共生菌在褐飞虱致害性变化中的作用

研究了不同虫源和致害性褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens种群体内共生菌数量动态及其对褐飞虱在抗虫品种上的取食选择、生长发育、繁殖以及氨基酸转移酶活性的影响。结果表明,褐飞虱田间种群的致害性与其体内共生菌数量有关。广西南宁种群雌成虫体内的共生菌数量显著地高于浙江杭州和龙游两个虫源的雌成虫体内共生菌数量,而已纯化的3个不同致害性生物型体内的共生菌数量无显著差异。取食抗性品种能显著减少生物型Ⅰ雌成虫体内的共生菌数量。缺乏共生菌时,生物型Ⅰ、Ⅱ若虫对水稻品种TN1和ASD7的选择性增大,而对Mudgo的取食选择性下降。尽管缺共生菌的3个生物型在已适应的和不适应的感虫和抗虫品种上的若虫存活率和雌成虫产卵量均下降,若虫历期明显延长,但在已适应品种上的变化程度明显小于在不适应的抗虫品种上的变化程度。共生菌还明显影响成虫体内丙氨酸氨基转移酶和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶的活性。这些结果证明体内共生菌的数量和质量在褐飞虱对水稻致害性的变化中发挥了重要作用。     

南方水稻黑条矮缩病对褐飞虱和白背飞虱体内三种保护酶活性的影响

为探寻植物感染病毒病后对刺吸性害虫体内生化酶活性的影响,本文研究了感染南方水稻矮缩病毒(Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus,SRBSDV)的水稻对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera成虫及若虫体内三种保护酶活性的影响。结果表明,取食染病水稻的白背飞虱和褐飞虱成虫及若虫体内超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)的活性均随取食时间的延长而增加。在带毒水稻上取食12 h后,白背飞虱成虫、褐飞虱成虫、若虫体内SOD活性与对照比差异不显著外,其他均显著高于对照;取食24 h后,白背飞虱若虫体内SOD、POD活性和褐飞虱若虫SOD活性虽高于对照但未达显著水平;取食5 d后,白背飞虱若虫、褐飞虱成虫、若虫POD活性未达显著外,其他均显著高于对照。以上研究结果可为进一步研究植物-病毒-寄主三种之间的关系提供参考。     

褐飞虱刺吸诱导的水稻一些防御性酶活性的变化

褐飞虱刺吸导致稻株体内丙二醛含量迅速上升,表明褐飞虱刺吸引起了水稻植株膜脂的过氧化;抗虫和感虫品种植株体内脂氧合酶(LOX)、脂氢过氧化物裂解酶(HPL)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的活性均显著升高;而过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在抗虫品种稻株体内明显受抑制,H2O2含量提高,但在感虫品种植株体内CAT的活性略有提高,H2O2含量略有下降.对抗虫品种植株不同器官的测定结果表明,褐飞虱刺吸对PAL和H2O2的影响是系统性的,而对LOX的影响则仅局限于褐飞虱刺吸部位的茎杆中.     

取食施硅水稻对褐飞虱成虫体内保护酶和解毒酶活性的影响

【目的】本研究旨在明确褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens成虫取食施硅水稻对其体内保护酶及解毒酶活性的影响,为硅介导的水稻抗虫性的应用提供证据。【方法】以TN1(感虫品种)为供试水稻品种,采用营养液添加Na₂SiO₃·9H₂O的方法设置112 mg Si/L(Si+)和0 mg Si/L(Si-)2种施硅水平,通过酶活性分析测定取食Si+或Si-水稻植株24, 48, 72和96 h后褐飞虱成虫体内保护酶［过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide, SOD)］以及解毒酶［谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione-S-transferase, GST)、羧酸酯酶(carboxylesterase, CarE)和多功能氧化酶(mixed-functional oxidase, MFO)］活性的动态变化。【结果】与取食Si-水稻植株的褐飞虱成虫相比,取食Si+水稻植株24和48 h时,褐飞虱成虫POD活性分别显著增加101.2%和55.2%,SOD活性分别显著增加78.2%和19.6%;取食72 h时,CAT和SOD活性分别显著增加16.5%和29.7%;取食96 h时,CAT和POD活性稍有降低,SOD活性显著降低12.6%。添加硅总体上增加GST和MFO活性,降低CarE活性。取食Si+水稻植株24, 48, 72和96 h时,GST活性分别显著升高57.2%, 200.7%, 84.7%和45.9%;MFO活性在取食72和96 h时分别显著升高70.2%和28.3%;而CarE活性在取食72和96 h时分别显著降低38.1%和32.0%。【结论】取食施硅水稻引起褐飞虱成虫体内保护酶和解毒酶活性发生了变化,进而对褐飞虱生理代谢产生了影响。     

