蔗糖磷酸化酶全细胞催化AA-2G的条件优化

目的:使用表达蔗糖磷酸化酶(EC 2.4.1.7,Sucrose phosphorylase,SPase)的大肠杆菌重组工程菌E.coli BL21/pET-spase,作为全细胞催化剂,合成2-O-D-吡喃葡糖基-L-抗坏血酸(Ascorbic acid 2-glucoside,AA-2G)。通过反应条件的优化研究,提高AA-2G的收率。方法:分别考察菌体量、缓冲液pH、蔗糖浓度、维生素C浓度、反应时间和温度对AA-2G合成反应的影响,再组合上述最佳条件进行反应。AA-2G的产量使用高效液相色谱法进行定量。结果:最佳反应条件为:菌体量15 mg/mL,缓冲液pH 4.5,蔗糖浓度100 g/L,维生素C浓度175 g/L,反应时间20 h,温度37℃。在此条件下,AA-2G产量达到了35.7 g/L。结论:以蔗糖为底物,使用SPase合成AA-2G的研究报道较少。本研究通过优化此方法的反应条件,让AA-2G的产量得到了大幅提高。同时本研究中成功地采用了大肠杆菌工程菌作为全细胞催化剂,这比传统的使用粗酶液的方法更省时省力,有良好的应用潜力。     

肠膜明串珠菌蔗糖磷酸化酶的酶学表征及在催化合成α-熊果苷中的应用

将来源于肠膜明串珠菌Leuconostoc mesenteroides ATCC 12291的蔗糖磷酸化酶(Sucrose phosphorylase,SPase)基因进行密码子优化后将其插入到pET-28a中构建表达载体pET-28a-spase,诱导大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)/pET-28a-spase表达制得SPase粗酶液,将重组SPase纯化后进行酶学表征。结果表明,重组SPase的比酶活为213.98 U/mg,纯化倍数为1.47倍,酶活回收率达87.80%。该酶最适温度为45℃,最适pH为6.5,该酶对蔗糖的Km为128.8 mmol/L,Vmax为2.167μmol/(mL·min),kcat为39 237.86 min-1,利用重组SPase催化氢醌合成α-熊果苷,最优条件为:氢醌添加量为40 g/L,蔗糖/氢醌的摩尔比为5:1,重组SPase 250 U/mL。在25 mmol/L的吗啉乙磺酸(MES)缓冲液(pH 7.0)中,反应温度30℃,避光反应24 h后终止反应,再用500 U/mL的糖化酶40℃处理2.5 h。α-熊果苷产量达98 g/L,氢醌的转化率接近99%。综上所述,文中克隆并研究了重组SPase,并建立了其在α-熊果苷生产中的应用。     

重组大肠杆菌产蔗糖磷酸化酶的酶学性质及其催化合成α-熊果苷

利用重组大肠杆菌Escherichia coli Rosetta(DE3)/pET-SPase发酵生产蔗糖磷酸化酶(EC 2.4.1.7,Sucrose phosphorylase,SPase)。收集的菌体经高压破碎后离心得到粗酶液,通过镍NTA亲和层析、超滤除盐后得到电泳纯的SPase,纯化后的SPase的比酶活是原来的2.1倍,酶活回收率达到82.7%。经SDS-PAGE电泳测定,重组SPase的分子量约为59 kDa。该酶在不高于37℃,pH 6.0~6.7的条件下比较稳定,最适催化温度与最适催化pH分别为37℃,pH 6.7,该酶对蔗糖的米氏常数(Km)为7.3 mmol/L,最大反应速率(Vmax)为0.2μmol/(min.mg)。此外文中还以蔗糖和氢醌为底物,利用重组SPase催化合成α-熊果苷。其最佳反应条件为:20%蔗糖,200 U/mL的酶液,1.6%氢醌,pH 6.0~6.5,25℃,反应21 h。α-熊果苷的摩尔产率为78.3%,α-熊果苷的产量为31 g/L。     

