三峡水库秭归段消落带植物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系

消落带植被群落特征及物种多样性的研究一直是植物生态学和恢复生态学研究的热点。三峡水库的运行对消落带生态系统造成了极大的影响,如引起绝大部分河岸带土著植物消失、生物多样性降低以及土壤侵蚀严重等一系列生态学问题。研究消落带植物群落特征及其影响机制,旨在丰富消落带新生湿地生态学研究内容,为消落带植被的恢复、湿地保护和管理提供科学依据。通过对三峡水库秭归段香溪河与童庄河陡坡消落带植物群落及其环境因子的实地调查,并结合双向聚类分析及典范对应分析(CCA),研究了三峡水库消落带植物群落特征、物种多样性及其与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:(1)在三峡水库秭归段消落带共发现维管植物34种,隶属于15科32属,其中菊科(Compositae)和禾本科(Gramineae)种类数较多,为优势物种,植物群落组成以草本植物为主,一年生和多年生草本植物为23种和11种,分别占67.65%和32.35%,一年生植物占绝对优势;(2)随海拔升高,物种数、Shannon多样性指数、Pielou均匀度从低海拔到高海拔随着海拔的增加而升高,而Simpson优势度指数指数从低海拔到高海拔呈下降趋势;(3)双向聚类显示消落带...     

东辽河河岸带草本植物物种多样性及群落数量分析

采用样线法调查了东辽河河岸带草本植物群落,分析了物种多样性特征,利用组平均聚类法和除趋势对应分析(DCA)分别对植物群落进行了分类和排序,探讨了影响东辽河河岸带草本植物群落分布的主要环境因子。结果表明:东辽河河岸带共有草本植物118种,属36科70属,草本植物的物种多样性自上游向下游呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势,而丰富度指数变化规律不显著,这与河流水文特征、河岸土壤基质类型、土壤含水量和人为干扰有关。聚类分析结果显示,东辽河河岸带草本群落可划分为11种类型,其中湿生植物群落占据优势。DCA排序轴与环境因子的相关性分析表明,海拔和河流等级是东辽河河岸带草本植物群落分布的重要影响因子。     

三峡水库奉节以东秭归和巫山段消落带植物群落动态特征

基于2008—2012年对三峡水库奉节以东秭归和巫山段消落带固定样地不同海拔区段植物群落的5a定位监测,研究消落带植物群落的物种组成、优势植物、植物生活型和物种多样性的动态变化,结果表明:1)截止2012年,消落带海拔156—172 m区段共经历了4次水库水位涨落。经历首次后(2009年),消落带原生植物由55科147种减少到18科33种,经历4次后(2012年),减少到14科39种。与经历水库水位涨落前(2008年)比较,经历首次后的科数减少了67.3%,种数减少了77.6%;经历4次后的科数减少了74.5%,种数减少了73.5%。在消落带原生植物减少的同时,出现了许多"新"植物。经历首次后出现了49种,经历4次后出现了23种,分别占调查当年样地植物种类总数的59.8%和32.9%。海拔172—175 m区段共经历了2次水库水位涨落,消落带原生植物由40科91种(2008年)减少到了13科20种。与经历水库水位涨落前比较,科数减少了67.5%,种数减少了78.0%。出现"新"植物21种,约占调查当年样地植物种类总数的44.7%。通过对历次调查中消落带植物"消失"和"出现"的数量比较表明,消落带植物对经历首次水库水位涨落的反应最为敏感,此后,虽又经历过几次水库水位涨落,但其变化速率趋于减小。2)不同海拔区段、不同生态适应型植物的"消长"动态和优势种组成不完全相同。海拔156—172 m区段,经历4次水库水位涨落后,在消落带植物群落中占优势的草本植物种为菊科(Compositae)的鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)、禾本科(Gramineae)的狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、毛马唐(Digitaria chrysoblephara)、狗尾草(Setaria viridis)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)的碎米莎草(Cyperus iria),占优势的灌木树种为漆树科(Anacardiaceae)的盐肤木(Rhus chinensis)和大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)的算盘子(Glochidion puberum);在海拔172—175 m区段,除鬼针草、毛马唐仍为优势种外,还增加了大戟科的湖北算盘子(Glochidion wilsonii),马鞭草科(Verbenaceae)的黄荆(Vitex negundo),葡萄科(Vitaceae)的五叶地锦(Parthenocissus quniquefolia)等树种。3)消落带植物群落的优势生活型为一年生和多年生草本;物种多样性随着水库水位涨落次数的增加总体变化呈减少趋势。4)三峡水库水位周期性涨落导致消落带发生水陆环境交替变化,不同生态适应型植物对变化生境的适应能力有所不同,是消落带植物群落发生变化的主要驱动因素。     

