Mip1对大鼠心肌细胞凋亡基因Bid转录调控作用的初探

目的:研究转录因子Mip1对大鼠心肌细胞H9C2凋亡相关基因Bid的转录调控作用.方法:以H9C2细胞基因组DNA为模板,扩增Bid核心启动子片段,将其克隆入荧光素酶报告基因质粒PGL3-Basic中,构建重组载体,并采用双酶切法、PCR法及基因测序对其进行鉴定.用脂质体转染法将该载体转入Mip1不同程度过表达的H9C2细胞,检测该细胞Bid基因启动子区的转录活性.结果:成功克隆Bid基因启动子区,双酶切、PCR和基因测序均显示PGL3-Basic-Bid promoter重组载体构建成功.荧光素酶相对活性检测显示在H9C2细胞中,随着Mip1转入的增多,Bid启动子区转录活性逐渐下降.结论:Mip1作为一个新的转录抑制因子,可以下调凋亡基因Bid的转录.     

桑树桑黄菌丝体和子实体基因差异表达分析

通过对桑树桑黄Sanghuangporus sanghuang菌丝体和子实体2个不同生长阶段的转录组进行分析,为研究桑黄子实体生长发育相关机制奠定基础。采用Illumina测序技术,对桑树桑黄菌株S23菌丝体和子实体2个不同生长发育阶段进行了全转录组测序。将转录组测序reads比对到参考序列上,菌丝体测序样本的reads比对率为82.89%;子实体测序样本的reads比对率为83%。基因差异表达分析显示,与菌丝体相比,子实体中显著上调表达基因为2 898个,显著下调表达基因为1 965个。经过Blast nr比对发现,桑黄菌在子实体阶段表达量上升的基因主要与各种氧化酶活性、疏水蛋白等相关;表达量下降的基因主要与糖类、氨基酸结合、运输等相关。基因本体（gene ontology,GO）富集分析表明,菌丝体及子实体两个阶段与跨膜转运相关的差异表达基因富集明显。代谢通路（pathway）富集分析表明,类固醇生物合成、精氨酸生物合成、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK）信号通路等差异基因富集明显。     

阿霉素诱导下的肝癌细胞HepG2中微小RNA差异表达分析

旨在研究阿霉素诱导引起的DNA损伤压力下,肝癌细胞Hep G2中参与DNA损伤应答的mi RNA,并分析这些mi RNA靶基因参与肝癌DNA损伤应答相关的生物学进程与通路。通过小RNA测序检测阿霉素处理肝癌细胞Hep G2前后mi RNA的差异表达情况,使用GO与KEGG通路富集方法对差异表达mi RNA靶基因进行功能富集分析。结果显示,共检测出显著表达差异mi RNA 68个,其中上调13个,下调55个。mi RNA靶基因的功能分析结果显示,53条mi RNAs靶基因显著富集于调控细胞增殖、细胞凋亡、细胞迁移和细胞周期等与DNA损伤应答以及肿瘤相关的生物进程和信号通路,包括p53信号通路、癌症通路、Wnt信号通路和MAPK信号通路等。研究表明,在阿霉素诱导下,Hep G2中的差异表达mi RNAs与DNA损伤相关的肿瘤生物学进程以及信号通路显著相关,预示这些mi RNAs在阿霉素引发的肝细胞癌DNA损伤应答中起着重要的作用。     

pcDNA3.1/CXCR7真核细胞表达载体的构建及其在内皮细胞中的表达鉴定

目的:CXCR7是基质衍生因子1(stroma derived factor-1,SDF-1)的新受体,且该受体在血管新生部位的内皮细胞中表达上调,故本研究拟构建CXCR7的真核表达载体pcDNA3.1/CXCR7,并检测其在人脐静脉内皮细胞中的表达.方法:采用RT-PCR法从人肝癌细胞HepG2的cDNA中扩增出约1100 bp的CXCR7基因片段.采用KpnI、XbaI将目的基因和载体pcDNA3.1进行双酶切,将酶切产物加入T4 DNA连接酶16℃连接过夜.将连接产物转化到感受态大肠杆菌中.挑取阳性克隆、提质粒,用双酶切、质粒DNA PCR扩增及DNA序列分析鉴定正确后,采用阳离子脂质体LipofectamineTM 2000将其转染人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUwc),通过western-blot检测目的基因在内皮细胞中的表达.结果:阳性克隆经双酶切法鉴定含有CXCR7基因片段,质粒DNAPCR扩增出与CXCR7同等大小的基因片段,基因测序结果与GenBank中序列相同.转染HUVEC后,细胞中CXCR7的表达水平显著上升.结论:成功构建了CXCR7的真核表达栽体,可在内皮细胞中正常表达并.为进一步研究其作用机制奠定了基础.     