分散泛菌蔗糖异构酶在大肠杆菌中的表达及发酵优化

为了提高分散泛菌Pantoea dispersa UQ68J来源的蔗糖异构酶产量,研究了不同信号肽及发酵条件对蔗糖异构酶在大肠杆菌中重组表达的影响。将携带天然信号肽的蔗糖异构酶基因优化后,转入大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)构建重组表达菌株——ORI菌株,摇瓶发酵总酶活和胞外酶活分别为85 U/m L、65 U/m L。从天然信号肽开始第22位氨基酸作为成熟蛋白的起始,连接Pel B或Omp A信号肽构建P22和O22菌株,其中P22菌株发酵总酶活提高至138 U/m L,是ORI菌株总酶活的1.6倍;而O22菌株发酵总酶活和ORI菌株无明显差别。采用3.0 g/L的乳糖诱导,P22菌株的蔗糖异构酶总酶活提高至168 U/m L。在3 L发酵罐中,研究甘氨酸浓度和诱导时间对蔗糖异构酶分泌的影响,当补加0.5%甘氨酸,DCW为18 g/L(OD_(600)=30)开始诱导,P22菌株的蔗糖异构酶胞外酶活最高达1 981 U/m L,同时蔗糖异构酶总酶活达到2 640 U/m L,是已报道大肠杆菌重组表达蔗糖异构酶的最高水平。     

蔗糖磷酸化酶的分离纯化及其催化合成α-熊果苷的研究

考察了肠膜明串珠菌(Leuconostoc mesenteroides)G123厌氧发酵产蔗糖磷酸化酶下游的分离纯化工艺.收集的菌体经超声破碎得到粗酶液,通过硫酸铵沉淀、透析、阴离子交换层析分离后获得了电泳纯的蔗糖磷酸化酶,酶活回收率为31.7%,酶的分子量约为55.7 kD,纯化后的蔗糖磷酸化酶比活为115.3 U/mg.该酶在中性及偏酸性(pH5.5-8.0)情况下,酶稳定性较好,较报道的肠膜明串珠菌(Leuconostoc mesenteroides)B-1149的pH稳定范围宽.同时该酶在37℃保存2 h,酶活几乎没有下降.利用获得的纯酶以氢醌和蔗糖为底物催化合成α-熊果苷,在23 U/mL的酶反应体系中,60%蔗糖、5%氢醌、pH7.5,37℃,反应12 h,氢醌转化率达到16.3%,α-熊果苷的产量为20g/L.     

重组大肠杆菌全细胞催化合成莱鲍迪苷D

莱鲍迪苷D(Rebaudioside D,RD)是一种稀有具有高甜度的甜菊糖苷类化合物。本文实现了重组大肠杆菌全细胞催化莱鲍迪苷A(Rebaudioside A,RA)合成RD。以水稻c DNA为模板,扩增得到葡萄糖基转移酶基因eugt11,构建了重组菌株E.coli BL21(p ETDuet-eugt11),并成功表达了重组蛋白6His-EUGT11。通过Ni柱亲和层析纯化并在体外酶催化反应表征了其催化活性。将重组菌BL21(p ETDuet-eugt11)应用于催化合成RD研究。探讨了反应体系pH、温度、柠檬酸钠浓度、菌体密度、二价金属离子、二甲苯体积分数、UDPG添加浓度对反应效率的影响。单因素考察结果显示,在菌体密度0.16 g湿细胞/m L反应液,底物RA浓度为1.0 mmol/L,pH 8.0,60 mmol/L柠檬酸钠,1%二甲苯,0.1 mmol/L Zn Cl2,12.0 mmol/L UDPG,反应温度42℃,反应时间24 h的条件下,RD产量为123.6 mg/L(约0.1 mmol/L)。     

代谢工程方法改造大肠杆菌生产胸苷

胸苷是抗艾滋病药物司他夫定(3′-脱氧-2′,3′-双脱氢胸苷)和叠氮胸苷的重要前体物质。应用代谢工程方法对大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)生物合成胸苷进行了研究。通过敲除E.coli BL21嘧啶回补途径的deo A、tdk和udp三个基因,BS03工程菌株能够积累21.6 mg/L胸苷。为了增加合成胸苷前体物核糖-5-磷酸和NADPH的供给,进一步敲除pgi和pyr L使工程菌BS05胸苷的产量提高到90.5 mg/L。而通过过表达胸苷合成途径的ush A、thy A、dut、ndk、nrd A和nrd B六个基因,菌株BS08胸苷的产量能达到272 mg/L。通过分批补料发酵,BS08最终可以积累1 248.8 mg/L的胸苷。本研究结果表明经过代谢工程改造的E.coli BL21具有良好的胸苷合成能力和应用潜力。     