三峡库区香溪河消落带植被群落特征与土壤环境相关性

土壤环境是影响植被群落结构的关键因素。为揭示三峡库区消落带植被群落的空间分布与土壤环境间的相关规律,本文运用聚类分析法分析了三峡库区香溪河消落带调查的30个样带群落属性,并利用冗余分析(RDA)分析了11个土壤理化因子与消落带植被空间分布及多样性的相关关系。聚类分析结果显示,香溪河消落带草本群落可划分为7种类型,其中一年生植物群落占据优势;RDA排序轴与环境因子的相关性分析显示,RDA第1排序轴与土壤含水量(SWC)呈显著正相关,与消落带高程(Ele)呈极显著负相关(P0.01);第二轴主要与pH、Fe-P、土壤有机质(SOM)和O-P呈负相关(P0.05)。植被多样性指数与土壤理化因子的相关性分析表明,物种丰富度指数(R)与Ele、pH和SOM相关关系最为显著;优势度指数(D)与Ele呈极显著负相关(P0.01),而与SWC呈显著性正相关;香农多样性指数(H)与Ele、SOM、TP呈显著正相关,与SWC、pH呈显著性负相关;物种均匀度指数(E)除与Ele和SWC存在显著相关性外,均与其他环境因子间不存在显著性(P0.05)。综上,消落带高程、土壤含水量、土壤有机质、土壤pH及土壤TP和无机磷中O-P和Fe-P是影响香溪河消落带植被群落格局的主要因素。     

安庆西江长江江豚迁地保护基地河岸带植物群落结构特征

安庆西江是长江下游唯一的长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)迁地保护区。为了解安庆西江河岸带植物群落结构, 进而评价西江长江江豚栖息地的生境情况, 于2017年夏季对西江河岸带10个断面的植被进行了系统调查。研究结果表明, 西江河岸带植被中共有维管植物166种, 隶属于50科131属, 其中藻类植物1科1属1种, 蕨类植物1科1属2种, 种子植物48科129属163种, 以蝶形花科、菊科、禾本科为优势科, 科、属的分布类型较为丰富。对植物群落结构分析的结果显示, Shannon-Wiener指数变幅为0.213—0.899, 均值为0.629±0.399; Simpson指数变幅为0.135—0.465, 均值为0.315±0.204, 物种丰富度变化范围在3—14, 多样性指数与丰富度指数变化一致。西江河岸带植被分布还呈现出显著的空间特征, 两岸受人类活动影响较大的区域, 河岸带植被多样性指数较低; 自然区域的植物覆盖面积大, 群落多样性指数和丰富度则较高。总体而言, 西江河岸带植被物种丰富, 覆盖率高, 既可以改善水质, 又可以为小型定居性鱼类提供良好的产卵场和索饵场, 对于维持长江江豚迁地种群的栖息和繁衍生境具有重要意义。     

金沙江下游典型库区消落带植被恢复模式

消落带植被分布、生活型、多样性的调查研究显著促进了消落带植被恢复技术的进步,然而相邻两梯级库区消落带植被分布的差异以及植被群落特征的年际变化并不明确。此外,金沙江下游部分区域表现出一定的干热特征,其影响下的消落带植被群落特征有待深入了解。基于2019年和2021年向家坝和溪洛渡库区消落带植被调查结果,分析表明：(1)金沙江下游消落带按照下垫面特性主要分为硬岩型、软岩型、松软堆积型3种类型,坡度平缓的松软堆积型消落带是植被恢复的主要类型;(2)整体上,消落带优势植被类型是一年生和多年生草本,单优势种、少优势种群落较为普遍,两个库区消落带优势种重要值差异显著,植被生活型较少;(3)向家坝、溪洛渡库区消落带在分别经历6次和8次周期性水淹后,消落带植被分布与群落物种多样性特征变化不显著,表明消落带植被群落结构相对稳定。综上说明向家坝、溪洛渡两个相邻的梯级库区消落带植被恢复需要以灌草为主,且具有不同的潜在恢复模式,因此需要对应采取不同的恢复策略。研究对于科学指导金沙江下游梯级水电站库区消落带植被恢复具有重要意义。     

江西武夷山河岸带阔叶林群落的物种组成和多样性分析

以江西武夷山国家级自然保护区河岸带阔叶林群落为研究对象,对其物种组成进行调查,并采用物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数分析物种多样性。结果表明,保护区河岸带物种极丰富,三条水系10个样方中共调查到维管束植物93科174属304种,群落建群种和灌木层优势种均以常绿阔叶树种为主,物种组成具有典型的亚热带植被特色,以壳斗科、樟科、山茶科物种最多。保护区不同海拔河岸带物种丰富度指数、多样性指数的变化规律基本一致。     

