共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Rachel F. Perlman Carola Borries Andreas Koenig 《American journal of physical anthropology》2016,160(2):208-219
Stress plays an important role in the etiology of multiple morbid and mortal outcomes among the living. Drawing on health paradigms constructed among the living augments our evolving knowledge of relationships between stress and health. Therefore, elucidating relationships between stress and both chronic and acute skeletal lesions may help clarify our understanding of long‐term health trends in the past. In this study, we propose an index of “skeletal frailty,” based on models of frailty used to evaluate the life‐long effects of stress on health among living populations. Here, we assess the possible applicability of frailty to archaeological populations. The skeletal frailty index (SFI) is proposed as a methodological liaison between advances made by biological anthropologists studying relationships between stress and health among the living and bioarchaeologists studying stress and health among the dead. In a case study examining skeletal stress in Medieval London, the SFI is applied to nonmonastic (N = 60) and monastic (N = 74) samples. We used analysis of variance/analysis of covariance to compare SFI values between nonmonastic‐monastic groups, sexes, and age cohorts. Results indicate higher lifetime morbidity among monastic groups. These results complement previous bioarchaeological findings on the same London populations, wherein lower risks of mortality and longer lifespans were observed for monastic populations. SFI data reflect the morbidity‐mortality paradox observed in modern populations and accompany recent findings in bioarchaeology of variation in Medieval monastic and nonmonastic “health.” Ultimately, this study demonstrates the SFI's utility in bioarchaeology, through its application of commonly assessed skeletal biomarkers, its ease of applicability, and its potential usefulness for assessing changes in skeletal health over time and across specific geographies. 相似文献
2.
Meng‐Wen Fan Bruno A. Walther Ruey‐Shing Lin 《Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie》2015,121(5):442-450
Dominance hierarchies usually form quickly among avian foraging groups because they are beneficial to most individuals by reducing conflict. Several characteristics that correlate with dominance rank have been identified in birds, but most of these conclusions rely on studies of temperate species. Hence, we studied whether captive group members of a subtropical species, grey‐cheeked fulvetta Alcippe morrisonia, form social dominance hierarchies when competing for food during the non‐breeding season. We also investigated whether sex, age, body condition and fat score were related to an individual's dominance rank which was established by counting aggressive interactions in six captive groups of nine individuals each. In all groups, linear dominance hierarchies were formed whereby yearlings dominated over adult birds, and individuals with a better body condition were also more dominant, while sex and fat score had no discernable effect. Male yearlings had significantly higher body masses and body condition indices than male adults, while female yearlings had significantly higher body masses, body condition indices and fat scores than female adults. However, there were no significant differences between male and female yearlings or adults for any of these variables. We suggest possible reasons for the dominance of yearlings, such as captive conditions or the higher body weight of yearlings. 相似文献
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《Ethology, Ecology and Evolution》2012,24(3):273-281
In queenright colonies of the old world tropical primitively eusocial polistine wasp, Ropalidia marginata, queens are behaviourally docile and subordinate individuals. Yet, they are completely successful in suppressing reproduction by all nestmates. Here we show that dominance hierarchies in queenright colonies are never significantly linear but, in the queen determination stage, when new queens use overt physical aggression to establish their status, dominance hierarchies among the same individuals are significantly linear. This striking difference in the structure of dominance hierarchies in queenright colonies as compared to the queen determination stage, is consistent with the previously postulated hypothesis that, while dominance behaviour functions to regulate worker reproduction in the queen determination stage, the same behaviours are used by the workers to regulate each others' foraging in queenright colonies. 相似文献
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Diploid and triploid brown trout Salmo trutta were acclimated for 6 weeks on two feeding regimes (floating and sinking). Thereafter, aggression and surface feeding response were compared between pairs of all diploid, all triploid and diploid and triploid S. trutta in an experimental stream. In each pair‐wise matching, fish of similar size were placed in allopatry and rank was determined by the total number of aggressive interactions recorded. Dominant individuals initiated more aggression than subordinates, spent more time defending a territory and positioned themselves closer to the surface food source (Gammarus pulex), whereas subordinates occupied the peripheries. In cross ploidy trials, diploid S. trutta were more aggressive than triploid, and dominated their sibling when placed in pair‐wise matchings. Surface feeding, however, did not differ statistically between ploidy irrespective of feeding regime. Triploids adopted a sneak feeding strategy while diploids expended more time defending a territory. In addition, we also tested whether triploids