城市扩张与耕地保护耦合对陆地生态系统碳储量的影响——以湖北省为例

城市扩张对生态系统的影响可以分为城市扩张对生态用地的直接挤占以及为补充城市扩张占用的耕地对生态用地二次挤占两个连锁的过程。以往的研究大多只关注城市扩张对生态系统的直接影响,忽略了城市扩张与耕地保护耦合的间接影响。针对这一问题,采用GIS空间分析方法和InVEST模型定量评估了2000年至2015年湖北省城市扩张与耕地保护耦合对陆地生态系统碳储量的影响。结果显示:(1)城市扩张与耕地保护耦合导致湖北省陆地生态系统碳储量减少40.90 Tg;(2)由城市扩张与耕地保护耦合导致的陆地生态系统碳储量的减少量中,耕地保护传导作用间接导致的占比31%。结果表明,城市扩张与耕地保护的耦合是导致生态系统碳储量减少的主要原因之一。忽视城市扩张通过耕地保护的传导作用对生态系统碳储量的间接影响,会导致城市扩张对陆地生态系统碳储量的影响被严重低估。     

不同土地利用情景下汾河上游地区碳储量评估

陆地生态系统碳储量对预测气候变化、温室气体排放和减少等具有重要意义,而土地利用格局变化是研究陆地生态系统碳储量的基础,它直接影响陆地生态系统结构及分布情况,进而改变陆地生态系统碳储量。运用SDCLUE-S复合模型模拟了未来不同情景下汾河上游土地利用情况,并采用InVEST模型测算了不同时期下研究区碳储量情况。结果表明:2007—2017年汾河上游草地、未利用地及水体面积减少,耕地、建设用地、林地增加,自然增长情景与生态保护情景下2030年土地利用格局差异较大,耕地、建设用地、林地及水体呈相反趋势发展。2017年汾河上游生态系统碳储量和碳密度分别为58977910.98t和147.54t/hm²,与2007年相比增加了1237143.02t和3.09t/hm²。2017—2030年自然增长情景下汾河上游生态系统碳储量和碳密度显著下降,主要原因是林地、草地面积减少,建设用地增加,生态保护情景下显著增加,碳储量和碳密度分别为59142210.16t和147.95t/hm²。生态保护情景能够有效提高区域生态系统碳储量,但同时要考虑社会经济可持续发展,因此研究区在未来发展规划中应基于生态保护情景,统筹各项资源,保障经济发展。     

“三线”约束下土地利用变化及其对碳储量的影响——以武汉城市圈为例

陆地生态系统碳储量作为全球碳循环研究的基础,与土地利用变化密切相关。生态保护-永久基本农田-城镇开发边界红线(简称“三线”)是国土空间规划的核心,能较好地约束土地利用,进而对碳储量造成影响。以武汉城市圈为例,采用Markov-FLUS耦合模型模拟“三线”约束下的土地利用变化情景,并运用InVEST模型定量研究不同情景下土地利用变化对碳储量的影响。结果表明：(1)2000—2015年武汉城市圈耕地、林地、草地和未利用分别减少了1267.582、112.703、24.896、42.14 km~2,建设用地和水域分别增加了1092.282 km~2和355.039 km~2。2035年“三线”约束情景下耕地减少面积小于自然发展情景,林地实现了增长,新增建设用地被引导至城镇开发边界红线内聚集。(2)2000—2015年武汉城市圈总碳储量呈连续递减势态,其中武汉市碳储量减少量最大。“三线”约束情景下碳储量和地均碳密度下降幅度明显变小,武汉市碳储量减少量仅为自然发展情景的44.89%。(3)耕地-建设用地之间的转换是引起碳储量剧烈变化的主要原因,土地利用强度与碳储量呈显著负相关,较低强度带的碳储量...     

