粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务时空演化及其权衡与协同特征

打造国际一流湾区和世界级城市群的粤港澳大湾区，生态保护、环境优化与城市发展、经济开放具有同等重要地位，掌握其城镇化过程中生态系统及其服务变化状况有助于科学合理、有针对性的制定生态保护修复相关政策。基于2000-2015年粤港澳大湾区生态系统宏观格局变化，分析了大湾区生态系统生产力、水源涵养、土壤保持服务的时空演化特征，进而探讨了供给与调节服务之间的权衡与协同关系。结果表明：（1）森林与农田是大湾区的主体生态系统，面积占大湾区国土面积的54.1%和22.8%，近15年由于城镇面积快速增长（增幅达68.6%），导致森林、农田、湿地面积不断减少。（2）基于净初级生产力的供给服务量和土壤保持量整体上均呈现轻度增加趋势，特别是江门、肇庆等生态服务主要提供区域；东南部最高、北部次之、中部偏低的水源涵养量，除西北部呈现增加趋势以外，其它区域皆呈现减少趋势；城镇扩张是生态系统供给、调节服务明显减少的主要影响因素。（3）大湾区生态系统供给服务与水源涵养、土壤保持调节服务之间的相关关系均以协同为主，然而，在大湾区东北部和南部的广州、惠州、江门等区域呈现明显的权衡关系，提示大湾区发展过程中，需要在这些呈现权衡关系的区域实施有针对性的生态保护修复措施，优化绿地结构、保护生态空间，减少城镇扩张和不合理的人类活动对生态系统服务的消极影响，建设生态优美、文化繁荣的美丽湾区。

Spatial and temporal evolution of ecosystem services and its trade-offs and synergies in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

In the process of developing the world-class bay area and urban agglomeration in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao (GHM) Greater Bay Area, ecological protection and environmental optimization are equally important with urban development and economic openness. Understanding the changes in ecosystem services during the urbanization process of the GHM Greater Bay Area will help policymakers formulate scientific, rational, and targeted policies on ecological protection. Based on the macro-ecosystem changes in the GHM Greater Bay Area from 2000 to 2015, this paper analyzes the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of ecosystem productivity, water conservation, and soil conservation services in the GHM Greater Bay Area during the past 15 years, and discusses the relationship of trade-offs and synergies between supply and regulation services. The results show that: (1) forests and farmlands are the main ecosystems of the GHM Greater Bay Area, accounting for 54.1% and 22.8% of the land area. Due to the rapid expansion of the urban area (increase of 68.6% from 2000 to 2015), the areas of forests, farmlands, and wetlands have continued to decrease in the past 15 years. (2) The ecosystem supply services (based on Net Primary Productivity, NPP) and soil conservation show a slight increase, especially the main service supply areas in Jiangmen and Zhaoqing of the GHM Greater Bay Area. The water conservation reaches its highest along the southeast coast, and followed by the northern region, while the central region of the GHM Greater Bay Area is relatively lower. Except for the increasing trend observed in the northwest region, other regions are showing a decreasing trend in water conservation. Urban expansion is the main influencing factor for the apparent reduction of ecosystem services. (3) The correlation between ecosystem services and water and soil conservation services in the GHM Greater Bay Area mainly shows a synergy, while the relationship is mainly a trade-off in south and northeast of the GHM Greater Bay Area (Guangzhou, Huizhou and Jiangmen). It is suggested that during the development of the GHM Greater Bay Area, special attentions should be paid to the targeted ecological protection measurements in areas where the supply and regulation services are trade-offs. Relevant departments need to implement a strict ecological environment protection system, and adopt measures such as optimizing the structure of green space and protecting ecological space to reduce the negative impact of urban expansion and unreasonable human activities on ecosystem services, and build the Greater Bay Area with a beautiful ecological environment and cultural prosperity.