血管紧张素Ⅱ促进内皮细胞凋亡和NOX4表达

目的分析高浓度血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）刺激人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVECs）时细胞内活性氧（ROS）、NOX4mRNA水平和细胞凋亡的变化。方法倒置显微镜下观察人脐静脉内皮细胞形态;免疫组化法检测人脐静脉内皮细胞Ⅷ因子相关抗原的表达;RT—PCR检测HUVECs中NOX4的表达;流式细胞仪检测各组细胞内ROS生成量和细胞凋亡率,Hoechst染色分析细胞凋亡。结果高AngⅡ刺激HUVECs时,NOX4mRNA表达上调,细胞内ROS生成增加,细胞凋亡增加。结论高AngⅡ上调HUVCEs内NOX4mR—NA表达并促进细胞内ROS生成和细胞凋亡。     

阿尔泰蝠蛾(鳞翅目:蝙蝠蛾科)幼虫低温胁迫转录组分析

[目的]本研究旨在通过转录组测序技术分析低温胁迫引起的阿尔泰蝠蛾Hepialus altaicola Wang幼虫基因转录差异及上调表达基因的主要功能类群和参与的主要代谢通路.[方法]采用Illumina HiSeq TM 2500测序平台对阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫进行转录组测序、组装,利用Blast软件进行数据库比对和基因功能注释,用DEGSeq R软件包分析4℃低温处理与室内适温饲养试虫的差异表达基因,并对上调表达基因进行GO和KEGG代谢途径富集分析.[结果]经序列拼接后共获得100300个unigenes,总长度81600309 bp,平均长度813 bp,N50长度1719 bp.与7大数据库同源比对,共获得34691(34.59％)条unigenes.低温胁迫转录组分析得到11569个差异表达基因(DEGs),7158条基因上调,4411条基因下调.富集到47个GO类群,217个KEGG途径.其中代谢过程、催化、结合活性类群占有重要比例,核糖体、碳代谢、剪接体等途径显著富集.另外,热激蛋白、昆虫表皮蛋白、海藻糖酶、超氧化物歧化酶等非生物胁迫相关基因显著上调表达.[结论]阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫低温胁迫转录组分析揭示,代谢过程、细胞过程、生物调节、对刺激的反应等生物学过程相关基因和部分非生物胁迫响应基因显著上调表达,提示蝠蛾幼虫可能从抗氧化防御、分子伴侣、体温调节和维持细胞的渗透平衡等多方面应对低温胁迫.     

阿尔泰蝠蛾(鳞翅目:蝙蝠蛾科)幼虫低温胁迫转录组分析

[目的]本研究旨在通过转录组测序技术分析低温胁迫引起的阿尔泰蝠蛾Hepialus altaicola Wang幼虫基因转录差异及上调表达基因的主要功能类群和参与的主要代谢通路.[方法]采用Illumina HiSeq TM 2500测序平台对阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫进行转录组测序、组装,利用Blast软件进行数据库比对和基因功能注释,用DEGSeq R软件包分析4℃低温处理与室内适温饲养试虫的差异表达基因,并对上调表达基因进行GO和KEGG代谢途径富集分析.[结果]经序列拼接后共获得100300个unigenes,总长度81600309 bp,平均长度813 bp,N50长度1719 bp.与7大数据库同源比对,共获得34691(34.59％)条unigenes.低温胁迫转录组分析得到11569个差异表达基因(DEGs),7158条基因上调,4411条基因下调.富集到47个GO类群,217个KEGG途径.其中代谢过程、催化、结合活性类群占有重要比例,核糖体、碳代谢、剪接体等途径显著富集.另外,热激蛋白、昆虫表皮蛋白、海藻糖酶、超氧化物歧化酶等非生物胁迫相关基因显著上调表达.[结论]阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫低温胁迫转录组分析揭示,代谢过程、细胞过程、生物调节、对刺激的反应等生物学过程相关基因和部分非生物胁迫响应基因显著上调表达,提示蝠蛾幼虫可能从抗氧化防御、分子伴侣、体温调节和维持细胞的渗透平衡等多方面应对低温胁迫.     