菊糖蔗糖酶的性质鉴定及菊糖的酶法合成

菊糖作为益生元和膳食纤维,具有许多重要的生理功能,广泛应用于食品、医药等领域。微生物菊糖蔗糖酶可以以蔗糖为底物合成较植物菊糖具有更高分子量的菊糖。文中通过基因数据库筛选获得一段拟表达菊糖蔗糖酶的基因。通过N-端和C-端截断的方式,保留中间催化域,构建重组质粒。将重组质粒在大肠杆菌表达系统中表达,粗酶液经Ni2+亲和层析纯化,获得分子量约为65 kDa的重组酶。以蔗糖为唯一底物时,重组酶的最适pH和温度分别为5.5和45 ℃。金属离子在不同程度上抑制酶的活性。产物多糖分离纯化后,使用核磁共振鉴定产物多糖为β-(2,1)糖苷键连接的菊糖。最后对菊糖合成的条件进行优化,结果表明：以700 g/L的蔗糖为底物,加酶量4 U/mL时,7 h后菊糖产量达到最大,约为287 g/L,蔗糖到菊糖的转化率约为41%。     

产(R)-1,3-丁二醇的工程菌构建及转化条件研究

[目的]利用重组大肠杆菌实现(R)-1,3-丁二醇的生物合成。[方法]从脱硫球菌(Desulfococcus biacutus)中克隆得到羰基还原酶基因DbCR,构建pET28a-DbCR表达载体并在大肠杆菌E.coli BL21中表达,利用气相色谱对反应液进行检测。[结果]DbCR在pH 7.5、35℃的最适条件下的酶活力为4.5 U/mL。在50 mL全细胞反应体系中,重组工程菌在pH 7.5、30℃条件下,反应48 h时,对300 mmol/L底物4-羟基-2-丁酮的转化率 96%,产物(R)-1,3-丁二醇的e.e.值 99%。[结论]构建得到高效催化合成(R)-1,3-丁二醇的工程菌,工程菌对底物的转化率96%,产物纯度 99%。     

共表达SHMT和TPase载体的构建及双酶法合成L-色氨酸

利用重组大肠杆菌表达丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶(SHMT)和色氨酸酶(TPase),并利用双酶法合成L-色氨酸。采用PCR从大肠杆菌K12基因组中扩增上述两种酶的基因,利用pET-28a载体,构建单表达重组质粒pET-SHMT、pET-TPase和共表达重组质粒pET-ST。将上述3种重组质粒转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)进行表达。SDS-PAGE结果表明,单表达基因工程菌BL21(DE3)/pET-SHMT和BL21(DE3)/pET-TPase分别在47kDa(SHMT)和50kDa(TPase)处有蛋白表达带;共表达基因工程菌BL21(DE3)/pET-ST在上述两处均有蛋白表达带。与宿主菌相比,单表达SHMT基因工程菌产酶活性提高了6.4倍;单表达TPase基因工程菌产酶活性提高了8.4倍;共表达SHMT和TPase基因工程菌产酶活性分别提高了6.1和6.9倍。利用工程菌所产酶进行双菌双酶法和单菌双酶法合成L-色氨酸。两菌双酶合成L-色氨酸的累积量达到41.5g/L,甘氨酸转化率为83.3%,吲哚转化率为92.5%;单菌双酶合成L-色氨酸的累积量达到28.9g/L,甘氨酸转化率为82.7%,吲哚转化率为82.9%。     

Enzymatic synthesis of amylose

Amylose is a linear polymer of α-1,4-linked glucose and is expected to be used in various industries as a functional biomaterial. However, pure amylose is currently not available for industrial purposes, since the separation of natural amylose from amylopectin is difficult. It is known that amylose has been synthesized using various enzymes. Glucan phosphorylase, together with its substrate, glucose-1-phosphate, is the most suitable system for the production of amylose since the molecular size of amylose can be controlled precisely. However, the problem with this system is that glucose-1-phosphate is too expensive for industrial purposes. This review summarizes our work on the enzymatic synthesis of essentially linear amylose, together with recent progress in the production of synthetic amylose using sucrose or cellobiose through the combined actions of phosphorylases.     