基于碳密度修正的甘肃省土地利用变化对碳储量的影响

研究甘肃省土地利用变化对陆地生态系统碳储量的影响, 以期为甘肃省生态文明建设提供一定理论参考。因此,基于遥感数据, 通过修正全国碳密度得到甘肃省碳密度, 应用修正的碳密度输入InVEST模型对1990—2015年甘肃省碳储量进行估算, 分析土地利用变化对碳储量的影响。研究结果表明: 1)1990—2015年, 甘肃省建设用地面积增加1268 km2, 增幅为38.09%; 未利用地面积共减少1850 km2, 减幅为1.08%。约有1.71%的土地发生了转移, 其中耕地和草地、建设用地、未利用地之间的转化是甘肃省土地利用变化的主要特征。2)甘肃省碳储量总体呈上升趋势。因土地利用类型转化引起碳储量净增加251.46万t, 其中植被碳储量和土壤碳储量分别增加89.06 万t和162.40 万t。3)未利用地向耕地、草地和林地转化是碳储量增加的主要原因, 而耕地向建设用地转化是造成碳储量减少的重要因素。4)优化土地利用结构, 提高林地面积规模, 控制建设用地增速, 能够对陆地生态系统碳积蓄产生积极的效果。     

粤港澳大湾区陆地生态系统演变对固碳释氧服务的影响

基于CASA模型、碳税法和工业制氧法，测算了粤港澳大湾区2015年固碳释氧量及其价值，并结合ESA CCI-LC产品探讨了2000-2015年研究区陆地生态系统演变及其导致的固碳释氧量和价值的变化。结果表明：（1）2000-2015年，研究区城市扩张明显，主要表现为城镇用地侵占农田和草地。（2）研究区陆地生态系统91.03%固碳释氧量及其价值集中在森林和农田生态系统，2000-2015年陆地生态系统演变造成区域内固碳量和释氧量分别减少了53.49 G g和518.65 G g，对应固碳释氧价值损失量分别为1.79亿元和2.06亿元，合计3.85亿元，91.57%损失量是由城市扩张导致的。（3）城市覆盖面积与固碳释氧价值呈现强负相关，其扩张会促使生态系统固碳释氧价值逐渐减少，林地覆盖面积与固碳释氧价值呈现强正相关，其比重增加将有利于生态系统固碳释氧价值的培育。本文利用"邻域代理法"获得了研究区多类陆地生态系统演变情况及其对固碳释氧服务的影响，具有一定的推广价值。在未来发展过程中，粤港澳大湾区应该优化陆地生态系统类型，合理控制城市扩张，保护森林和农田资源，减少人类活动作用，增强生态系统自然演变过程。     

1980-2030年石羊河流域生态系统碳储存服务对土地利用变化的响应

陆地生态系统碳储量是表征碳储存服务的重要指标,其变化与土地利用变化存在着密不可分的关系。预测未来土地利用变化对认识区域生态系统服务及其变化具有重要的意义。利用石羊河流域1980-2020年土地利用数据,运用InVEST模型和FLUS模型,探究了石羊河流域在过去40年间和未来自然变化、生态保护、耕地保护3种情景下的土地利用变化对碳储量的影响。结果表明：石羊河流域在1980-2020年间耕地、草地、建设用地呈增加趋势,林地、水域、未利用地呈减少的趋势。40年间石羊河流域碳储量增加了7.98×10⁶t,增幅为1.44%。石羊河流域碳储量呈现明显的空间分异,碳储量较高的地区主要分布在上游祁连山区和中下游绿洲地区,这种分布格局与流域内土地利用类型的空间分布密切相关。至2030年,自然变化、生态保护、耕地保护情景下石羊河流域碳储量分别为563×10⁶t、563.43×10⁶t、564.98×10⁶t,较2020年分别增加了0.45%、0.53%和0.80%,其中生态保护情景与其他两种情景相比既保护了生态环境还保障了生产,对未来土地利用规划有一定指导意义。     