取食不同寄主植物的灰飞虱对药剂敏感性和解毒酶活性的影响

为了探索取食不同寄主植物的灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus对药剂敏感性和体内解毒酶活性的影响,本研究在室内采用稻苗浸渍法分别测定了4种杀虫剂对取食水稻、小麦和稗草后的灰飞虱3龄若虫的毒力,同时比较了灰飞虱体内酯酶(ESTs)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)和多功能氧化酶(MFO)的活性.结果表明,用5种寄主植物连续饲养灰飞虱3代后,灰飞虱对三氟苯嘧啶的敏感性无明显变化,对吡虫啉、噻虫嗪和溴氰虫酰胺的敏感性存在一定差异但不显著.取食不同寄主植物的灰飞虱体内3种解毒酶活性存在明显差异,取食稗草的灰飞虱体内ESTs和MFO活性最高,取食水稻紫香糯2315的灰飞虱体内GSTs活性最高.研究结果表明取食不同寄主植物可影响灰飞虱对杀虫剂的敏感性和体内解毒酶的活性.     

转Bt基因水稻“赣绿1号”对非靶标害虫褐飞虱取食、产卵行为及生长发育的影响

【目的】研究转cry1Ab/Ac基因水稻"赣绿1号"对非靶标害虫褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens的潜在影响。【方法】采用标准苗期集团筛选法研究"赣绿1号"对褐飞虱的抗性;利用取食和产卵选择性研究"赣绿1号"对褐飞虱取食、产卵行为的影响;用"赣绿1号"连续饲养褐飞虱5代,研究对褐飞虱生长发育(若虫发育历期、成虫体重)和繁殖(孵化子代若虫数量)的影响。【结果】"赣绿1号"与非转基因亲本对褐飞虱均表现为中抗;褐飞虱于"赣绿1号"上取食、产卵选择与非转基因亲本均无显著差异;除取食"赣绿1号"第2代褐飞虱第3龄龄期显著短于取食非转基因亲本水稻的褐飞虱外,第2代和第5代若虫各龄龄期均无显著差异,褐飞虱雌雄成虫体重和孵化若虫数均无显著差异。【结论】与对照水稻相比,转Bt基因水稻"赣绿1号"对非靶标害虫褐飞虱的苗期抗性、取食、产卵行为及生长发育等无明显的不利影响。     

白背飞虱对水稻抗虫品种N_(22)的适应性研究

在室内连续用感虫品种TN1和抗虫品种N2 2 单管饲养白背飞虱 (Sogatellafurcifera)种群 ,研究它对抗虫水稻品种的适应性及其体内保护酶的变化 .结果表明 ,白背飞虱在感虫品种TN1和抗虫品种N2 2品种上饲养 1至 2代 ,其卵历期、若虫期和全世代历期均无明显差异 .从感虫品种TN1转移到抗虫品种N2 2 上饲养 1代 ,白背飞虱的若虫存活率、雌成虫寿命、体重、蜜露量、产卵量和内禀增长率等均低于在抗虫品种上连续饲养 2代 ,而后者又低于在感虫品种上饲养的指标 .白背飞虱在抗虫品种上连续饲养 2代后 ,体内保护酶中超氧化物岐化酶 (SOD)和过氧化氢酶 (CAT)活性逐渐接近于感虫品种上连续饲养的结果 ,说明白背飞虱从感虫品种转到抗虫品种在开始时并不适应 ,经过连续繁殖多代后白背飞虱逐渐适应 ,最后导致抗虫品种的抗性丧失     

白背飞虱对水稻抗虫品种N22的适应性研究

在室内连续用感虫品种TN1和抗虫品种N22单管饲养白背飞虱(Sogatella furcifera)种群,研究它对抗虫水稻品种的适应性及其体内保护酶的变化,结果表明,白背飞虱在感虫品种TN1和抗虫品种N22品种上饲养1至2代,其卵历期、若虫期和全世代历期均无明显差异,从感虫品种TN1转移到抗虫品种N22上饲养1代,白背飞虱的若虫存活率、雌成虫寿命、体重、蜜露量、产卵量和内禀增长率等均低于在抗虫品种上连续饲养2代,而后者又低于在感虫品种上饲养的指标,白背飞虱在抗虫品种上连续饲养2代后,体内保护酶中超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性逐渐接近于感虫品种上连续饲养的结果,说明白背飞虱从感虫品种转到抗虫品种在开始时并不适应,经过连续繁殖多代后白背飞虱逐渐适应,最后导致抗虫品种的抗性丧失。     