α-硫辛酸作用肺癌细胞的转录组分析

为了获得α-LA作用肺癌细胞后的转录组数据库和差异表达基因,我们将A549细胞处理组和对照组作为测试样品,采用Illumina Hi Seq TM2000测序技术进行转录组测序,并进行系统的生物信息学分析。对照组和处理组两两比较共获得6 748个差异表达基因。GO(gene ontology)分类分析表明,差异表达基因属于细胞组分、分子功能和生物学过程的46个类别。KEGG Pathway显著性富集分析提示差异表达基因共涉及15条途径,包括肿瘤相关通路、内质网蛋白加工、细胞周期、核糖体、剪接体等相关途径。对α-LA作用肺癌细胞的转录组进行拼接、组装和功能注释,得到大量转录本信息,为探究α-LA作用肺癌细胞后基因差异表达及相关分子机制提供了宝贵的基因组数据库资源。     

人血管内皮细胞缺氧早期基因系列表达分析文库的建立及分析

目的:建立常氧及缺氧早期人血管内皮细胞基因系列表达分析文库,对表达谱数据进行初步分析,为创伤后多器官功能障碍的防治奠定基础.方法:体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞株(EA.hy926),分为正常对照组和缺氧3h处理组.采用长标签基因系列表达分析方法(Long SAGE)建立常氧及缺氧3h组人血管内皮细胞基因表达文库,通过与Genebank数据库比对确认基因,对所得标签进行初步分析.结果:通过Long SAGE技术构建了常氧和缺氧脐静脉内皮细胞Long SAGE文库.缺氧SAGE文库测得30756个标签,其中识别出的基因总数为13879,比例为45.13%;重复的双标签体总数为762.常氧SAGE文库测得标签数为31213,其中识别出的基因总数为13665,比例为43.78%;重复的双标签体总教为758.结论:成功建立了人脐静脉内皮细胞常氧和缺氧早期LongSAGE文库,获得涵盖上万个转录本信息的表达谱数据,为创伤后多器官功能障碍的防治奠定基础.     

MDCK细胞和MDCK-G1细胞感染H1N1流感病毒后病毒滴度和细胞转录组表达差异分析

目的通过分析细胞表达基因及其相关信号通路的差异等信息,探索MDCK和MDCK-G1细胞株在接种H1N1流感病毒后出现病毒滴度和细胞生长趋势差异的内在生物学特性等原因。方法通过Illumina测序平台对2株细胞进行转录组测序(RNA sequencing, RNA-seq)和测序结果生物信息学分析后,选择了17个差异基因进行实时定量聚合酶链反应(quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, qRT-PCR)验证。结果 MDCK和MDCK-G1细胞差异基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs)|log_2(FoldChange)|0和padj≤0.05总数为2 786个。相比于MDCK细胞,MDCK-G1细胞有967个基因的表达显著上升,1 819个基因的表达显著下降。差异基因通过基因本体(Gene Ontology, GO)数据库富集功能注释和京都基因和基因组数据库(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, KEGG)进行通路分析发现,2株细胞在免疫调控和细胞生长周期调控上均存在差异,qRT-PCR验证的17个基因中有16个基因的表达趋势与转录组测序结果一致。结论 2株细胞的转录谱存在显著差异。     

流体剪切力对内皮细胞miR-21和miR-199a表达的影响

为探讨流体剪切力对内皮细胞micorRNAs表达的影响。采用旋转锥形圆盘剪切力系统对内皮细胞分别加载低(4dyn/cm2)、中(10 dyn/cm2)和高(15 dyn/cm2)3种不同梯度的剪切力作用24h。对照组未加载剪切力。采用高通量筛选芯片检测microRNAs表达变化,qRT-PCR验证,并进行生物信息学分析。与对照组比较,低剪切力组表达差异的microRNAs有33个(FC1.5或0.5倍,P0.05),其中28个上调,5个下调;中剪切力组表达差异的microRNAs有8个(FC1.5或0.5倍,P0.05),其中6个上调,2个下调;高剪切力组表达差异的microRNAs有31个(FC1.5或0.5倍,P0.05),其中25个上调,6个下调。miR-21在高剪切力组中上调最显著(FC=0.026),在低剪切力组中显著下调(FC=3.531)。miR-199a在低剪切力组中上调最显著(FC=0.075),在高剪切力组中显著下调(FC=3.031)。表达差异的microRNA的靶基因主要与内皮细胞的力学信号转导、细胞跨膜迁移、钙离子信号通路、细胞内吞作用等相关。流体剪切力可诱导内皮细胞miR-21和miR-199a表达发生改变。     

Influence of glutaraldehyde fixation of cells adherent to solid substrata on their detachment during exposure to shear stress