关中平原城市群扩张对生态用地的多尺度影响

城市扩张与生态空间保护的矛盾是新型城镇化和国土空间规划过程中急需解决的问题之一。作为黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展的核心区域，关中平原城市群面临更加严峻的生态和资源胁迫。但相关研究主要对研究区整体的生态环境变化进行测度，少有研究分析城市群发展对生态用地的多尺度影响，且忽略了城市群中土地变化最剧烈，生态受胁迫最严重的城市边缘区。因此，基于土地利用数据，结合土地利用转移矩阵、景观指数、估算城市扩张间接影响的生态用地面积等方法，研究从城市群、重点城市和主要城市边缘区3个尺度分析1990-2018年城镇扩张对生态用地的直接和间接影响。结果表明：（1）关中平原城市群土地利用类型以半生态用地（耕地）为主，面积占比超过40%。而城市边缘区主要以半生态用地和建设用地为主。1990-2018年城市群建设用地面积比例由3.67%增长至5.93%，耕地面积共计减少3032.11 km²，自然生态用地的面积增加628.03 km²。受耕地占补、退耕还林等多重政策的影响，半生态用地和自然生态用地的变化呈现为"拉锯式"发展特征。（2）城市扩张对半生态用地的直接影响大于对自然生态用地的直接影响，各尺度土地利用转移变化大同小异，新增建设用地的主要来源均为耕地，其中城市边缘区的耕地受城镇扩张的挤占最为突出。（3）城市扩张对自然生态用地的间接影响大于直接影响，且不同城市建设用地对自然生态用地的间接影响因耕地补偿机制的不同而有所差异。因此，对关中平原城市群实施"一刀切"的耕地补偿政策实际上并不合理，应当因地制宜，考虑地区土地资源条件，适当调整发展和约束政策，更有利于城市群的可持续发展。     

The response of ecosystem carbon and nitrogen pools to experimental warming in grasslands: a meta-analysis

草地生态系统碳氮库对增温响应的整合分析 陆地生态系统碳氮耦合过程有可能改变全球碳循环对气候变化的敏感性。然而,碳氮的交互作用对陆地生态系统碳固存的贡献仍不明确。本研究采用Meta分析的方法量化了野外增温条件下草地碳氮储量的变化,并且进一步评估了3个主要的碳氮耦合过程(生态系统氮总量的变化,氮在植被和土壤之间的重新分配,植被与土壤碳氮比的变化)对草地碳固存的相对贡献。增温使得土壤、凋落物 和植被的碳氮比增加,并导致约2%的氮从土壤转移到植被和凋落物中。增温提高了植被和凋落物的碳储量(111.2 g m⁻²),而降低了土壤的碳储量(30.0 g m⁻²),由此可见,增温提高了整个草地生态系统的碳储量。碳氮比的变化是温度升高条件下草地碳储量增加的主要贡献者,氮的重新分配次之。相反,氮总量的减少则降低了生态系统的碳储量。这些结果表明,温度升高对草地生态系统碳氮储量的变化及其耦合过程具有显著的影响,建议生态模型考虑碳氮循环的交互作用,以便更准确地预测未来陆地碳储量的变化。     

珠江西岸生态系统碳储量对土地利用变化的响应

开展生态系统碳储量与土地利用变化之间的关系分析研究, 对快速城镇化区域的经济与生态协调发展具有重要意义。通过利用 ArcGIS 平台和 InVEST 模型, 对珠江西岸 1990 年、2000 年、2010 年、2015 年碳储量进行估算, 并分析碳储量对土地利用变化的响应情况。结果表明: 1、珠江西岸在 1990—2015 年近 25 年间土地利用变化剧烈, 其中耕地的面积减少最迅速, 而建设用地的面积增幅最大。2、研究期间, 土地利用类型之间的相互转化主要发生在草地、耕地、建设用地、林地与水域之间, 并且主要发生在佛山市、中山市和珠海市。3、珠江西岸在 1990 年、2000 年、2010年、2015 年的碳储量分别为 1528.1×105 t、1511.4×105 t, 1504.5×105 t 和 1513.8×105 t, 碳储量总体呈下降趋势。4、珠江西岸在 25 年间由不同土地利用类型转化造成碳储量减少了 9.65×105 t, 其中耕地转出、水域转出和未利用土地转出有利于碳储量增加, 而林地转出、草地转出和建设用地转出则导致区域碳储量减少。     