不同虫源和致害性的褐飞虱体内共生菌的种群动态

通过对不同地理种群和致害性的褐飞虱体内共生菌,在高温和抗性水稻品种作用下的种群动态研究表明,在正常湿度下褐飞虱体内共生菌的数量随若虫的生长发育而增加,5龄若虫期是共生菌增长的关键期;同一种群的褐飞虱秋季共生菌数量明显高于夏季。广西田间种群的短翅雌虫体内的共生菌数量显高于浙江省的杭州和龙游种群,经高温处理后,3个生物开共生菌数量均显减少,但其子代共生菌的数量在正常温度下马上恢复,与未经高温处理的褐飞虱共生菌数量基本相同,取食抗性品种的生物型1和田间种群的褐飞虱体内的共生菌数量均明显减少,取食抗性品种的第2代的共生菌又均比第1代少。这说明高温对共生菌的影响是暂的,而抗性品种的对共生菌的作用与褐飞虱种群对品种的适应性有关。     

稻褐飞虱致害性的转化(同翅目：飞虱科)

稻褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stal)在抗虫品种上并非完全不取食,亦并非完全不能完成生长发育,经在抗虫品种上连续多代强迫饲养,其致害性将发生明显的变化,逐渐从不能致害转化为能适应这种抗虫品种。致害性的转化是渐变的,在世代间似有遗传积累。由于抗虫品种抗虫机制及其遗传背景的差异,褐飞虱在不同的抗虫品种上致害性转化的进程和速率亦不同。     

白背飞虱取食抗虫品种过程中体内保护酶和自由基的变化

白背飞虱取食抗虫品种过程中自由基含量显增加,在取食18小时后达最高值,以后开始下降,在取食中抗品种N22和高抗品种Ptb33时,虫体内SOD和CAT活性明显增加,且起着主要作用,POD作用不明显;白背飞在抗虫品种上连续饲养一至二代后,体内保护酶活性逐渐接近于感虫品种,基本明确了白背飞虱取食抗虫品种过程中体内保护酶和自由基的变化规律。     

褐飞虱的迁人和翅型分化规律的研究

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stal)属迁飞性水稻害虫,其成虫有短翅和长翅两种翅型。 褐飞虱迁入雌虫均未经过交配,其短翅型由一对显性等位基因控制。翅型分化同时受到遗传和内分泌系统的协调控制,外界条件如密度和寄主等因子通过内分泌系统来影响翅型的分化。褐飞虱翅型分化的敏感龄期雌虫为1～3龄,而雄虫为1-5龄;不同若虫蜜度处理对褐飞虱成虫的前翅形成有一定的影响。分蘖期水稻饲养的褐飞虱短翅型比例明显高于孕穗期水稻饲养的褐飞虱。不同密度下各生物型间的翅型分化差异不显著。迁入地的浙江各种群属温带型,其雌虫短翅率低且与密度呈显著负相关;菲律宾热带种群雌虫在不同密度下均为短翅型,而雄虫的短翅率随密度增加而上升。广西种群接近热带型,其雌虫短翅率高但不随密度而变化。试验各种群的雄虫在中等密度甚至高密度时其短翅率出现最高。     

Survival rate and stylet penetration behavior of current Korean populations of the brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens,on resistant rice varieties

To understand the development of host plant resistance-breaking ability of the current BPH populations in Korea, we conducted nymphal survivorship tests and electrical penetration graph (EPG) studies on susceptible and resistant rice varieties with four different BPH populations, which were collected in the early 1980s (S-BPH) and in 2005, 2006, and 2007. The S-BPH had low survival rates on resistant rice varieties carrying either Bph1 or bph2. However, the current BPH populations have high resistance-breaking ability on the varieties with their elevated survival rates, whereas their survival rates were still low on the other resistant varieties, Gayabyeo (Bph1  the other unknown gene) and Rathu Heenati (Bph3). The EPG analysis also revealed that the ratio of BPH that could reach the phloem sap ingestion waveform (N4-b) within 15 h on the resistant rice varieties containing Bph1 or bph2 was higher in the current BPH populations (16.7–50%) than in the S-BPH population (0-4.2%). However, the pre-reaching time from the penetration start to the first N4-b waveform in the current BPH populations was significantly longer on resistant varieties (Bph1 or bph2) than on susceptible varieties. Furthermore, the total duration of N4-b waveform was significantly shorter on the resistant varieties.From these results, we suggest that, although the current BPHs collected in Korea have a high resistance-breaking ability through the increase of survival rate on resistant rice varieties carrying either Bph1 or bph2, they still have some difficulties feeding on the phloem sap of the resistant rice varieties.     

