中国藤枣现状研究

藤枣(Eleutharrhena macrocarpa)是我国I级重点保护野生植物与极小种群物种。通过查阅相关文献与标本记录、访问调查和实地调查相结合的方法,重点对藤枣的地理分布、群落及种群状况等现状进行研究。结果显示:(1)中国藤枣自1910年首次采到标本以来,至今共统计到19个分布点;(2)藤枣间断分布于云南南部、东南部、西南部及广西那坡等热带雨林地区。由于其生境破坏严重,原记录中有9个分布点消失,现存比较可靠分布点仅10个;(3)藤枣数量极少,目前调查可靠数量仅约40株,且未见幼苗,表明天然更新困难。基于调查结果,讨论其濒危原因,为对其进行有效保护提供理论依据。     

江西稀有濒危植物资源及其保护

据调查统计,江西自然分布有国家稀有濒危植物７４种,比《中国珍稀濒危植物》记载本省的种类（４８种）增加了２６种,是华东濒危植物资源丰富的省份之一。本文论述了江西稀有濒危植物的地理分布、区系特征及保护现状,它们具有组成丰富、区系复杂、起源古老、成分多特有、分布局限和生态脆弱等特点。在分析稀有植物濒危原因和本省保护区建设情况的基础上,提出了保护稀有濒危植物资源的建议。     

十种濒危植物的种群生态学特征及致危因素分析

从保护生态学的观点出发,对10个濒危植物的地理分布、生境条件、种群数量动态、空间分布格局、种间关系、种群的生命表、生殖力表、有性生殖、无性繁殖等种群生态学特征进行了综合分析。论述了濒危植物以光合、蒸腾、呼吸为主的生理生态学规律;预测种群数量动态的Leslie矩阵、刻画种群空间分布格局的模型、刻画种群生长和数量增长的Logistic方程和多元回归模型所反映出的生态学特征。分析了濒危植物种群动态、发展趋势以及在内外因素作用下的生态学特征和过程。针对濒危植物保护研究存在的问题,从生态学角度对我国未来濒危植物保护研究应注意的问题提出了建议。     

广东石门台自然保护区广东松群落的基本特征

应用样方法研究了广东英德石门台自然保护区的广东松群落的物种多样性、区系地理成分和年龄结构。结果表明,在2 000 m2样方中,有维管植物68种,隶属于38科57属,其中有广东松、白豆杉和福建柏3种国家Ⅱ级保护植物。群落的Simpson和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别为0.880 7和3.977 3。群落优势科为山茶科、樟科、壳斗科、木兰科和杜鹃花科等,植物科属的地理成分以泛热带和北温带分布型等占优势,体现了南亚热带向中亚热带过渡的特点。种群的立木结构表明广东松无更新幼苗,属于衰退种群,将来可能被阔叶树种群取代。对广东松群落的保护,将有利于群落中多个濒危植物的生存和发展。     

内蒙古珍稀濒危植物及其区系研究

该研究以《中国珍稀濒危保护植物名录》《中国植物红皮书》《国家重点保护野生植、物名录（第一批）》《中国物种红色名录》受威胁种、《中国生物多样性红色名录——高等植物卷（2013）》受威胁种、《内蒙古珍稀濒危保护植物名录》以及《内蒙古珍稀濒危植物图谱》中的内蒙古部分为初始数据,并对其名称、拉丁学名、科属的归属问题等做了一系列的修定和完善,最终确定127种珍稀濒危植物为研究对象。通过系统收集、整理不同学者对内蒙古珍稀濒危植物相关文献资料的研究成果及数据,进行野外实地调查和标本采集,对内蒙古珍稀濒危植物地理分布、区系组成及特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）内蒙古珍稀濒危植物共53科、103属、127种,其中蕨类植物1种,裸子植物3科5属9种,被子植物49科97属117种。（2）内蒙古珍稀濒危植物在全区东、西阿拉善州、贺兰山州以及兴安北部州分布较多,仅分布于一个州的物种有59种,占总种数的46.46%。（3）内蒙古珍稀濒危植物的垂直分布格局呈单峰型,在海拔1 000~1 600 m之间的植物种数最多。（4）内蒙古珍稀濒危植物中豆科、菊科和毛茛科植物最多,单种属有35属。（5）内蒙古珍稀濒危植物的区系成分以温带分布型比例最高,起源古老,孑遗植物较多,草本和中生植物比例最大,与内蒙古植物区系特征相似。     

