but it also meant that the scale was an important factor in controlling spatial distribution pattern of tree individuals.The feature of clumping distribution became more significant with the increase of age.The relationships between individuals in different age-classes were almost all significantly correlated with each other.These associations became more significant within the older age-classes.This suggested that the individuals of different age-classes were interdistributed,by which the population could get benefits in resource utilization.The technique of point pattern analysis is effective and easy to be used in species pattern study.Its results are more closer to the reality,especially for community structure.     

Point pattern analysis of different age-classes of Larix principis-rupprechtii in Luya Mountain Reserve, Shanxi Province, China

Larix principis-rupprechtii forest is an important vegetation formation and has a large distribution area in Luya Mountain Reserve, China. Spatial pattern analysis on individual trees in different age-classes of Larix principis-rupprechtii was made in this paper. Here, we employed the technique of point pattern analysis, which could analyze patterns under all scales along a gradient. It was based on spatial mapped points of individual distribution. The results of this study showed that the densities of the five age-classes varied in the order: age-class 3 > age-class 4 > age-class 5 > age-class 2 > age-class 1. Although age-classes 1 and 2 have much fewer individuals than other three age-classes do, the population was stable at present. However, it would be necessary to take some measures for improving population regeneration for a long-time view. The individuals of all age-classes focused on clumping distribution in space; however, their distribution pattern varied with the change of scale. This mainly depended on biological features of Larix principis-rupprechtii and forest environments, but it also meant that the scale was an important factor in controlling spatial distribution pattern of tree individuals. The feature of clumping distribution became more significant with the increase of age. The relationships between individuals in different age-classes were almost all significantly correlated with each other. These associations became more significant within the older age-classes. This suggested that the individuals of different age-classes were interdistributed, by which the population could get benefits in resource utilization. The technique of point pattern analysis is effective and easy to be used in species pattern study. Its results are more closer to the reality, especially for community structure. Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2004, 24(1): 35–40 [译自: 生态学报]     

皖南山区南方红豆杉种群不同龄级立木的点格局分析

采用点格局分析方法O-ring统计,利用Programita软件对皖南山区霞乡村和仙寓山的南方红豆杉种群不同龄级个体的分布格局及其相互关系进行了分析.结果表明：霞乡村南方红豆杉种群各尺度下均表现为随机分布,而仙寓山南方红豆杉种群在2～25 m的空间尺度上呈随机分布,＜2 m尺度上为集群分布;仙寓山种群Ⅰ龄级在＜5 m尺度上呈集群分布,而高龄级个体在较多尺度上有偏离随机分布的倾向.随着龄级差距的加大,南方红豆杉幼龄个体与其他个体的空间负关联逐渐显现,而相邻龄级在空间分布上相互独立,关联性很小.南方红豆杉种群的这种空间关系有利于其对资源环境的有效利用,随着个体的生长,南方红豆杉种群的空间分布有一个从聚集到随机的过渡.     

Convergence of genetic compositions assuming infinite population-size and overlapping generations

Summary The assumptions for the model treated in this paper are based on a population of hypothetically infinite size, which has reached its optimum density within a limited habitat. The aim has been to derive sufficient conditions for the genetic composition of a population to converge to a limit if generations overlap and time is measured in discrete intervals. Trivially the genetic composition does not change if at the starting point of time the compositions within all age-classes are the same; otherwise global convergence of the age-class distributions implies uniform convergence of the genetic compositions within the single age-classes if mating takes place between at least two ageclasses, or within the first age-class only. Excluding age-class 1 mating within one age-class only results in periodical change of genetic compositions.     

Survival during adverse seasons reveals size-dependent competitive ability in a deposit-feeding amphipod, Monoporeia affinis

Previous food competition experiments indicated that small Monoporeia affinis (Lindström) amphipods are competitively superior to large conspecifics. If this is the case, large individuals such as adults should be more sensitive than their smaller conspecifics to food shortage during winter. Thus, our hypothesis was that the competitive relationships should be reflected in the winter survival between the different age- (size-) classes. We investigated the effects of starvation on the survival and loss of mass of three age- (size-) classes: juveniles (0+, young-of-the-year) and (1+, one-year-old), and adults (2+, two-year-old) amphipods in a 10-week experiment during the winter season. During the starvation period, the survival of the 0+ and 1+ age-classes decreased gradually with no marked variation between the age-classes over time, while that of the 2+ age-class decreased dramatically after 4 weeks. The survival and swimming activity of adult (2+) amphipods were significantly lower than in the 0+ and 1+ age-classes. The individual dry mass ( W ) of amphipods decreased with a rate equal to −0.0062 W ^0.95 per day throughout the experiment, with no differences between age-classes in the allometric scaling of the energetic costs. We found no dramatic decrease in the individual dry mass of 2+ age-class similar to that in their survival. Using the survival results from our study to rank the age-classes in terms of competitive ability gave the same rank order as from an earlier competition experiment. These results suggest that a starvation survival experiment prior to adverse seasons could be used to assess the competitive relationships within and between species exploiting the same resource.     

海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林不同空间尺度和径级水平的物种丰富度与个体密度关联

以海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林为研究对象, 基于尖峰岭原始林60 hm²大样地, 分析了7个不同空间尺度(5 m × 5 m、10 m × 10 m、20 m × 20 m、40 m × 40 m、60 m × 60 m、80 m × 80 m、100 m × 100 m)、3个不同径级(胸径(DBH) ≥ 1.0 cm、DBH ≥ 2.5 cm、DBH ≥ 7.5 cm)物种丰富度与个体密度之间的关联性, 以期为负密度制约效应等研究的尺度选择提供参考依据。研究结果表明, 物种丰富度和个体密度之间的关联性是基于空间尺度存在的, 并受分析植株径级大小的影响。DBH ≥ 1.0 cm时, 在4个空间尺度下(5 m × 5 m、10 m × 10 m、20 m × 20 m、40 m × 40 m), 物种丰富度随个体密度增加而增加, 但物种丰富度和个体密度两者间的相关性随取样空间尺度的增大而逐渐下降; 在其他3个空间尺度下(60 m × 60 m、80 m × 80 m、100 m × 100 m), 两者间没有显著相关性。当DBH ≥ 2.5 cm和DBH ≥ 7.5 cm时, 物种丰富度和个体密度间的相关性随空间尺度变化的趋势也与上述结果基本一致; 在60 m × 60 m的空间尺度上, DBH ≥ 1.0 cm时物种丰富度和个体密度相关性不显著, DBH ≥ 2.5 cm和DBH ≥ 7.5 cm两个径级的物种丰富度和个体密度表现出弱相关性。DBH ≥ 2.5 cm和DBH ≥ 7.5 cm时, 各空间尺度下物种丰富度和个体密度之间的决定系数几乎一致, 但高于DBH ≥ 1.0 cm时两者之间的决定系数, 说明大径级植株的个体密度和物种丰富度之间有更强的关联性, 负密度制约效应和自疏效应可能是产生这种现象的主要原因。