Influence of rice black streaked dwarf virus on the ecological fitness of non-vector planthopper Nilaparvata lugens （Hemiptera： Delphacidae）

Rice black streak dwarf virus （RBSDV） is transmitted by the small brown planthopper （SBPH）, Laodelphax striatellus （Fallen）. Non-vector rice brown planthopper （BPH）, Nilaparvata lugens （Stal）, shares the same host rice plants with SBPH in paddy fields. The changes in nutritional composition of rice plants infected by RBSDV and the ecological fitness of BPH feeding on the infected plants were studied under both artificial climate chamber and field conditions. Contents of 16 detected amino acids and soluble sugar in RBSDV infected rice plants were higher than those in the healthy ones. On the diseased plants BPH had significantly higher nymphal survival rates, nymphal duration of the males, weight of the female adults, as well as egg hatchability compared to BPH being fed on healthy plants. However, there was no obvious difference in female nymph duration, longevity and fecundity. Defense enzymes （superoxidase dismutase, SOD and catalase, CAT） and detoxifying enzymes （carboxylesterase, CAE and glutathione S-transferase, GST） in BPH adults fed on diseased plants had markedly higher activities. The results indicate rice plants infected by RBSDV improved the ecological fitness of the brown planthopper, a serious pest but not a transmitter of the RBSDV virus.     

THE VIRULENCE CHANGE AND DAMAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS GEOGRAPHIC POPULATIONS OF BROWN PLANTHOPPER*

Abstract The virulence change and damage characteristics of brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stal, populations collected from Guangxi, Yunnan and Zhejiang Provinces were studied by using various resistant rice varieties. The results indicated that the Zhejiang population could successfully infest varieties IR26 and Mudgo, showing the characters of BPH biotype 2 after 1989. The Guangxi population, however, could adapt the resistant varieties IR26, Mudgo and ASD7 after 1991. In 1997, the nymphal survival indices of Guangxi and Yunnan populations on Rathu Heenati (Bph3) were up to 70. 9 and 66. 7 respectively. This may imply that the BPH populations in Guangxi and Yunnan have shifted into a new biotype. In free-choice test, there was obvious difference in the feeding preference of nymphs and adults of Zhejiang population, the adult preferred to feeding on resistant variety IR26 and the nymphs chose the hosts randomly. Under 26 C and L12: D12, the nymphal duration of Zhejiang population was the longest in the three tested populations. For Guangxi population, the nymphal duration on ASD7 was significantly longer than on TN1, although it could infest resistant variety ASD7. The nymphal survival rate of Zhejiang population fed on IR26 was higher than those fed on TN1 and ASD7. On varieties IR26 and ASD7, an obviously higher nymphal survival rate was observed in Yunnan population as compared to those of Zhejiang and Guangxi populations. These results indicate that difference in virulence and damage characteristics could be found in different geographical populations of BPH.     

转Bt基因及其亲本水稻上褐飞虱对三唑磷和溴氰菊酯的反应

以转Bt基因抗虫水稻T1C-19(含cry1C基因)和T2A-1(含cry2A基因)及其亲本水稻MH63为材料,用20和40 mg·L^-1的三唑磷以及1、3和6 mg·L^-1的溴氰菊酯喷雾分别处理稻株上的3龄褐飞虱若虫,研究了两种农药对转Bt基因抗虫水稻上褐飞虱再猖獗的影响.结果表明： 三唑磷处理对褐飞虱的若虫历期无显著性影响,溴氰菊酯则能显著降低若虫历期,但随着两种药剂处理浓度的升高,若虫的存活率降低、成虫的产卵量增加.在同一浓度农药药剂处理下,3个水稻品种上的褐飞虱若虫发育历期、若虫存活率、初羽雌成虫体质量、产卵量和卵孵化率等生态学参数均没有显著差异.表明褐飞虱在两种转Bt水稻上对三唑磷和溴氰菊酯诱导再猖獗的反应能力与其亲本水稻MH63没有差异.     

