异氟醚对小鼠神经干细胞活力及内大麻素系统相关基因表达的影响

目的:探讨异氟醚对小鼠神经干细胞活力及内大麻素系统相关基因表达的影响。方法:给予体外培养的小鼠海马神经干细胞不同浓度异氟醚处理,实验分为对照组和异氟醚处理组(0.5ISO,1.0ISO),其中异氟醚组细胞分别给予0.5 MAC和1.0 MAC两个浓度的异氟醚处理2小时,对照组给予O_2处理2小时,随后检测细胞活力并提取细胞RNA检测其内源性大麻素受体1(Cannabinoid receptor1,CB1)、脂肪酰胺水解酶(Fatty acid amide hydrolase,FAAH)、单酰甘油脂肪酶(Monoacylglycerol lipase,MAGL)及二酰基甘油脂肪酶(Diacylglycerol lipase alpha,DAGLα)的mRNA表达的变化。结果:与对照组相比,(1)异氟醚处理明显抑制了体外培养神经干细胞的活力,且高浓度异氟醚抑制作用强于低浓度异氟醚;(2)异氟醚上调神经干细胞的内大麻素受体CB1 mRNA水平,且高浓度异氟醚作用强于低浓度异氟醚;(3)异氟醚促进神经干细胞FAAH和MAGL的mRNA表达而抑制DAGLα的mRNA表达,且高浓度异氟醚作用强于低浓度异氟醚。结论:异氟醚可能通过影响小鼠神经干细胞的内大麻素系统影响神经干细胞的活力。     

异氟烷对小鼠星型胶质细胞Sirt1和MAO-A基因表达的影响

目的:探讨异氟烷对小鼠星形胶质细胞Sirt1和MAO-A基因表达的影响。方法:给予体外培养的新生小鼠原代星形胶质细胞不同浓度异氟烷处理,实验分为对照组和异氟烷处理组(0.5ISO、1.0ISO、1.5ISO),其中异氟烷组细胞分别给予0.5 MAC、1.0MAC和1.5 MAC三个浓度的异氟烷处理2小时,对照组给予O_2处理2小时,然后提取细胞RNA和蛋白检测Sirt1和MAO-A的mRNA和蛋白表达变化。结果:与对照组相比,异氟烷下调小鼠星形胶质细胞的Sirt1和MAO-A mRNA和蛋白水平,异氟烷浓度越大下调越明显。结论:异氟烷可抑制小鼠星形胶质细胞的Sirt1和MAO-A基因表达。     

异氟醚预处理对小鼠全身缺氧损伤保护作用的量效关系

目的:探讨异氟醚预处理对小鼠耐受全身低氧损伤保护作用的浓度效应关系。方法:6-7wk健康雄性C57小鼠100只(n=20),分成5组:Iso0.5组、Iso1.0组、Iso1.5组、Iso2.0组分别吸入0.5%、1.0%、1.5%和2.0%异氟醚30min;对照组吸入相同时间的空气。预处理后洗脱30min,放入5%O2低氧环境中持续20min,记录在20min内小鼠的生存率和生存时间,测量存活小鼠复氧24h后脑,肺和心的组织含水量。结果:Iso1.0组(70%)和Iso1.5组(75%)的生存率分别与对照组(30%)相比,明显提高(P<0.05);Iso1.5组的生存率明显高于Iso2.0%组(44%()P<0.05);其余各组两两比较无统计学差异。Iso1.0组(17.87min)和Iso1.5组(17.93min)的平均生存时间分别与对照组(13.83min)相比(P<0.05),有显著性差异(P<0.05)。其余各组两两比较,差异不明显。结论:1.0%和1.5%异氟醚预处理可以产生较好的保护作用。     