三峡库区不同消落带下中华蚊母树群落特征及其与土壤环境因子的关系

中华蚊母树(Distylium chinense)是华中地区特有种, 在三峡库区局部地段占优势形成群落。对三峡库区不同生境下中华蚊母树群落特征及其与土壤环境因子的关系进行研究可为其保护及消落带植被恢复提供科学依据。运用数据分类和排序等方法, 对中华蚊母树群落物种组成、植物区系、物种多样性及其与土壤环境因子的关系进行研究。结果表明, 共发现维管植物56种, 隶属于36科54属, 植物区系以世界分布、泛热带分布和北温带分布为主, 生活型以草本和灌木为主。自然消落带灌木层重要值最大的是中华蚊母树, 草本层重要值最大的是藤本植物地果(Ficus tikoua), 主要伴生种为具有一定水淹耐受性的灌木和多年生草本, 如小梾木(Swida paucinervis)、白茅(Imperata cylindrica)等; 反季节消落带灌木层仅中华蚊母树一种, 草本层重要值最大的物种是狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon), 主要伴生种为苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)、苘麻(Abutilon theophrastic)等一年生草本。双向聚类分析将调查的6个样地分为四大类群: 中华蚊母树+小梾木群落、中华蚊母树+地果群落、中华蚊母树+细叶水团花(Adina rubella)群落、中华蚊母树+狗牙根群落。典范对应分析表明, 海拔高度和土壤pH是影响中华蚊母树群落物种分布的主要环境因子, 土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和速效钾含量是次要因素, 但它们是影响群落物种多样性指数的主要因子, 其中土壤氮是群落的限制因子。因此, 在反季节消落带植被重建中, 对中华蚊母树群落进行构建时, 除考虑细叶水团花、小梾木等作为高海拔消落带伴生物种外, 还应增加土壤氮和钾的供给, 使中华蚊母树群落保持较高的物种多样性, 维持消落带生态系统稳定。     

三峡库区消落带两种草本植被土壤细菌群落多样性

在三峡库区消落带植被重建区域,选取两种人工草本植被—牛鞭草与狗牙根(处理组),并以裸地土壤为对照,研究植被修复与重建对土壤细菌群落多样性的影响。采用分子生物学T-RFLP技术,分别于2012年7月(T1)、2013年7月(T2)及2014年7月(T3)进行原位取样,对消落带人工植被牛鞭草、狗牙根及裸地土壤细菌群落多样性进行了研究。结果表明:(1)除HhaⅠ酶切结果中,物种因素对消落带土壤细菌Shannon-Wiener指数(H)、时间因素对土壤细菌Simpson指数(D)无显著影响外,采用两种酶切之后(HhaⅠ酶、MspⅠ),物种、时间、以及两者的交互作用均对三峡库区消落带土壤细菌群落多样性指数产生显著影响;(2)HhaⅠ酶切后人工植被土壤丰度与裸地相比显著升高,此外,两种酶切结果均表明,人工植被土壤细菌群落多样性指数与裸地相比更加稳定。(3)植被类型、取样时间不同,土壤中的优势片段种类与丰度均不相同;(4)CCA分析结果表明三峡库区消落带土壤细菌群落多样性与化学性质关系密切。研究表明牛鞭草与狗牙根栽植后土壤细菌群落多样性指数的更加稳定,三峡库区进行植被恢复与重建值得肯定。     

三峡库区消落带现存草本植物组成与生态位

为揭示经历长期水位变动后,三峡水库消落带优势植物对可利用资源的分享状况、不同资源环境下植物种群生态位特征以及植物种间竞争和共存机制,对三峡库区秭归段典型消落带现存优势草本物种的种群空间格局及生态位特征进行研究.结果表明: 该区共有草本植物39种,隶属18科32属,以禾本科、菊科、蓼科和大戟科植物为主;狗牙根、狗尾草、狼把草和毛马唐具有较大的重要值和生态位宽度,为主要优势种;海拔145～155 m段植物生态位宽度前3位依次为狗牙根＞酸模叶蓼＞狗尾草;海拔155～165 m段植物生态位宽度前3位依次为狗尾草＞毛马唐＞狗牙根;海拔165～175 m段植物生态位宽度前3位依次为狗尾草＞狼把草＞红蓼;不同海拔物种间生态位重叠均保持较高状态,生态位宽度较小物种也可与生态位宽度较大物种有较大的生态位重叠值,仅凭生态位宽度不能判定生态位重叠值.消落带经历7次水位涨落周年后,大多数优势物种为一年生草本植物,生态位分化程度较低,在资源匮乏且不稳定的生境中种间竞争强烈,消落带植被仍处于群落演替的初级阶段.     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan     

On the Dependence of the Quadratic Risk of the Classical Predictor and the Prediction-Horizon

When constructing predictors on the basis of the linear model of time series of various indicators often the question arises on the dependence of forecasting accuracy and the changing prediction horizon. The dependency of the quadratic risk of the classical predictor and the time horizon is considered.     

中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系及其在世界区系中的地位和作用

基于吴征镒将中国全部种子植物３２３８个属的分布区划分为１５个大类型和３４个变型的基础上,简要地讨论了中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系,以及它在被子植物起源方面的作用。主要论点如下：（１）与热带亚洲区系的联系。这种联系主要通过第７类型（热带亚洲分布）及其５个变型来体现的。本文列举了１０个科,龙脑香料、狭义隐翼科、交让木科、五隔草科、五列木科、肉实树科、心翼果科、八宝树科、兰花蕉科和四数木科,来说明这