In order to determine the response of fixed and nonfixed cells adherent to a solid substratum to shear stress, human fibroblasts were allowed to adhere and spread on either hydrophilic glass or hydrophobic Fluoroethylene-propylene (FEP-Teflon) and fixed with glutaraldehyde. Then, the cells were exposed to an incrementally loaded shear stress in a parallel plate flow chamber up to shear stresses of about 500 dynes/cm², followed by exposure to a liquid-air interface passage. The cellular detachment was compared with the one of nonfixed cells. In case of fixed cells, 50% of the adhering cells detached from FEP-Teflon at a shear stress of 350 dynes/cm², whereas 50% of the adhering, nonfixed cells detached already at a shear stress of 20 dynes/cm². No fixed cells detached from glass for shear stresses up to at least 500 dynes/cm². More than 50% of the nonfixed cells were detached from glass at a shear stress of 350 dynes/cm². Furthermore, the shape and morphology of fixed cells did not change during the incrementally loaded flow, in contrast to the ones of nonfixed cells, which clearly rounded up prior to detachment.     

Hypo- and Hyperglycemia Impair Endothelial Cell Actin Alignment and Nitric Oxide Synthase Activation in Response to Shear Stress

Uncontrolled blood glucose in people with diabetes correlates with endothelial cell dysfunction, which contributes to accelerated atherosclerosis and subsequent myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. In vitro, both low and high glucose induce endothelial cell dysfunction; however the effect of altered glucose on endothelial cell fluid flow response has not been studied. This is critical to understanding diabetic cardiovascular disease, since endothelial cell cytoskeletal alignment and nitric oxide release in response to shear stress from flowing blood are atheroprotective. In this study, porcine aortic endothelial cells were cultured in 1, 5.55, and 33 mM D-glucose medium (low, normal, and high glucose) and exposed to 20 dynes/cm² shear stress for up to 24 hours in a parallel plate flow chamber. Actin alignment and endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation increased with shear stress for cells in normal glucose, but not cells in low and high glucose. Both low and high glucose elevated protein kinase C (PKC) levels; however PKC blockade only restored actin alignment in high glucose cells. Cells in low glucose instead released vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which translocated β-catenin away from the cell membrane and disabled the mechanosensory complex. Blocking VEGF in low glucose restored cell actin alignment in response to shear stress. These data suggest that low and high glucose alter endothelial cell alignment and nitric oxide production in response to shear stress through different mechanisms.     

Patterns of Living β-Actin Movement in Wounded Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells Exposed to Shear Stress

We previously demonstrated that physiologic levels of shear stress enhance endothelial repair. Cell spreading and migration, but not proliferation, were the major mechanisms accounting for the increases in wound closure rate (Albuquerque et al., 2000, Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 279, H293–H302). However, the patterns and movements of β-actin filaments responsible for cell motility and translocation in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) have not been previously investigated under physiologic flow. HCAECs transfected with β-actin-GFP were cultured on type I collagen-coated coverslips. Confluent cell monolayers were subjected to laminar shear stress of 12 dynes/cm² for 18 h in a parallel-plate flow chamber to attain cellular alignment and then wounded by scraping with a metal spatula and subsequently exposed to a laminar shear stress of 20 dynes/cm² (S-W-sH) or static (S-W-sT) conditions. Time-lapse imaging and deconvolution microscopy was performed during the first 3 h after imposition of S-W-sH or S-W-sT conditions. The spatial and temporal dynamics of β-actin-GFP motility and translocation during wound closure in HCAEC monolayers were analyzed under both conditions. Compared with HCAEC under S-W-sT conditions, our data show that HCAEC under S-W-sH conditions demonstrated greater β-actin-GFP motility, filament and clumping patterns, and filament arcs used during cellular attachment and detachment. These findings demonstrate intriguing patterns of β-actin organization and movement during wound closure in HCAEC exposed to physiological flow.     

Fluid shear stress stimulates breast cancer cells to display invasive and chemoresistant phenotypes while upregulating PLAU in a 3D bioreactor

Breast cancer cells experience a range of shear stresses in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However most current in vitro three-dimensional (3D) models fail to systematically probe the effects of this biophysical stimuli on cancer cell metastasis, proliferation, and chemoresistance. To investigate the roles of shear stress within the mammary and lung pleural effusion TME, a bioreactor capable of applying shear stress to cells within a 3D extracellular matrix was designed and characterized. Breast cancer cells were encapsulated within an interpenetrating network hydrogel and subjected to shear stress of 5.4 dynes cm⁻² for 72 hr. Finite element modeling assessed shear stress profiles within the bioreactor. Cells exposed to shear stress had significantly higher cellular area and significantly lower circularity, indicating a motile phenotype. Stimulated cells were more proliferative than static controls and showed higher rates of chemoresistance to the anti-neoplastic drug paclitaxel. Fluid shear stress-induced significant upregulation of the PLAU gene and elevated urokinase activity was confirmed through zymography and activity assay. Overall, these results indicate that pulsatile shear stress promotes breast cancer cell proliferation, invasive potential, chemoresistance, and PLAU signaling.     