广东省龙眼洞林场维管束植物的区系特征分析北大核心CSCD

为了解广东省龙眼洞林场的植物区系特征,采用线路调查法,对维管束植物的组成、区系成分和濒危等级进行了调查分析。结果表明,龙眼洞林场内有维管束植物783种,隶属于151科473属,蕨类植物中的优势科有鳞始蕨科(Lindsaeaceae)、铁线蕨科(Adiantaceae)、鳞毛蕨科(Dryopteridaceae)等11科;种子植物中的优势科有旋花科(Convolvulaceae)、防己科(Menispermaceae)、爵床科(Acanthaceae)、葡萄科(Vitaceae)等62科。种的分布区类型相较于属的分布区类型更为广泛,热带、亚热带成分的种数量突出,其优越的地形特点与独特的亚热带湿润气候相互渗透与交织,在林场内部有许多中国特有植物类群。珍稀濒危植物有桫椤(Alsophila spinulosa)、土沉香(Aquilaria sinensis)等12种,数量较少,其中桫椤处于易危状态。林场内的资源植物丰富,有681种,大致可分为药用植物、食用植物、观赏植物和工业原料植物4大类型,其中,药用植物覆盖到本林场的71.14%,数量最多。建议对林场内的资源植物进行开发利用,并对珍稀濒危植物加强保护。     

苦苣苔科(Gesneriaceae)植物研究进展

苦苣苔科植物具有极高的分类学、进化系统学、植物地理学等方面的研究价值。对我国的苦苣苔科植物的分布等进行了简要阐述,并对其绝灭和濒危机制、植物形态系统学、花粉形态学、核型分析、DNA序列分析、基因克隆和种群遗传结构以及观赏价值等方面进行了综述分析。     

藤枣生境地木本植物种间关联性与群落稳定性

藤枣(Eleutharrhena macrocarpa)是国家Ⅰ级重点保护植物, 属于木质藤本植物, 野外数量稀少, 种群更新困难。本文通过分析云南省太阳河自然保护区藤枣生境地热带季节雨林乔木层与灌木层中木本植物种群的种间关联性以及群落的稳定性, 揭示种间关联性在藤枣种群濒危机制形成中的作用, 为极小种群的保护提供科学依据。结果表明: 藤枣生境地群落乔木层总体联结性VR (方差比率) > 1, 检验统计量W > χ_0.05(29), 灌木层种群总体联结性VR < 1, χ_0.95(29) < W < χ_0.05(29), 乔木层和灌木层分别呈显著正相关和不显著负相关。x ²检验显示乔木层与灌木层中无联结的种对占多数, 其正负关联比分别是0.238和0.279, 联结系数显示显著和极显著的负联结种对要多于正联结的种对; Pearson相关系数显示乔木层与灌木层正负关联比分别是0.376和0.511, 绝大多数种对的联结关系未达到显著水平, 种对间的独立性相对较强。藤枣与其他植物种群之间对生境有相似的适宜生态位, 通过共同利用资源而共存, 在灌木层则面临较强的种间竞争。藤枣生境地群落稳定性交点坐标为(33.92, 66.07), 显示群落具有较好的稳定性, 而群落建群种与其他种对存在较强的种间竞争, 反映热带季节雨林的脆弱性, 因此生境地群落的严格保护对藤枣种群的更新和生物多样性保育至关重要。     

浙江古田山自然保护区野含笑群落特征研究

野含笑为我国省级珍稀濒危植物。通过对野含笑群落的特征进行分析和研究,结果表明。野含笑群落植物种类丰富,科属组成分散,区系成分复杂。从属的地理成分来看,热带分布的属明显多于温带分布的属。群落的生活型以高位芽植物为主,地面芽植物次之。该群落叶的性质以小型叶、单叶、革质、非全缘为主。群落垂直结构复杂,地上成层明显,可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层,并有一定数量的层间植物。灌木层一乔木层一草本层物种多样性依次递减。野含笑种群的年龄结构属稳定型。     

南京市珍稀濒危植物的分布与保护

对南京市珍稀濒危植物的种类、分布、生境及濒危原因进行了调查和分析,并对主要种类进行了就地保存、迁地保存或就地-迁地保存实验。调查发现,南京市共有珍稀濒危植物17种1变种,隶属9科17属,主要分布在丘陵山地;人为因素是其濒危的主要原因。对明党参(Changium smyrnioides H.Wolff.)、短穗竹〔Brachystachyumdensiflorum(Rendle)Keng〕及秤锤树(Sinojackia xylocarpa Hu)等种类的保护研究结果表明,采取一定的人为干预措施,可使南京市珍稀濒危植物的种群数量得到有效的保存和恢复。     