异氟烷对小鼠神经干细胞BDNF/Caspase3 及Notch信号相关基因表达的影响

目的:探讨异氟烷对小鼠神经干细胞的BDNF、Caspase3及Notch信号相关基因表达的影响。方法:给予体外培养的新生小鼠海马神经干细胞不同浓度异氟烷处理,实验分为对照组和异氟烷处理组(ISO1.0,ISO1.5),其中异氟烷组细胞分别给予1.0MAC和1.5 MAC两个浓度的异氟烷处理2小时,对照组给予O_2处理2小时,随后置于培养箱正常培养24小时后收集细胞,提取细胞RNA检测BDNF,Caspase3及Notch相关基因(Notch2、Notch 3和Hes5)的m RNA水平变化。结果:与对照组相比,(1)异氟烷组小鼠神经干细胞的功能基因BDNF m RNA水平下调,凋亡相关基因Caspase3的m RNA水平上调;(2)异氟烷组神经干细胞的Notch2和Notch3受体m RNA表达下调,Notch信号通路靶基因Hes5的m RNA水平也明显下调;(3)异氟烷对神经干细胞的作用具有剂量依赖性,浓度越高对神经干细胞BDNF、Caspase3及Notch信号相关基因表达的影响越大。结论:异氟烷可能通过抑制小鼠神经干细胞的Notch信号通路,下调BDNF的m RNA表达,上调Caspase3的m RNA水平,影响神经干细胞的正常功能。     

海马Sirt1在高压氧预处理改善异氟醚诱导老龄小鼠认知功能障碍中的作用

摘要 目的：通过shRNA抑制沉默信息调节因子1（sirtuin 1,Sirt1）基因表达,研究Sirt1在高压氧预处理改善异氟醚（isoflurane,ISO）诱导小鼠认知功能障碍中的作用及其对小鼠海马BDNF、GDNF基因表达的影响。方法： 将64只C57雄性小鼠随机分为假手术组（Sham组）、高压氧组（HBO组）、异氟醚组（ISO组）、高压氧预处理+异氟醚组（HBO + ISO组）;以及对照组（NS组）、Sirt1抑制组（sh-Sirt1组）、对照+高压氧预处理组（NS + HBO组）和Sirt1抑制+高压氧预处理组（sh-Sirt1 + HBO组）,每组8只。经慢病毒转染以及ISO末次暴露24小时后进行认知功能测试（Morris水迷宫测试）,随后处死小鼠,利用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（RT-qPCR）检测海马BDNF和GDNF的mRNA表达情况。结果：（1）异氟醚可以导致明显的认知功能障碍,与Sham组相比,ISO组靶象限探索时间百分比显著减低（P<0.01）,ISO组小鼠海马BDNF和GDNF mRNA表达水平显著下降（P<0.01）。（2）高压氧预处理可以改善POCD小鼠的认知功能障碍,ISO + HBO组靶象限探索时间百分比显著高于ISO组（P<0.05）,ISO + HBO组小鼠海马BDNF（P<0.05）和GDNF（P<0.01）mRNA表达水平显著升高。（3）高压氧预处理可以显著增加POCD小鼠海马BDNF（P<0.01）和GDNF（P<0.05）mRNA表达水平,慢病毒介导shRNA靶向下调Sirt1可以逆转高压氧预处理对POCD小鼠海马BDNF（P<0.05）和GDNF（P<0.01）mRNA表达水平的改变。结论：高压氧预处理是治疗POCD的有效方法,Sirt1可能是POCD治疗的潜在分子靶点。     

利多卡因对异氟醚麻醉后大鼠海马组织炎症及认知功能的影响

目的:研究利多卡因对异氟醚麻醉后大鼠海马区炎症因子、神经活性物质及认知功能的影响。方法:60只老龄SD大鼠随机分为3组:异氟醚组、利多卡因+异氟醚组、对照组各20只,建立大鼠吸入麻醉模型。利多卡因+异氟醚组给予静脉注射利多卡因,其他组给予生理盐水作为对照。麻醉结束后24 h Morris水迷宫实验评价大鼠认知功能,ELISA法检测大鼠海马组织炎症因子和神经活性物质。结果:与对照组相比,异氟醚组Morris水迷宫逃避潜伏期延长(P0.05),平台象限停留时间及穿越平台次数减少(P0.05),海马组织TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平升高(P0.05),NT-3、NGF、BDNF水平降低(P0.05)。利多卡因明显缩短异氟醚麻醉大鼠的逃避潜伏期并增加其平台象限停留时间及穿越平台次数(P0.05),降低海马组织炎症水平(P0.05),升高神经活性物质水平(P0.05)。结论:利多卡因可明显缓解异氟醚麻醉后大鼠海马组织的炎症反应并升高海马组织神经活性物质水平,改善认知功能障碍。     