Cultivar and insecticide applications affect the physiological development of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

Nilaparvata lugens (St?l) (Hemiptera:Delphacidae) is a serious migratory pest of rice in Asia. Pest resurgence often occurs because of insecticide overuse. Using both susceptible (TN1) and moderately resistant (Xieyou 963) cultivars, we studied the effect of foliar insecticides on the percentage of brachypterous adults, female reproductive rate, and crude fat and soluble sugar contents in third- and fifth-instar nymphs and adults. The percentage of brachypterous adults and reproductive rate of adult females developed from nymphs that fed on insecticide-treated plants varied significantly with rice cultivar, type of insecticide, and its concentration. Feeding on susceptible plants increased the percentage of brachypterous adults and reproductive rate of adult females. Also, deltamethrin increased brachypterous production relative to imidacloprid and triazophos. The highest reproductive rate was on plants treated with triazophos. All insecticide treatments in both cultivars resulted in increase of soluble sugar contents in third- and fifth-instar nymphs and adults developed from nymphs feeding on insecticide-treated rice plants. This effect was stronger on the susceptible cultivar. Changes of crude fat content after N. lugens feeding on insecticide-treated plants were related to its feeding duration. Crude fat content in adult developed from nymphs feeding on treated plants was significantly higher that on control plants. These studies showed that plant and insecticide influences on physiological ecology of this planthopper will influence its population dynamics under commercial production of rice in Asia.     

不同地理种群褐飞虱的抗逆性

研究了不同地理种群褐飞虱对水稻抗性品种、若虫高密度、高温、饥饿和杀虫剂等逆境条件的抗性。结果表明,广西和云南种群褐飞虱对抗虫品种的适应性比浙江种群强而广,浙江种群只能适应抗虫品种ＩＲ２６而广西和云南种群则还能适应抗性更高的ＡＳＤ７和Ｒａｔｈｕ Ｈｅｅｎａｔｉ。广西和云南种群较能适应高密度环境,而浙江种群的适应性较差,其雌虫短翅率与若虫密度呈显著负相关。虽然广西和云南种群对高温的忍受性比浙江种群的强     

稻飞虱翅型纯系后代个体的翅型分化对光周期变化不敏感

【目的】为了明确光周期和遗传因子在稻飞虱翅型分化中的作用, 研究了3种稻飞虱（褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens、白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera和灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus）翅型纯系或近纯系在不同光照时数下的翅型分化比率。【方法】以经过5~45代连续翅型筛选后的褐飞虱、白背飞虱和灰飞虱的长翅型和短翅型纯系或近纯系为材料, 在室内分别测定了其在长光照（16和20 h）、短光照(4~12 h)和正常光照(14 h) 3类光周期条件下饲养后, 雌、雄成虫中长翅和短翅个体出现的比率及存活率。【结果】白背飞虱和灰飞虱的长翅型纯系M♂×M♀或短翅型纯系B♂×B♀在不同光周期下的翅型比率均无显著差异（P>0.05）。褐飞虱短翅型近纯系B♂×B♀的雌虫短翅率和成虫总短翅率在不同光周期下也无显著差异（P>0.05）, 但雄虫短翅率在正常光照14 h和短光照4 h下显著高于长光照20 h下的（P<0.05）。当褐飞虱短翅型达到纯系后, 其后代翅型在6~16 h光照条件下无显著差异。褐飞虱长翅型近纯系M♂×M♀的后代虽有短翅个体出现, 但是雌虫和雄虫的各自短翅率在不同光周期下无显著差异（P>0.05), 仅总体短翅率在12 h光照条件下的显著高于16 h下的（P<0.05）。褐飞虱长、短翅型杂交筛选品系M♂×B♀的雌虫短翅率随光照时数的延长而升高; 灰飞虱杂交筛选品系M♂×B♀的短翅雄虫随光照时数的缩短而增多（P<0.05）, 但当筛选代次达到45代时, 这种趋势不再显著。3种稻飞虱长翅型和短翅型纯系或近纯系若虫的存活率会稍低于长、短翅型杂交后代的存活率, 但长、短翅型品系的存活率在6~16 h光照条件下差异不显著(P>0.05)。【结论】稻飞虱翅型分化对光周期的反应受飞虱本身遗传背景的影响, 翅型纯系后代个体的翅型分化对光周期变化不敏感。