基于FLUS-InVEST模型的京津冀多情景土地利用变化模拟及其对生态系统服务功能的影响

研究未来不同情景下土地利用变化对区域生态系统服务的影响,可以为城市可持续发展的规划和决策提供有效支持。以京津冀城市群为研究区域,首先利用未来土地利用模拟（FLUS）模型模拟2045年自然发展情景、耕地保护情景和生态保护情景下的土地利用空间分布格局,并结合InVEST模型模拟研究区不同情景下的生境质量、产水量、碳储量、土壤保持量和水质净化服务,在此基础上运用层次分析法构建综合生态系统服务指数（CES）,从空间上反映多种生态系统服务的供给总量,研究不同情景下土地利用变化对生态系统服务功能的影响。研究结果表明：①FLUS模型的模拟精度较高,适用于研究区的土地利用模拟。②在生态保护情景下,除产水量相比2015年下降2.47%外,其他几种生态系统服务均有最大幅度的上升,且这4种生态系统服务在西北山区都出现增加的现象;自然发展情景下,城镇用地和农村居民点的扩张引发了大量的碳储量和生境质量损失;耕地保护情景下,水质净化能力出现最大程度的下降。③自然发展情景下京津冀区域CES的损失最大。CES下降幅度最大的区域主要发生在林地被城镇用地侵占,其次是林地被农村居民点侵占的地区,导致生境质量、碳储量和水质净化能力同时下降;在生态保护情景下,林地的增加促进了多种生态系统服务功能同时提升,京津冀区域的CES大幅提高,表明生态保护情景是最有利于可持续发展的土地利用方案。但同时需注意大量造林可能带来的水资源短缺,要因地制宜保护生态环境。研究结果可以为京津冀城市群可持续发展政策的制定提供参考依据,为研究未来不同政策情景下土地利用变化对生态系统服务的影响提供新思路。     

Simulation of urban expansion and encroachment using cellular automata and multi-agent system model—A case study of Tianjin metropolitan region,China

The combination model of cellular automata and multi-agent system were used in this paper for simulating spatio-temporal dynamics of urban expansion and its encroachment on other lands at the regional scale. The human system(contain authorities and residents) and their behavior, the landscape system and its behavior as well as the inter actions between them were all simulated in this paper. The behavior of human system is established based on multi-agent system, the authority agent and the resident agent were both regarded as abstract entities. The cellular automata is embedded into the model for simulating the spontaneous urban growth. The impact of neighbor cells were considered so that the expansion of urban lands can be limited near the existed urban lands. Moreover, the rural residential lands have higher probability to convert to urban lands if they were close to the cities or towns. Simulation of urban expansion is undertaken on the time series from 2000 to 2020 for Tianjin metropolitan region, the largest open coastal city in northern China. The results show that Tianjin’s urban lands focus on the epitaxial expansion around the central city accompanied with the growing exurb expansion distributing in multiple districts and counties. The croplands are taken the most area of the land-use types, 1764.03 km² are converted to urban lands, and more than one fourth of the rural residential lands are changed to urban lands in 2000–2020. The urban development and the cropland protection should be both taken into account to minimize the threats on food security and ecological environment.     

Spatio-temporal assessment of urbanization impacts on ecosystem services: Case study of Nanjing City,China

Rapid urbanization is a global phenomenon that has altered many ecosystems, causing a decline in many ecosystem services, generating ecological risks such as water shortages, air pollution, and soil pollution. Here, we present a conceptual framework quantifying how urbanization influences the ecosystem services in a typical city (Nanjing) of China. Between 2000 and 2010, we separated the city into three urbanization categories (developing urban, developed urban, and rural areas) and quantified the status of six critical ecosystem services (food supply, carbon sequestration, soil water storage, air pollution removal, habitat suitability, and recreation potential). Our results show that urbanization significantly impacted all ecosystem services, with detected changes in ecosystem services being spatially heterogeneous due to urban expansion and population mobility. Developed areas contained greater amounts of green infrastructure, which improved carbon storage and reduced air pollution. In contrast, the rapid expansion of urban and industrial land in developing urban areas led to lower food supply, carbon sequestration, soil water storage, and habitat suitability. The expansion of rural residential areas led to lower soil water storage, carbon sequestration, and food supply, while greater amounts of abandoned cropland resulted in increased carbon sequestration, but decreased food supply in rural areas. Analysis of the interactions between pairs of ecosystem services identified urbanization development problems, including abandoned cropland and the expansion of rural residential land. Lastly, we proposed four key urban planning measures to mitigate the loss of ecosystem services during rapid urbanization. Acquiring quantitative knowledge about how rapid urbanization drives changes to ecosystem changes may help guide sustainable urban planning with respect to ecosystem service use, urban development, and human welfare benefits.     