硫氢化钠对脊髓小脑共济失调3型小鼠海马MBP及学习记忆的影响

目的: 探讨硫氢化钠(NaHS)对脊髓小脑共济失调3型(SCA3)小鼠海马神经元髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)及学习记忆的影响及其治疗意义。方法: 随机挑选12只雄性正常野生型小鼠(WT)作为正常对照组(NC Group),然后将48只SCA3小鼠随机分为SCA3模型组(M Group)、低剂量小鼠组(NL Group,10 μmol/kg)、中剂量小鼠组(NM Group,50 μmol/kg)和高剂量小鼠组(NH Group,100 μmol/kg),每组12只,用药组每日腹腔注射一次,连续4周。通过Morris水迷宫比较不同剂量NaHS干预前后SCA3小鼠学习记忆能力的变化,分光光度法测定海马内硫化氢(H₂S)含量,免疫组化技术检测髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)的表达差异,并借助电镜观察各组小鼠神经元髓鞘形态学变化。 结果:与对照组小鼠比较,SCA3小鼠的学习记忆能力显著下降(P＜0.05),海马内H₂S含量降低(P＜0.05),有髓神经纤维MBP表达量也降低(P＜0.05),经过不同剂量的外源性NaHS治疗后,学习记忆能力有不同程度改善(P＜0.05);且SCA3小鼠海马H₂S和MBP含量也有不同程度提高(P＜0.05)。结论: 外源性NaHS可能通过提高SCA3小鼠大脑海马的H₂S含量和MBP含量增加,对神经元细胞产生一定的保护作用,进而提高SCA3小鼠的学习记忆能力,为寻求SCA3的治疗提供新的思路,同时为临床SCA3患者的营养支持及治疗提供方向。     

建立新生大鼠吸入麻醉模型及异氟醚对其海马凋亡的影响

目的:建立新生大鼠吸入麻醉模型并探讨吸入麻醉药异氟醚对其海马凋亡的影响。方法:Penlon Prima SP麻醉机、异氟醚挥发罐及自制带进出气口的麻醉小室。共55只7日龄的SD大鼠用于实验。将其中35只大鼠随机分为7组(n=5)。实验组(Ⅰ-Ⅵ组)异氟醚挥发罐刻度分别为0.125%,0.25%,0.5%,1%,1.5%,2%;新生大鼠置于自制密封麻醉小室内,分别通入含上述异氟醚浓度的混合气体。对照组(第Ⅶ组)给予未混合异氟醚的30%的氧气。将小室安放于37℃恒温箱内。调节气体流量2L/min。实验组于通入气体5,10,15,30,90,180,360 min(T1-7)时于小室出口处抽取10mL气体,采用气相色谱法测定麻醉小室内异氟醚浓度。于通入气体360 min(T7)自新生大鼠左心室采血行血气分析;另取SD大鼠20只,随机分为对照组(C组,n=10),1.5%异氟醚组(I组,n=10),按上述方法建立异氟醚吸入麻醉模型,麻醉结束后2h处死大鼠,采用免疫组织化学法观察C组和I组大鼠大脑海马区Active caspase-3的表达。结果:①麻醉小室出口异氟醚浓度(Y)与麻醉机挥发罐异氟醚浓度(X)的直线回归方程为Y=1.5472X-0.0575(r=0.9993)。②血气分析结果显示:Ⅰ-Ⅵ组与Ⅶ组血气分析组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。③免疫组化结果显示:与C组相比,I组大鼠海马Active caspase-3明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:通过麻醉机、异氟醚挥发罐及自制密封带进出气口的麻醉小室成功建立了新生大鼠异氟醚麻醉模型;为进一步研究异氟醚及相关吸入麻醉药对突触发生期的神经毒性提供了实验基础。     