exhibit a similar social dominance to diploids when placed in allopatry. Although aggression was lower in triploid pairs than in the diploid and triploid pairs, a dominance hierarchy was also observed between individuals of the same ploidy. Dominant triploid fish were more aggressive and consumed more feed items than subordinate individuals. Subordinate fish displayed a darker colour index than dominant fish suggesting increased stress levels. Dominant triploid fish, however, appeared to be more tolerant of subordinate individuals and did not display the same degree of invasive aggression as seen in the diploid and diploid or diploid and triploid matchings. These novel findings suggest that sterile triploid S. trutta feed similarly but are less aggressive than diploid trout. Future studies should determine the habitat choice of triploid S. trutta after release and the interaction between wild fish and triploids during the breeding season prior to utilization of triploids as an alternative management strategy within freshwater fisheries. 相似文献
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Aspects of the reproductive biology of gag Mycteroperca microlepis in the southern Gulf of Mexico were studied by following seasonal variations in the gonado‐somatic index and through histological examination of gonads. Gag were collected from inshore and offshore waters of the Campeche Bank, Yucatan, Mexico, between April 1996 and December 2001. This species is a protogynous hermaphrodite, and appeared to be depth‐size distributed. The smallest gag (9–49 cm L F ) collected were all juvenile females, and were caught in inshore waters (1–10 m depth), while the largest (49–116 cm L F ), mainly adult females, males and transitionals, were captured in offshore waters (33–167 m depth). Overall the offshore male to female ratio was female‐biased (1 : 3·3) and differed significantly from unity. The species spawns at depths of c . 50–53 m, from early winter to mid‐spring, with peak spawning activity occurring between January and March. Fifty per cent of females reached first maturity at 72·1 cm L F . At 103 cm L F , 50% of sampled females had changed into males. Gag can be considered a monandric species, and sexual transition for this grouper seemed to occur in fish distributed within a narrow size range (85–111 cm L F ). The results are compared with those of other authors for gag stocks from the south‐east Atlantic coast of the U.S.A. and the north‐east Gulf of Mexico. 相似文献
7.
Ramon J. Rhine 《American journal of primatology》1994,32(2):145-148
Trivers and Willard's theory of sex-ratio adjustment, as applied to cercopithecines, predicts that the ratio of male to female offspring will be greater for dominant than for subordinate mothers. A local-resourcexyhcompetition hypothesis predicts the reverse. To date, results from several species of macaque are inconsistent and often not statistically significant. In this 21 year study, a colony group of stumptailed macaques is added to the species previously studied. Seventy-five offspring were born to eight mothers for whom long-term dominance was established. Chi-square analyses of data from these 75 offspring failed to yield a significant relationship between sex-ratio and mother's dominance; consequently, consistent with a growing body of cercopithecine literature, neither of the competing theories was supported. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
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《Ethology, Ecology and Evolution》2012,24(1):67-77
The allodapine bee Exoneura bicolor constructs linear nests in pithy centres of dead plant material. Brood is reared progressively. During winter, nests usually contain one mated female with large ovaries and several subordinate females with small ovaries. The dominant female pheromonally inhibits ovarian enlargement of subordinate females. During the foraging season, dominant females guard the nest, while subordinate females undertake the more risk prone foraging activities. During winter, virtually no foraging occurs. Therefore, guarding might be the most dangerous activity during winter. In this paper we investigate whether the position of females in the nest during winter is related to dominance. Females did not change relative position frequently and the position of females decreased near monotonically with ovary size, with the dominant female closest to the nest entrance. It is concluded that: (1) dominant females do not move about in the nest to ensure spread of their pheromones among nestmates, or to behaviourally inhibit ovarian enlargement of subordinates; (2) dominant females do not force subordinates to guard the nest. Because the guard is probably the female that is most subject to predation during winter, guarding by the dominant should have some payoffs. Potential benefits are: (a) contamination of incoming air with volatile pheromones; (b) preventing intruders from entering the nest; (c) controlling nestmates leaving and entering the nest. The latter may enable females to control food that is brought back into the nest, and to prevent mating by subordinate females. Our results indicate that social structure within these nests is influenced by the linear structure of the nest burrows. 相似文献
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Vicky M. Oelze Alice M. Percher Gontran Nsi Akoué Nory El Ksabi Eric Willaume Marie J. E. Charpentier 《American journal of primatology》2020,82(12):e23206