人类活动对资源型城市生态系统服务价值的影响——以鄂尔多斯为例

资源型城市通过资源开采驱动城市快速发展,同时通过生态恢复维持生态系统稳定。探究典型人类活动对资源型城市生态系统服务的消极和积极影响对于可持续城市建设具有重要意义。以鄂尔多斯市为例,基于1990-2018年土地利用/覆盖、NDVI等数据,修订了生态系统服务价值计算方法,量化了区域生态系统服务价值的时空格局,进而评估了人类活动过程对生态系统服务的影响。研究结果表明,研究时段内鄂尔多斯市城镇建设用地、林地和草地面积总体增加,耕地及未利用土地面积减少。区域生态系统服务总价值总体呈上升趋势,从1990年的2312.24亿元上升至2018年的2421.38亿元,增加了4.72%。2000年以后鄂尔多斯市退耕还林、未利用地植被恢复等措施使得生态系统服务价值增加了113.53亿元,同期城镇建设用地扩展占用生态生产用地导致生态系统服务价值减少了91.36亿元,生态建设的积极影响大于城镇建设用地扩展的消极影响。     

Embedding ecological sensitivity analysis and new satellite town construction in an agent-based model to simulate urban expansion in the beijing metropolitan region,China

As the national center for politics and culture, Beijing’s urbanization level is very high. Many policies within the proposed Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region coordinated development plan affect the expansion of urban land. Therefore, it is very important to predict urban land use changes in Beijing for planning and management purposes. In this paper, we integrated of MAS (multi-agent system) and CA (cellular automata) to simulate new satellite towns construction and ecological sensitivity impact on land use change. Physical and social driving factors were used in the combined model. The MAS involved the actions of three types of agent: regional authorities, property developers, and residents. The study used the CA model to simulate the neighborhood effects of urban land use, and the MAS model to simulate agents’ decisions. The new satellite towns and an ecological sensitivity analysis were embedded in the model to simulate the impact of decision making by the Beijing government on urban land expansion. Based on the land use data of 2005, the urban land area in 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2025 was predicted using the CA-MAS model. Urban expansion occurred faster during 2015–2025 than during the previous 10 years. Three land use types, i.e., cropland, woodland, and rural residential land, were the major sources of urban expansion. With respect to government decision making, the satellite towns were the priority areas of urban development, and urban development was restricted in ecologically sensitive areas. The New Districts of Urban Development were projected to become the main areas of future urban expansion in Beijing. The area designated for urban expansion around the ecologically sensitive areas was small. The results demonstrate that satellite towns and ecological sensitivity have large impacts on urban expansion. The results of this study will help to protect ecologically sensitive land, while enabling harmonious expansion of the city.     

鄂尔多斯市生态系统格局和质量变化及驱动力

生态系统变化是生态问题产生的主要驱动力之一,研究生态系统格局与质量变化对于认识人类活动与生态系统关系具有重要意义。鄂尔多斯市能源资源丰富,但生态环境脆弱,2000年以来,鄂尔多斯市在大规模开发能源的同时,也在不断加强生态环境的保护,而研究鄂尔多斯市生态系统格局与质量演变过程,对认识生态脆弱区发展与保护的关系有重要价值。应用遥感数据和GIS技术,评估了鄂尔多斯市生态系统类型与格局、生态系统质量的特征,以及2000年以来的时空变化趋势,分析了导致鄂尔多斯市生态系统格局与质量变化的驱动力因素。结果表明:(1)鄂尔多斯市的草地、荒漠裸地和农田为主要生态系统类型,分别占2010年市域面积的64.46%、21.34%与5.93%。(2)鄂尔多斯市城镇、灌丛、森林面积有所增加,草地、湿地、农田、荒漠裸地面积有所下降。城镇面积增幅最大,相对变化率增加33.37%,草地面积降幅最大,相对变化率减少0.78%,变化主要集中在中部、东北部。(3)鄂尔多斯市生态系统质量整体偏低,低等级与差等级的生态系统面积比例高达98.91%。全市的生态系统质量没有明显改善,其中生态系统质量有不同程度改善的面积为15.84%,质量降低的面积比例为15.29%。(4)生态系统格局与质量变化的主要驱动力有城市扩张、农田开垦、退耕还林(草湿)、生态保护、矿山开采等,鄂尔多斯市生态系统质量与降水、退耕还草工程、道路密度、温度、GDP1、放牧因子相关性显著。     

Projecting global land-use change and its effect on ecosystem service provision and biodiversity with simple models

Background

As the global human population grows and its consumption patterns change, additional land will be needed for living space and agricultural production. A critical question facing global society is how to meet growing human demands for living space, food, fuel, and other materials while sustaining ecosystem services and biodiversity [1].