大麻素Ⅰ型受体参与异氟醚预处理诱导的大鼠脑缺血耐受

目的:探讨大麻素Ⅰ型受体(CB1受体)是否参与异氟醚预处理诱导的大鼠脑缺血耐受.方法:48只雄性SD大鼠随机分为6组(n=8):假手术组SHAM:仅暴露颈总动脉,不结扎血管;对照组MCAO:阻塞大鼠大脑中动脉2h;异氟醚预处理组ISO:大鼠吸入异氟醚(1.5％)1 h/d,连续5d;溶剂+异氟醚预处理组(Vehicle+ISO)和CB1受体拮抗剂+异氟醚预处理组(AM251 +ISO):每日在吸入异氟醚前30 min分别给予溶剂(二甲基亚砜:Tween-80:生理盐水=1∶1∶18)3 mL/kg (ip)和AM251(i.p),连续5d;CB1受体拮抗剂组(AM251):每日腹腔注射(i.p.)AM251)1 mg/kg,连续5d.除SHAM组外其余各组均在最后一次预处理24h后行颈内动脉线栓法致大脑中动脉栓塞(2 h)模型,观察再灌注后24 h神经行为学评分,然后取大脑行2,3,5-氯化三苯四唑(TTC)染色以计算脑梗死容积百分比.结果:SHAM组神经行为学正常且未见梗死灶;ISO组和Vehicle+ISO组脑梗死体积百分比分别(29.3±4.2％)和(31.5±3.4)％,明显小于MCAO组、AM251组和AM251 +ISO组(P＜0.05);神经行为学评分ISO组(12.1±0.6)和Vehicle+ISO组(11.1±0.8)明显高于MCAO组(7.4±1.2)、AM251组(7.6±1.1)和AM251 +ISO组(8.6±1.2)(P＜0.05);而AM251组、AM251 +ISO组与MCAO组之间神经行为学评分和脑梗死体积百分比均无统计学意义.结论:CB1受体可能参与了异氟醚预处理诱导的大鼠脑缺血耐受.     

竹叶黄酮缓解异氟醚引起的老年大鼠认知功能障碍

研究竹叶黄酮对异氟醚吸入诱发老年大鼠神经细胞凋亡及认知功能障碍的影响.分离培养原代海马神经细胞,暴露于体积分数为2%异氟醚6 h后,分别给予50、80及100 mg/L竹叶黄酮处理,MTT法检测细胞增殖能力,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况.大鼠经吸入1.4%体积的异氟醚2 h后,分别于1~5 d连续腹腔注射25、50、100 mg/kg竹叶黄酮,于第6天进行水迷宫实验检测大鼠空间学习记忆能力,ELISA法检测海马组织匀浆中的Aβ1-42、TNF-α、INF-γ含量.结果发现,竹叶黄酮可显著促进海马神经细胞的增殖,并且抑制异氟醚所致的海马神经细胞凋亡.与异氟醚单独处理组相比较,各浓度竹叶黄酮可显著降低大鼠逃避潜伏期并增加大鼠过台次数,ELISA结果显示竹叶黄酮可显著抑制海马组织中Aβ1-42、TNF-α及INF-γ的表达.表明竹叶黄酮可增强大鼠抗炎能力,抑制海马组织中Aβ1-42的产生,从而抑制异氟醚所致的老年大鼠神经损伤及认知功能障碍.     