High-temperature cultivation and 5′ mRNA optimization are key factors for the efficient overexpression of thermostable Deinococcus geothermalis purine nucleoside phosphorylase in Escherichia coli

Overexpression of genes from thermophiles in Escherichia coli is an attractive approach towards the large-scale production of thermostable biocatalysts. However, various factors can challenge efficient heterologous protein expression – one example is the formation of stable 5′ mRNA secondary structures that can impede an efficient translation initiation.In this work, we describe the expression optimization of purine nucleoside phosphorylase from the thermophilic microbe Deinococcus geothermalis in E. coli. Poor expression levels caused by stable secondary 5′ mRNA structure formation were addressed by two different approaches: (i) increasing the cultivation temperature above the range used typically for recombinant protein expression and (ii) optimizing the 5′ mRNA sequence for reduced secondary structures in the translation initiation region.The increase of the cultivation temperature from 30 °C to 42 °C allowed a more than 10-fold increase of activity per cell and optimizing the 5′ mRNA gene sequence further increased the activity per cell 1.7-fold at 42 °C. Thus, the combination of high-temperature cultivation and 5′ sequence optimization is described as an effective approach to overcome poor expression levels resulting from stable secondary 5′ mRNA structure formation. We suggest that this method is especially suitable for improving the expression of proteins derived from thermophiles in E. coli.     

Characterization of Foam- and Emulsion-stabilizing Functions of Enzymatically Modified Proteins with Surfactancy

A papain-catalyzed reaction involving covalent incorporation of l-leucine n-alkyl ester is available for producing an enzymatically modified protein (EMP) with surfactancy [Agric. Biol. Chem., 45, 1621 (1981)]. In the present work we used gelatin as a starting material and incorporated l-leucine n-hexyl ester to produce a whippable EMP and l-leucine n-dodecyl ester to produce an emulsifiable EMP. A foam system formed with the whippable EMP was much stabler than that formed with sodium dodecylsulfate. The emulsifiable EMP also gave a much stabler oil-in-water emulsion than Tween-80 did. The stability of the emulsion formed with EMP was not affected by the presence of NaCl at a very high concentration. The observed foam and emulsion stabilities were well explained by the data for decreased mobility of the involved water protons. These results may indicate that EMP molecules, when arranged at the air/water or oil/water interface, can bind a part of the water to form thick barriers which prevent the air or oil particles from coalescing.     

Analysis of the gene of Vibrio hollisae encoding the hemolysin similar to the thermostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

The gene (designated as Vh-tdh) of Vibrio hollisae 9041 encoding a hemolysin similar to the thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) of V. parahaemolyticus contained a 567-base-pair open reading frame (ORF), which was 93.3-93.5% homologous to those of the tdh genes of V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae non-01, and V. mimicus encoding TDH or similar hemolysins. Comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequence containing the Vh-tdh ORF with published nucleotide and amino acid sequences suggested that the Vh-tdh gene and other tdh genes diverged from a common ancestral gene, that the divergence was closely associated with the evolutionary divergence of V. hollisae from other species of genus Vibrio, and that strain-to-strain variation of the Vh-tdh gene exists in V. hollisae.     

一株产耐高温DNA 酶和蛋白水解酶的沙雷氏菌FS14 (Serratia sp. FS14) 的分离与鉴定

通过组织分离法从白术病害样品的茎秆部位分离到一株产红色色素的细菌FS14,参照《伯杰氏细菌鉴定手册》,根据其形态学特征、生理生化特性,同时结合16S rDNA序列分析结果,发现该菌属于沙雷氏菌属。研究还发现,从白术茎秆中分离到的这株中温型沙雷氏菌FS14能分泌耐高温的DNA酶和蛋白水解酶,甚至在100 oC预处理30 min后仍有活性。沙雷氏菌能分泌耐高温的DNA酶和蛋白水解酶还未见报道。     

Isolation and characterization of a new poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-degrading, denitrifying bacterium from activated sludge

One hundred and forty isolates of thermophilic bacteria from the genus Thermus were screened for the presence of restriction endonuclease activity. Thermostable isoschizomers of restriction endonucleases, such as AceIII, BbvI, BglI, BsePI, FnuDII, HgiAI, MaeII, MboI, MseI, PvuII, StuI, TaqI, Tsp4CI, TspEI, XhoI and XmaIII, were isolated. Two restriction enzymes, TatI and TauI, recognizing novel degenerate sequences 5'-W (downward arrow)GTACW-3' and 5'-GCSG (downward arrow)C-3' respectively were partially purified and the recognition and cleavage sites were determined.     