Allozyme variation in the sympatric ferns Culcita macrocarpa and Woodwardia radicans at the northern extreme of their ranges

Isozymes were used to study genetic variation in the clonal ferns Culcita macrocarpa and Woodwardia radicans in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula, their northern distributional limit. Despite their high chromosome numbers, both species were isozymic diploids. In C. macrocarpa all 18 resolved loci were monomorphic, with the same allele in all ramets from all populations. In W. radicans only two of the 16 interpreted loci were polymorphic, with two alleles per locus; ramet-level genotypes showed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, indicating an intergametophytic mating system; the number of genets distinguished was 1–3 per population; and among-population variation was low (F _ST = 0.231), suggesting effective gene flow (i.e. spore exchange). More generally, the very low (W. radicans, H _T = 0.012) or zero (C. macrocarpa) genetic diversity detected in the present study may be due to genetic drift associated with the reduction of populations in the last glaciation, and to founder effects in the subsequent Holocene expansion.     

Variation in wild populations of annual beet (Beta,Chenopodiaceae)

Among the morphological variation in wild annual populations of sect.Beta only tepal characters show a geographic pattern, and hence can be used to distinguish different taxa. Two morphological types correspond with taxa already described:B. macrocarpa (incl.B. bourgaei) has a Macaronesian and W. to E. Mediterranean andB. adanensis an E. Mediterranean distribution area. A third type in the Aegean region is not well known yet and possibly has to be included inB. macrocarpa. Both diploid and tetraploid (x = 9) cytotypes are found withinB. macrocarpa, the latter exclusively on the Canary Islands.     

New species and a new record of Cycas (Cycadaceae) from Thailand

Two newCycas species from Thailand are here described.C. petraea andC. elephantipes. A noteworthy extensions of the range ofC. macrocarpa into southeastern Thailand is recorded. New taxa are illustrated, distributions of the new taxa are mapped, and a key to the species ofCycas in Thailand is provided.     

苦苣苔科植物Lysionotus bijantiae的名实订正

通过查阅相关文献和标本,作者发现近期发表的苦苣苔科吊石苣苔属植物一新种——Lysionotus bijantiae D. Borah & A. Joe实为鉴定错误,应是汉克苣苔属的长圆叶汉克苣苔[Henckelia oblongifolia(Roxb.)D. J. Middleton & Mich. Möller] [原长圆叶唇柱苣苔Chirita oblongifolia(Roxb.)Sinclair]。Lysionotus bijantiae的模式标本采集于中国西藏东南部地区的喜马拉雅南坡,该地区苦苣苔植物多样性较为丰富。作者因其花具2枚发育雄蕊而将其归于吊石苣苔属,花萼分裂不达基部而与吊石苣苔属其他相关种类比较,而忽略了其种子先端不具附属物的特征。通过电镜扫描观察到,该种在墨脱境内居群以及其模式产地居群的种子均无附属物,从而证实了该种不是吊石苣苔属的物种,而是属于汉克苣苔属。因此,作者将Lysionotus bijantiae处理为Henckelia oblongifolia的新异名,同时提供了长圆叶汉克苣苔的彩色图片(含种子扫描图)、选定模式标本,并给出了吊石苣苔属和汉克苣苔属的区分方法和主要识别特征,不仅为这两个属的物种鉴定提供了参考,而且避免更多的物种分类混淆问题出现。     

Comparative study of the sympatric ferns Culcita macrocarpa and Woodwardia radicans: Sexual phenotype

The sexual phenotypes of 1152 gametophytes from four populations of Culcita macrocarpa and Woodwardia radicans were monitored over a 1-year period. Gametophytes were maintained under three experimental conditions: (1) isolated, (2) pairs from the same sporophyte, or (3) pairs from different sporophytes. The frequencies of the sexual phenotypes did not vary significantly among these three conditions, and although there were some quantitative differences between populations, the sexual-phenotype sequences observed were species-specific. Gametophytes of C. macrocarpa were first male and then hermaphrodite: this sequence, together with the absence of antheridiogens, favours intragametophytic selfing. Natural populations of C. macrocarpa are presumably androdioecious. Gametophytes of W. radicans were first female and then hermaphrodite: this sequence and antheridiogen activity favour intergametophytic and even xenogamous mating. Despite these laboratory findings, populations of W. radicans are probably trioecious (because of the effects of antheridiogen). Few sporophytes of W. radicans were obtained in the present study, and none of C. macrocarpa: this is attributable to limiting illumination or substrate.     