迷走神经切断和NK3受体拮抗剂干预在辣椒素诱导小鼠咳嗽中的作用

目的:观察右侧迷走神经切断及NK3受体拮抗剂对辣椒素诱导小鼠咳嗽的作用及其机制。方法:将48只小鼠随机分为4组,分别为:右侧迷走神经切断术组、右侧假手术组、SR 142801腹腔注射组和生理盐水对照组。辣椒素雾化制作小鼠咳嗽模型后,分别进行迷走神经切断术、假手术、SR142801腹腔注射及生理盐水腹腔注射,SR142801组及生理盐水对照组腹腔注射每日1次,连续7天。第8天计数各组所有小鼠咳嗽次数,检测所有小鼠肺组织中SP(substance P,P物质)、NKA(neurokinin A,神经肽A)、NKB(neurokinin B,神经肽B)表达水平。结果:右侧迷走神经切断组术后咳嗽次数[(6.92±1.78)次]较术前[(7.83±2.48)次]显著降低(P0.01),较假手术组[(7.58±2.43)次]降低(P0.05)。右侧迷走神经切断组术后SP、NKA、NKB水平较对照组显著降低(P0.05),SR 142810组干预后咳嗽次数[(8.67±1.37)次]较干预前[(8.33±2.15)次]无明显降低(P0.05)。SR 142801组腹腔注射后NKB[(8.32±0.86)pg/m L]较生理盐水对照组[(8.83±0.80)pg/m L]无明显降低(P0.05)。结论:迷走神经切断可以抑制辣椒素诱导的咳嗽,其机制主要与减少迷走神经相关神经肽SP、NKA、NKB的表达有关,而NK3受体拮抗剂SR142801对辣椒素诱导的咳嗽无明显抑制作用。     

Relationship of feline bispectral index to multiples of isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration

The study reported here was done to determine the relationship between bispectral index (BIS) values and minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) multiples of isoflurane in cats. Isoflurane MAC was determined using the tail-clamp method in eight domestic cats. Ten days later, the cats were anesthetized a second time with isoflurane at each of five MAC multiples administered in random order. Ventilation was controlled and, after a 20-min equilibration period at each MAC multiple of isoflurane, BIS data were collected for 5 min and the median BIS value calculated. Data from each isoflurane MAC multiple were compared using analysis of variance for repeated measures, and statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. The MAC of isoflurane (mean +/- 1 standard deviation) was 1.8% +/- 0.2%. BIS values at 0.5 MAC could not be recorded due to spontaneous movement in all eight cats. BIS values at 2.0 MAC were confounded by burst suppression in seven of the eight cats. Over the range of 0.8 to 1.5 MAC, BIS values decreased significantly with increasing end-tidal isoflurane concentrations. Mean (+/- 1 standard deviation) BIS measurements were 32 +/- 3 at 0.8 MAC, 20 +/- 4 at 1.0 MAC, and 5 +/- 3 at 1.5 MAC. Therefore, BIS values are inversely and linearly related to end-tidal isoflurane concentrations in anesthetized cats. However, the consistently low BIS values recorded in this study suggest that clinical BIS endpoints used to titrate anesthetic agents in humans may not be applicable to cats.     

乌灵菌粉水提物对MCAO小鼠海马结构及BDNF,GABA水平的影响

目的:探讨乌灵菌粉(xylaria nigripes,XN)水提物对脑缺血再灌注模型小鼠海马形态和高分子量神经丝蛋白(neurofilament high molecular weight,NF-H)表达以及脑源性神经营养因子(brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)和γ氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)的影响。方法:将32只昆明小鼠随机分为对照组(sham)、模型组(MCAO)和乌灵菌粉水提物低、高剂量组,即XN(L)和XN(H)。sham组进行假手术(皮肤切开,分离颈动脉),模型组(MCAO)及乌灵菌粉组进行大脑中动脉闭塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO),sham组和MCAO组术后即刻腹腔注射生理盐水,乌灵菌粉组则注射不同剂量的乌灵菌粉水提物(0.3 g/kg和0.6 g/kg),术后24 h,通过尼氏染色、免疫组化染色和酶联免疫吸附实验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,Elisa)分别观察海马结构和NF-H的表达情况以及BDNF和GABA水平。结果:(1)模型组小鼠海马出现大量的空洞样改变,细胞排列不整齐,XN(H)组空洞样改变减少;(2)模型组NF-H染色的积分光密度显著低于对照组和XN(H)组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);(3)Elisa检测显示,模型组海马BDNF和GABA水平显著低于对照组和XN(H)组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01),而且模型组与XN(L)组的GABA水平之间也存在显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:乌灵菌粉水提物对MCAO模型小鼠海马结构具有保护作用,这一作用可能与其调节GABA和BDNF水平有关。     