Methodology/Principal Findings

We spatially allocate two scenarios of 2000 to 2015 global areal change in urban land and cropland at the grid cell-level and measure the impact of this change on the provision of ecosystem services and biodiversity. The models and techniques used to spatially allocate land-use/land-cover (LULC) change and evaluate its impact on ecosystems are relatively simple and transparent [2]. The difference in the magnitude and pattern of cropland expansion across the two scenarios engenders different tradeoffs among crop production, provision of species habitat, and other important ecosystem services such as biomass carbon storage. For example, in one scenario, 5.2 grams of carbon stored in biomass is released for every additional calorie of crop produced across the globe; under the other scenario this tradeoff rate is 13.7. By comparing scenarios and their impacts we can begin to identify the global pattern of cropland and irrigation development that is significant enough to meet future food needs but has less of an impact on ecosystem service and habitat provision.

Conclusions/Significance

Urban area and croplands will expand in the future to meet human needs for living space, livelihoods, and food. In order to jointly provide desired levels of urban land, food production, and ecosystem service and species habitat provision the global society will have to become much more strategic in its allocation of intensively managed land uses. Here we illustrate a method for quickly and transparently evaluating the performance of potential global futures.     

Assessing the impacts of ecological governance on carbon storage in an urban coal mining subsidence area

Carbon storage, which is considered one of the important service functions of ecosystems, plays an irreplaceable role in maintaining the regional carbon balance and regulating the climate. Regional carbon storage is closely related to regional land use and land cover (LULC). With the development and expansion of coal resource-based cities, the construction areas of cities have started to overlap with underground coal resources. Coal mining leads to regional LULC changes, such as large-scale surface subsidence and subsidence waterlogging, and LULC has changed and consequently affected carbon storage in urban coal mining subsidence areas. This study analyses the change trend of carbon storage and clarifies the effect of ecological governance being implemented in the urban coal mining subsidence area. First, the LULC change map of the ecological governance scenario was obtained via remote sensing technology. Then, the natural evolution scenario from 2000 to 2021 was simulated using the hybrid cellular automata and Markov chain, also named the CA–Markov model. Finally, combined with the subsidence waterlogging in the urban subsidence area, the InVEST model was used to analyse the spatial–temporal variation characteristics of carbon storage. The analysis results showed that LULC and carbon storage in small-scale urban coal mining subsidence areas changed dramatically between 2000 and 2021 due to coal mining and ecological governance. The subsidence waterlogging area increased by 1033.83 ha, resulting in total carbon storage decreasing by 37,560.21 t. Subsidence waterlogging is the key influencing factor in the decrease in carbon storage. The forest area increased by 1270.83 ha, resulting in a total carbon storage increase of 216,531.04 t. Forest is the crucial increasing factor in carbon storage. The changes in carbon storage in the urban coal mining subsidence area can be classified as follows: obvious improvement area, basically unchanged area, and significantly degraded area. As opposed to the natural evolution scenario, the ecological governance scenario increased the coverage of the “obvious improvement area” by 818.46 ha in the urban coal mining subsidence area. Overall, this study illustrates that ecological governance can effectively improve carbon sequestration and is conducive to the healthy development of coal resource-based cities.     

Land use–related Changes in Aboveground Carbon Stocks of Austria’s Terrestrial Ecosystems

Land-use changes considerably alter the patterns and processes of terrestrial ecosystems. In an attempt to assess the impact of the human domination of ecosystems, this study quantifies the effect of human activities on aboveground carbon stocks in vegetation, based on a comparison of potential and actual vegetation in Austria. Following an accounting approach, statistical and GIS data on vegetation, elevation, land use, biomass harvest, as well as forest inventories and real estate statistics, were entered into the assessment, which was performed at the level of municipalities (n = 2,350). The results show that aboveground carbon storage in Austria has been considerably reduced by human activities. Actual vegetation contains 64% less carbon than would be expected in potential vegetation. The conversion of forests to cropland, grasslands, and urban areas has contributed 77% to this reduction in carbon stocks, the remaining 23% is due to forest management. In Austria, aboveground carbon stocks in forests have been reduced by 30% due to reductions in stand age and changes in forest species composition. Placing the data in a historical context, this analysis suggests that the current terrestrial carbon sink is a reversal of past carbon losses.     