Mitosis and cytokinesis in subconfluent endothelial cells exposed to increasing levels of shear stress

An in vitro flow apparatus in combination with cultured endothelium was used to determine the effects of fluid-generated shear stress on cells undergoing mitosis and cytokinesis. Cell responses were recorded by time-lapse video microscopy under phase contrast or Hoffman modulation contrast optics. Completion of cell division in mitotic cells was dependent upon both the initial presence of intercellular attachments and the magnitude of fluid wall shear stress. In nonisolated populations, 95.3%, 69.5%, and 57.1% of the cells completed cell division as opposed to 66.6%, 20.4%, and 11.9% in the isolated cell groups at 2.8, 14.1, and 33 dynes/cm², respectively. Prestressing cells for 14 h prior to monitoring failed to increase retention of isolated mitotic cells. The presence of neighboring cells facilitated replication by providing an anchoring attachment or a luminal surface for completion of division. Cell detachment most commonly occurred at the onset of cytokinesis when substrate contact areas were minimal and focal contacts were absent. A comparison between no flow controls and shear stress specimens indicated no significant differences in transit times for mitosis and cytokinesis. Thus, subconfluent endothelial cells may be more susceptible to detachment during cell division due to increases in shear stress, the absence of intercellular attachments, and reduced cell-substrate contacts. © 1994 wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Fibroblast growth factor-2 binding to the endothelial basement membrane peaks at a physiologically relevant shear stress

Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) is produced and released by endothelial cells and binds to heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the endothelial basement membrane (BM), an important FGF2 storage reservoir. Experimental and computational models of FGF2 binding kinetics to both cells and BM under static conditions are well established in the literature but remain largely unexplored under flow. We now examine BM-FGF2 binding kinetics in fluid flow conditions. We hypothesized that FGF2 binding to the endothelial BM would decrease as fluid shear stress increased. To investigate this, BM-FGF2 equilibrium, associative, and dissociative bindings were measured at various shear stresses. Surprisingly, FGF2 binding increased up to a physiological arterial shear stress of 25 dynes/cm², after which it decreased to a level similar to the 1 dyne/cm² condition. Both BM-FGF2 dissociation and BM binding site availability increased with flow, while association remained constant. This suggests that force-dependent FGF2 equilibrium binding varies with shear stress due to a combination of an increase in binding site availability and FGF2 dissociation with flow. This improved understanding of BM-FGF2 binding with flow enriches current knowledge of FGF2 binding kinetics under physiologic conditions, which may contribute to improved growth factor therapy development.     

DNA microarray study on gene expression profiles in co-cultured endothelial and smooth muscle cells in response to 4- and 24-h shear stress

Shear stress, a major hemodynamic force acting on the vessel wall, plays an important role in physiological processes such as cell growth, differentiation, remodelling, metabolism, morphology, and gene expression. We investigated the effect of shear stress on gene expression profiles in co-cultured vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Human aortic ECs were cultured as a confluent monolayer on top of confluent human aortic SMCs, and the EC side of the co-culture was exposed to a laminar shear stress of 12 dyn/cm² for 4 or 24 h. After shearing, the ECs and SMCs were separated and RNA was extracted from the cells. The RNA samples were labelled and hybridized with cDNA array slides that contained 8694 genes. Statistical analysis showed that shear stress caused the differential expression (p ≤ 0.05) of a total of 1151 genes in ECs and SMCs. In the co-cultured ECs, shear stress caused the up-regulation of 403 genes and down-regulation of 470. In the co-cultured SMCs, shear stress caused the up-regulation of 152 genes and down-regulation of 126 genes. These results provide new information on the gene expression profile and its potential functional consequences in co-cultured ECs and SMCs exposed to a physiological level of laminar shear stress. Although the effects of shear stress on gene expression in monocultured and co-cultured EC are generally similar, the response of some genes to shear stress is opposite between these two types of culture (e.g., ICAM-1 is up-regulated in monoculture and down-regulated in co-culture), which strongly indicates that EC–SMC interactions affect EC responses to shear stress.