调节TREK1对小鼠海马神经干细胞增殖和BDNF表达的影响

目的:观察调节TWIK相关的K+通道1(TREK1)对小鼠海马神经干细胞增殖和脑源性神经营养因子(brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)表达的影响。方法:从孕10.5 d C57bl/6J小鼠胚胎海马中分离出神经干细胞并培养,待细胞达到70%～80%融合后,对细胞进行慢病毒干预,细胞分为sham组,Ctrl组(转染对照病毒),Plenti-TREK-1组(转染携带TREK1高表达载体病毒)和sh-TREK-1组(转染携带TREK1-shRNA病毒)。采用CCK-8法检测病毒干预后3天和7天各组神经干细胞的细胞活力,采用q RT-PCR检测病毒干预后7天各组神经干细胞TREK-1基因表达情况,并通过Elisa检测各组神经干细胞上清液BDNF表达水平。结果:与sham组相比较,(1)Plenti-TREK-1组TREK1基因表达上调,神经干细胞的神经球体积减小,细胞活力降低,细胞增殖减少,细胞上清BDNF水平下降;(2)sh-TREK-1组TREK1基因表达下调,神经干细胞的神经球体积增加,细胞活力增高,细胞增殖增加,细胞上清BDNF水平上调;(3)上述各项指标Ctrl组与sham组之间无统计学差异。结论:神经干细胞的增殖与TREK1通道密切相关,上调TREK-1可以抑制神经干细胞增殖及其BDNF的表达水平;下调TREK-1则可以促进神经干细胞增殖并上调其BDNF的表达水平。     

Isoflurane induces second window of preconditioning through upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat heart

The second window of preconditioning (SWOP) induced by inhalation of volatile anesthetics has been documented in the rat heart and is triggered by nitric oxide synthase (NOS), but involvement of NOS in the mediator phase of isoflurane-induced SWOP has not been demonstrated. We tested the hypothesis that isoflurane-induced SWOP is mediated through upregulation of inducible NOS (iNOS). Rats inhaled 0.75 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) isoflurane, 1.5 MAC isoflurane, or O2 for 2 h. After 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, the isolated heart was perfused with buffer and subjected to 30 min of ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion. Inhalation of 0.75 and 1.5 MAC isoflurane significantly limited infarct size after ischemia-reperfusion 24-72 h after isoflurane inhalation. The maximum effect was obtained 48 h after inhalation of 1.5 MAC isoflurane. Postischemic left ventricular function was improved only 48 h after inhalation of 1.5 MAC isoflurane. iNOS expression and activity in the heart were increased 24-72 h after inhalation of 1.5 MAC isoflurane; this increase was less pronounced after inhalation of 0.75 MAC isoflurane. A selective iNOS inhibitor, 1400W (10 microM), abolished iNOS activation and cardioprotection induced 48 h after inhalation of 1.5 MAC isoflurane. These results suggest that isoflurane inhalation induces SWOP after 24-72 h through overexpression and activation of iNOS in the rat heart.     

Effects of Methadone on the Minimum Anesthetic Concentration of Isoflurane,and Its Effects on Heart Rate,Blood Pressure and Ventilation during Isoflurane Anesthesia in Hens (Gallus gallus domesticus)

The aim of this study was to measure the temporal effects of intramuscular methadone administration on the minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in hens, and to evaluate the effects of the isoflurane-methadone combination on heart rate and rhythm, blood pressure and ventilation. Thirteen healthy adult hens weighing 1.7 ± 0.2 kg were used. The MAC of isoflurane was determined in each individual using the bracketing method. Subsequently, the reduction in isoflurane MAC produced by methadone (3 or 6 mg kg^-1, IM) was determined by the up-and-down method. Stimulation was applied at 15 and 30 minutes, and at 45 minutes if the bird had not moved at 30 minutes. Isoflurane MAC reduction was calculated at each time point using logistic regression. After a washout period, birds were anesthetized with isoflurane and methadone, 6 mg kg^-1 IM was administered. Heart rate and rhythm, respiratory rate, blood gas values and invasive blood pressure were measured at 1.0 and 0.7 isoflurane MAC, and during 45 minutes after administration of methadone once birds were anesthetized with 0.7 isoflurane MAC. Fifteen minutes after administration of 3 mg kg^-1 of methadone, isoflurane MAC was reduced by 2 (-9 to 13)% [logistic regression estimate (95% Wald confidence interval)]. Administration of 6 mg kg^-1 of methadone decreased isoflurane MAC by 29 (11 to 46)%, 27 (-3 to 56)% and 10 (-8 to 28)% after 15, 30 and 45 minutes, respectively. Methadone (6 mg kg^-1) induced atrioventricular block in three animals and ventricular premature contractions in two. Methadone caused an increase in arterial blood pressure and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, while heart rate and pH decreased. Methadone, 6 mg kg^-1 IM significantly reduced isoflurane MAC by 30% in hens 15 minutes after administration. At this dose, methadone caused mild respiratory acidosis and increase in systemic blood pressure.     