Mandrills are large-bodied terrestrial forest primates living in particularly large social groups of several hundred individuals. Following these groups in the wild to assess differences in diet over time as well as among individuals is demanding. We here use isotope analyses in blood and hair obtained during repeated captures of 43 identified free-ranging mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) from Southern Gabon, to test how dietary variation relates to the season as well as an individual's age and sex. We measured the stable carbon (δ13C‰) and nitrogen (δ15N‰) isotope ratios in 46 blood and 214 hair section samples as well as from a small selection of mandrill foods (n = 24). We found some seasonal isotopic effects, with lower δ13C values but higher δ15N values observed during the highly competitive long dry season compared to the fruit-rich long rainy season. Variation in δ13C was further predicted by individual age, with higher δ13C values generally found in younger individuals suggesting that they may consume more high canopy fruit than older individuals, or that older individuals consume more low canopy foliage. The best predictor for δ15N values was the interaction between age and sex, with mature and reproductively active males revealing the highest δ15N values, despite the observation that males consume substantially less animal food items than females. We interpret high δ15N values in these mature male mandrill blood and hair sections to be the result of nutritional stress associated with intense male–male competition, particularly during mating season. This is the first study showing isotopic evidence for nutritional stress in a free-ranging primate species and may spark further investigations into male mandrill diet and energy balance. 相似文献
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BENJAMIN SUAREZ‐JIMENEZ AMANDA HATHAWAY CARLOS WATERS KELLI VAUGHAN STEPHEN J. SUOMI PAMELA L. NOBLE DANIEL S. PINE NATHAN A. FOX ERIC E. NELSON 《American journal of primatology》2013,75(1):65-73
In humans, temperament plays an important role in socialization and personality. Some temperaments, such as behavioral inhibition are associated with an increased risk for psychopathology. Nonhuman primates can serve as a model for neurobiological and developmental contributions to emotional development and several recent studies have begun to investigate temperament in nonhuman primates. In rhesus monkeys, dominance rank is inherited from the mother and is associated with social and emotional tendencies that resemble differences in temperament. The current study assessed differences in temperament in infant rhesus monkeys as a function of maternal dominance rank. Temperament was assessed in 26 infants (13 males) from birth until 6 months of age with a battery that included Brazelton test, human intruder test, human intruder‐startle, cortisol stress reactivity, and home cage observations of interactions with peers and the mother. Throughout testing, infants lived with their mothers and a small group of other monkeys in indoor/outdoor runs. Dominance rank of the mothers within each run was rated as either low/middle (N = 18, 9 male) or high/alpha (N = 8, 4 female). Infants of high‐ranking mothers displayed more intruder‐directed aggression and reduced startle potentiation in the human intruder tests. Dominant offspring also had reduced levels cortisol and startle across development and spent more time away from mothers in the interaction tests. These results suggest that dominance of the mother may be reflected in behavioral reactivity of infants early in life. These findings set up future studies, which may focus on contributing factors to both dominance and temperament such as genetics, rearing, and socialization. Such factors are likely to interact across development in meaningful ways. These results also suggest future human‐based studies of a similar relationship may be warranted, although social dominance is clearly more complex in human than macaque societies. Am. J. Primatol. 75:65‐73, 2013. Published 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.? 相似文献
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食物因素对笼养褐马鸡冬季打斗行为的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
绝大多数动物社群中都存在着等级行为[2 ,10 ] ,高等级个体在取食、交配等方面都拥有优先权 ,最终导致高等级个体具有更高的存活率和繁殖率[1,3 ,4 ,7～ 9] 。这种等级行为可以避免频繁的打斗所带来的伤害和能量消耗。但是当争夺的资源很重要时 ,低等级个体将会忍受一定程度的代价以打斗的方式去争夺资源[6] 。有关食物分布格局和饥饿状况对鸟类取食打斗行为的影响几乎还为未见报道 ,本文利用冬季集群期内的一个笼养褐马鸡(Ｃｒｏｓｓｏｐｔｉｌｏｎｍａｎｔｃｈｕｒｉｃｕｍ )人工种群 ,研究了不同食物分布格局和饥饿状况下取食和打斗行为… 相似文献
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Most studies examining dominance hierarchies have focused at the intraspecific level. While some examples of interspecific hierarchies have been noted, these have usually been limited to a few species in the same taxonomic group that utilize resources in similar ways. Here, we examine evidence for dominance interference competition among vertebrates comprising a diverse frugivore community, including 19 species of birds, squirrels, and primates in a mature Central African rainforest. A total of 38 fruiting trees from 18 species were observed for 2058 h to record dominance interactions between foraging vertebrates. We show that interference competition occurs within and between taxonomically diverse species of vertebrates at fruiting trees. The resulting cross‐taxonomic dominance hierarchy includes larger vertebrates, such as primates and hornbills, as well as smaller ones, such as squirrels and parrots. Within this hierarchy, the dominance rank of each species is highly correlated with body mass, and is shown to significantly affect the number of fruits removed from a given tree. Because a majority of tropical tree species depend on vertebrates to disperse their seeds, and particular vertebrates may preferentially disperse the seeds of specific tree species, results may have important conservation implications for the maintenance of tree diversity in regions where populations of larger frugivores have been depressed or extirpated. 相似文献
14.