Isolation and Structure of New Isocoumarins

Besides reticulol, the strain MD611-C6 produced two compounds which inhibited cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases [EC 3.1.4. C.] These substances were isolated and their structures were elucidated to be 8-hydroxy-6, 7-dimethoxy-3-hydroxymethyIisocoumarin (II) and 6, 8-dihyroxy-7-methoxy-3-hydroxymethylisocoumarin (III). Concentrations of II and III for 50% inhibition of cAMP phosphodiesterase were 3.97 × 10^?4m and 1.26 × 10^?8m, respectively.     

嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌HY—69耐热金属蛋白酶基因表达产物的纯化及性质研究

利用ＣＭ纤维素离子交换层析法,从宿主细胞枯草芽孢杆菌ＭＩ１１３中纯化了嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌ＨＹ６９的耐热金属蛋白酶基因的表达产物,达电泳纯。该酶的最适反应温度为７０℃,有着较好的热稳定性和极高的盐酸胍抗性。７０℃的半寿期为４５ｍｉｎ。在３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的盐酸胍中变性２０ｍｉｎ,仍残余近４０％的酶活。利用凝胶过滤和ＳＤＳＰＡＧＥ,测定其分子量均为２７０００±１０００。通过ＣＤ光谱得知,该酶含有６６％的α螺旋,２８％的β转角,６％的无规则卷曲,无β折叠。利用ＣＤ光谱和荧光光谱研究了该酶在盐酸胍变性过程中的构象变化,推测其主要是通过增加包装效率,减少无规则卷曲来提高酶的稳定性。     

Isolation of a thermostable uricase-producing bacterium and study on its enzyme production conditions

A uricase-producing bacterium was isolated from soil with a medium containing uric acid as the only carbon source. Based on its morphological and physiological characteristics, as well as 16S rDNA sequence and phylogenetic tree analysis, this new isolate belong to the genus Microbacterium. After heat treatment at 70 °C for 30 min, the uricase retained about 100% of the initial activity. The enzyme activity remained largely unchanged when it was stored in borate buffer at pH 8.5 at 37 °C for 40 days. The effects of different factors on the enzyme production were studied. Maize milk was the best C and N resources, and the uric acid showed to be an inducer for uricase production. When the strain was cultured at 30 °C at pH 7.5 for 30–36 h, the uricase activity peaked at 1.0 U/ml.     

Three‐Enzyme Phosphorylase Cascade for Integrated Production of Short‐Chain Cellodextrins

Cellodextrins are linear β‐1,4‐gluco‐oligosaccharides that are soluble in water up to a degree of polymerization (DP) of ≈6. Soluble cellodextrins have promising applications as nutritional ingredients. A DP‐controlled, bottom‐up synthesis from expedient substrates is desired for their bulk production. Here, a three‐enzyme glycoside phosphorylase cascade is developed for the conversion of sucrose and glucose into short‐chain (soluble) cellodextrins (DP range 3–6). The cascade reaction involves iterative β‐1,4‐glucosylation of glucose from α‐glucose 1‐phosphate (αGlc1‐P) donor that is formed in situ from sucrose and phosphate. With final concentration and yield of the soluble cellodextrins set as targets for biocatalytic synthesis, three major factors of reaction efficiency are identified and partly optimized: the ratio of enzyme activity, the ratio of sucrose and glucose, and the phosphate concentration used. The efficient use of the phosphate/αGlc1‐P shuttle for cellodextrin production is demonstrated and the soluble product at 40 g L^?1 is obtained under near‐complete utilization of the donor substrate offered (88 mol% from 200 mm sucrose). The productivity is 16 g (L h)^?1. Through a simple two‐step route, the soluble cellodextrins are recovered from the reaction mixture in ≥95% purity and ≈92% yield. Overall, this study provides the basis for their integrated production.