Pre-treatment with isoflurane ameliorates renal ischemic-reperfusion injury in mice

AimsPerioperative renal dysfunction is associated with a high mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate whether isoflurane preconditioning provides a protection against renal ischemic–reperfusion injury and whether hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) is responsible for the protection afforded by isoflurane in mice.Main methodsAdult male C57BL/6 mice received vehicle (PBS), scrambled siRNA or HIF-1α siRNA via hydrodynamic injection through tail vein. Twenty-four hours after injection, they were exposed to 1.5% isoflurane in oxygen enriched air for 2 h while controls without injection were exposed to oxygen enriched air. Twenty-four hours after gas exposure, mice were sacrificed and their kidney were harvested for western blot while other cohorts underwent renal ischemia–reperfusion injury induced by bilateral renal pedicle clamping for 25 min for renal histological or functional analysis 24 h after reperfusion or by unilateral clamping for 40 min for survival rate analysis.Key findingsSurvival rate and the expression of HIF-1α and erythropoietin were significantly increased while apoptosis, renal tubule score, blood plasma creatinine and urea were decreased by isoflurane preconditioning. HIF-1α siRNA but not scrambled siRNA injection abrogated the protective effect of isoflurane preconditioning.SignificanceOur data suggested that isoflurane preconditioning provided a protection against renal ischemic–reperfusion injury which is very likely due to hypoxia inducible factor-1α upregulation.     

高压氧预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及对其海马BDNF和GDNF基因表达的影响

目的:探讨高压氧预处理(Hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning, HBO-PC)对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及对其海马脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF)、胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(glialcellline-derivedneurotrophicfactor,GDNF)基因表达的影响。方法:将32只SD雄性大鼠随机分为对照组(Sham组)、高压氧对照组(HBO组)、模型组(MCAO组)、高压氧预处理+模型组(HBO+MCAO组),对HBO组和HBO+MCAO组连续给予高压氧预处理5天,随后对MCAO组和HBO+MCAO组进行右侧颈内动脉栓线术,建立大脑中动脉闭塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO)模型,其他两组行假手术,于术后第7天对各组大鼠进行Morris水迷宫行为学检测和神经功能评分,检测结束后处死大鼠,进行神经功能缺损评分及氯化三苯基四氮唑(2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride, TTC)染色;通过蛋白免疫印迹法(Western Blot)检测大鼠海马组织BDNF和GDNF的基因表达情况。结果:(1)神经功能评分提示:Sham组和HBO组均未出现神经功能障碍,MCAO组大鼠出现明显的神经功能障碍,MCAO+HBO组神经功能评分明显高于MCAO组(P0.05)。(2)TTC检测提示:Sham组和HBO组脑组织损伤一侧均未出现梗死灶,MCAO组出现较大的梗死面积比(25.45±8.75)%,MCAO+HBO组的梗死面积比(18.84±10.55)显著小于MCAO组,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05)。(3)Western Blot检测显示:MCAO组BDNF与GDNF基因表达水平显著低于Sham组和HBO组,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05),而MCAO+HBO组可以逆转这一效应,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论:高压氧预处理可以通过调节BDNF、GDNF基因表达,改善MCAO模型大鼠神经功能和认知水平,发挥神经保护作用。