京津冀城市群生态空间固碳服务功能及其与景观格局的关系特征

在全球气候变暖、城市群快速发展导致景观格局破坏与生态系统服务功能受损的背景下，研究城市群生态系统服务功能与景观格局的关系具有重要的意义。基于以上背景与前人研究，选取在中国经济社会发展中最具代表性的城市群京津冀城市群，通过遥感解译、ArcGIS 10.6制图分析及SPSS软件相关性分析等，从土地利用的角度研究其生态空间固碳服务功能及其与景观格局的关系特征，并提出相关探讨。结果表明：1）京津冀生态空间中耕地、林地、草地均为碳汇用地，2000-2018年期间用地面积排序为：耕地 > 林地 > 草地，用地面积减少量排序为：林地 > 耕地 > 草地。耕地为研究区东南半部的主导类型，林地作为区域西北半部的主导类型，草地分布呈与林地相间状态。2018年北京市内西北部大面积的林地转化为耕地。2）2000-2018年期间生态空间三种用地的年固碳量排序为：耕地 > 林地 > 草地，用地年固碳量增长量排序为耕地 > 林地 > 草地。从平均单位固碳量来说，四个时间点均表现为：林地 > 耕地 > 草地。单位固碳量区域分布差异明显且随时间变化量大。3）不同生态空间用地的固碳量与不同景观指数的相关性结果不同。耕地年总固碳量与其各景观指数没有明显相关性；林地年总固碳量与最大斑块指数（LPI）、景观形状指数形状指数（LSI）、景观百分比（PLAND）有0.01级别的显著正相关性；草地年总固碳量与斑块密度（PD）、景观百分比（PLAND）有0.05级别的显著正相关性，与景观形状指数（LSI）有0.01级别的显著正相关性；生态空间总固碳量与LSI有0.01级别的显著正相关性。最后，根据研究结果提出了相关原因讨论，同时基于固碳服务功能与景观格局的关系特征，从土地利用角度提出了京津冀生态空间土地利用优化策略，最后，根据研究结果提出了相关原因讨论，同时基于固碳服务功能与景观格局的关系特征，从土地利用角度提出了京津冀生态空间土地利用优化策略，对全球变暖之下城市群生态环境可持续发展提供了方法指导和借鉴。     

粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务时空演化及其权衡与协同特征

打造国际一流湾区和世界级城市群的粤港澳大湾区,生态保护、环境优化与城市发展、经济开放具有同等重要地位,掌握其城镇化过程中生态系统及其服务变化状况有助于科学合理、有针对性的制定生态保护修复相关政策。基于2000-2015年粤港澳大湾区生态系统宏观格局变化,分析了大湾区生态系统生产力、水源涵养、土壤保持服务的时空演化特征,进而探讨了供给与调节服务之间的权衡与协同关系。结果表明：（1）森林与农田是大湾区的主体生态系统,面积占大湾区国土面积的54.1%和22.8%,近15年由于城镇面积快速增长（增幅达68.6%）,导致森林、农田、湿地面积不断减少。（2）基于净初级生产力的供给服务量和土壤保持量整体上均呈现轻度增加趋势,特别是江门、肇庆等生态服务主要提供区域;东南部最高、北部次之、中部偏低的水源涵养量,除西北部呈现增加趋势以外,其它区域皆呈现减少趋势;城镇扩张是生态系统供给、调节服务明显减少的主要影响因素。（3）大湾区生态系统供给服务与水源涵养、土壤保持调节服务之间的相关关系均以协同为主,然而,在大湾区东北部和南部的广州、惠州、江门等区域呈现明显的权衡关系,提示大湾区发展过程中,需要在这些呈现权衡关系的区域实施有针对性的生态保护修复措施,优化绿地结构、保护生态空间,减少城镇扩张和不合理的人类活动对生态系统服务的消极影响,建设生态优美、文化繁荣的美丽湾区。