基于SSR分子标记技术,按树高和胸径（地径）因子将样地内的植株分为优势木、中等木和劣势木3类,对不同生长优势等级云南松林木的遗传多样性变异特征进行了研究。结果表明：在林冠层,优势木的有效等位基因数、Shannon's信息指数、观测杂合度和期望杂合度分别为2.083、0.762、0.290和0.423,略高于中等木和劣势木;在更新层,有效等位基因数、Shannon's信息指数、观测杂合度和期望杂合度分别为2.063、0.774、0.272和0.410,除观测杂合度外,其余3个指标也均表现为优势木略高于中等木和劣势木。从差异显著性检验来看,不同生长优势等级云南松林木间的遗传多样性差异不显著,即林木生长分化对遗传多样性的影响不明显。 相似文献
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Beth Bennett 《Zoo biology》1986,5(1):21-26
A group of six individually identified bighorn ewes (Ovis canadensis canadensis) in the Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado, was studied to determine the existence of a dominance hierarchy. Using success in displacement interactions as an index to rank, a very linear, age-related hierarchy was found. 相似文献
16.
Methods to describe dominance hierarchies are a key tool in primatology studies. Most current methods are appropriate for analyzing linear and near-linear hierarchies; however, more complex structures are common in primate groups. We propose a method termed \"dominance-directed tree.\" This method is based on graph theory and set theory to analyze dominance relationships in social groups. The method constructs a transitive matrix by imposing transitivity to the dominance matrix and produces a graphical representation of the dominance relationships, which allows an easy visualization of the hierarchical position of the individuals, or subsets of individuals. The method is also able to detect partial and complete hierarchies, and to describe situations in which hierarchical and nonhierarchical principles operate. To illustrate the method, we apply a dominance tree analysis to artificial data and empirical data from a group of Cebus apella. 相似文献
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Prior modeling work has found that pure winner and loser effects(i.e., changing the estimation of your own fighting abilityas a function of direct prior experience) can have importantconsequences for hierarchy formation. Here these models areextended to incorporate \"bystander effects.\" When bystandereffects are in operation, observers (i.e., bystanders) of aggressiveinteractions change their assessment of the protagonists' fightingabilities (depending on who wins and who loses). Computer simulationsdemonstrate that when bystander winner effects alone are atplay, groups have a clear omega (bottom-ranking individual),while the relative position of other group members remainsdifficult to determine. When only bystander loser effects arein operation, wins and losses are randomly distributed throughouta group (i.e., no discernible hierarchy). When pure and bystanderwinner effects are jointly in place, a linear hierarchy, inwhich all positions (i.e., to when N = 4) are clearly defined,emerges. Joint pure and bystander loser effects produce thesame result. In principle one could test the predictions fromthe models developed here in a straightforward comparativestudy. Hopefully, the results of this model will spur on suchstudies in the future. 相似文献
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While studies of sexual selection focus primarily on female choice and male-male competition, males should also exert mate choice in order to maximize their reproductive success. We examined male mate choice in mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki, with respect to female size and female dominance. We found that the number of mating attempts made by a male was predicted by the dominance rank of females in a group, with dominant females attracting more mating attempts than subordinates. The number of mating attempts made by males was independent of the female size. The observed bias in the number of mating attempts towards dominant females may be driven either by straightforward male mate choice, since dominance and female fecundity are often closely related, or via the dominant females mediating male mating behaviour by restricting their access to subordinate females. 相似文献
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