紫堇属模式标本馆藏现状及分析

模式标本是发表新种的依据,对稳定物种学名至关重要。紫堇属(Corydalis DC.)隶属于罂粟科(Papaveraceae)荷包牡丹亚科(Fumarioideae)紫堇族(Corydaleae),是分类学研究的困难属之一。该研究首先基于《中国植物志》、Flora of China以及全球物种名录查询获得被认可的526个紫堇属物种,然后通过检索全球数字化植物标本数据库(JSTOR)、全球生物多样性信息网络数据库(GBIF)和中国数字植物标本馆(CVH)获得了其中395个物种1 894份模式标本,最后对获得的标本信息进行核实、整理和归纳,提取模式类型、馆藏地、采集人、模式产地和采集时间等关键信息进行统计分析。结果表明:紫堇属每个物种平均仅有约5份模式标本; 该属模式标本散落在全球80个标本馆中,其中超过85%为国外采集者采集。未来应当结合文献,加强对该属模式标本的信息考证和规范化整理。     

Beiträge zur Entwicklungsgeschichte und Taxonomie einigerAchnanthes-Arten,SubgenusMicroneis (Bacillariophyceae)

The submicroscopic structure of the seed surface was studied in 16 species of the genusJacaranda and some species of the generaDigomphia, Tecoma andTabebuia (Bignoniaceae). Epicuticular excrescences (star-scales) are characteristic forJacaranda and seem to be ± restricted to this genus. WithinJacaranda onlyJ. macrocarpa has no star-scales but torus-like cuticular marks as the other genera.J. macrocarpa therefore appears as a link between the bulk ofJacaranda and the otherBignoniaceae.

     

A revision of the genusCyathorachis in Japan

Cyathorachis, a genus of Cretaceous tree fern rachises is revised. In addition to the type specimens of the sole species,C. fujiiana Ogura, two specimens collected near the type locality were examined histologically. The histological data being used for the taxonomical comparison were obtained from anatomical studies on the rachises of extant tree ferns. As a result of the study three species are recognized, two of which are new. As a result of this study, it appears that species differentiation of the tree ferns in the late Cretaceous age of Hokkaido was rather high, as it is now in tropical and subtropical regions. Contributions from the Laboratory of Phylogenetic Botany, Chiba University, No. 74.     

Floral scent chemistry and pollination ecology in phytelephantoid palms (Arecaceae)

The subfamilyPhytelephantoideae comprises three genera (Ammandra, Aphandra, andPhytelephas) and seven species of dioecious palms. The floral scents ofAmmandra dasyneura, A. decasperma, Aphandra natalia, Phytelephas aequatorialis, P. macrocarpa, andP. seemannii were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We studied the pollination biology ofA. natalia, P. aequatorialis, andP. macrocarpa, and tested how the synthetically produced main constituents of the floral scents ofAphandra andPhytelephas attracted insects in two natural populations ofPhytelephas. The genera are distinct in terms of floral scents.Ammandra has sesquiterpenes,Aphandra (+)-2-methoxy-3-sec-butylpyrazine, andPhytelephas p-methyl anisol. These constituents dominated the scents quantitatively and qualitatively. The similarity between scents of male and female inflorescences was 76.5% inAmmandra, 84.2% inAphandra, and >99% inPhytelephas. Different species ofAleocharinae (Staphylinidae) pollinateAphandra natalia andPhytelephas species and reproduce in their male inflorescences.Derelomini (Curculinoidae) andMystrops (Nitidulidae) only visit and pollinatePhytelephas in which male inflorescences they reproduce. A species ofBaridinae (Curculionidae) only visits and pollinatesAphandra natalia, and reproduces in its female inflorescence. The apparent reliance on one or a few floral scent constituents as attractants and few and specific pollinators may indicate co-evolution. Sympatric species ofPhytelephantoideae have different scents. We suggest that species with similar scents have allopatric distributions due to the absence of a pollinator isolation mechanism.     

中国特有种云南圆口藓的修订和新分布区报道

通过查看模式标本和普通标本,对中国特有种——云南圆口藓进行了修订。据模式特征,重新订正了中国各地标本,确定本种分布在中国云南、辽宁和内蒙古,其中内蒙古为新分布区。除描述和讨论外,还就模式标本绘制了各种特征的解剖图,根据普通标本进行了显微拍照,以补现有文献形态描述和绘图的不足。