日本七鳃鳗胚胎发育及卵黄囊期仔鱼的异速生长

通过观察日本七鳃鳗Lampetra japonica (Martens, 1868)胚胎外部形态和内部组织结构变化, 描述受精卵从卵裂至器官形成以及仔鱼孵出的发育阶段, 采用实验生态学方法研究卵黄囊期仔鱼的异速生长模式。结果表明: 日本七鳃鳗卵子为乳白色, 呈卵圆形; 受精卵卵裂方式为全卵裂; 胚胎发育过程主要包括卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、头凸期、孵出前期和孵出期, 历时11—12d; 初孵仔鱼为乳白色, 全长约(3.41±0.24) mm, 体质量约为0.0006 g。日本七鳃鳗胚胎发育研究可为了解七鳃鳗胚胎发育过程, 早期脊椎动物的起源和发育进化研究提供参考。卵黄囊期内仔鱼身体各部分中, 头长和尾长均表现出快速生长, 同在7 日龄出现生长拐点, 且生长拐点后的生长速率都大于生长拐点前的生长速率; 而仔鱼体长在卵黄囊期内表现出慢速生长。在头部器官中, 吻长、鳃前长和鳃长均表现出快速生长现象, 吻长和鳃长分别在9日龄和8日龄出现生长拐点; 口笠长在3日龄时出现生长拐点, 在生长拐点前为等速生长, 而在生长拐点后表现出快速生长; 眼径和眼鳃间距则分别表现出等速生长和慢速生长。泄殖孔在卵黄囊期内未出现生长拐点, 生长速率相对于全长生长速率表现出快速生长现象。七鳃鳗卵黄囊期仔鱼的异速生长是在长期进化过程中, 适应早期生活环境和独特的生活方式而形成特有的发育机制。     

日本鬼鲉胚胎发育及仔、稚鱼形态学观察

对日本鬼鲉的胚胎及仔稚鱼形态发育进行观察,描述了各发育时期的发育时序和形态特征。日本鬼鲉的受精卵呈正圆球形,无色透明,无油球,平均卵径为(1.42±0.04)mm,呈浮性。在水温(22±0.5)℃,盐度31‰的条件下,历时约52h10min完成孵化。初孵仔鱼全长(3.04±0.13)mm,卵黄囊长(2.23±0.08)mm,卵黄囊高为(1.65±0.06)mm,在(21±0.5)℃水温下,仔鱼孵化后3d内营内源性营养(卵黄囊仔鱼),第4天卵黄囊完全消失,开口摄食轮虫。13d全长(7.12±0.35)mm,背鳍鳍条出现进入稚鱼早期,15d全长(7.92±0.61)mm鱼体及各鳍开始出现金黄色斑纹,25d全长(13.66±0.55)mm,整个鱼体呈黄褐色,完成变态进入幼鱼期,开始营底栖生活。同时观察了自胚胎发育至幼鱼期鱼苗体表色素分布的变化及其器官发育的形态变化。     

美洲鲥胚胎及仔稚鱼的发育

对美洲鲥(Alosa sapidissima)早期生活史阶段的生长发育特征进行了观察和测量, 描述了胚胎和仔、稚鱼的生长发育特征。美洲鲥受精卵球形、无油球, 为沉性卵, 卵径2.85-3.28 mm。在水温20.3℃-21.9℃孵化条件下, 经过82h 孵化出膜, 根据其胚胎发育过程的形态特征, 胚胎发育分为受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官形成期和出膜期7 个发育阶段。美洲鲥初孵仔鱼全长为(8.56±0.36) mm, 其卵黄囊体积为(4.57±0.77) mm3。1 日龄仔鱼脑部发育明显, 口张开, 肛门开通, 胸鳍形成。2 日龄仔鱼卵黄囊体积(0.71±0.23)mm3, 只有刚孵化的15.54%。3 日龄仔鱼经过1d 的混合营养期, 卵黄被完全吸收, 4 日龄仔鱼完全营外源性营养, 卵黄囊的体积(V)随孵化时间(h)的变化方程为V=4.1583e?0.0356h(R2=0.9901)。此后, 背鳍鳍条、尾鳍鳍条、臀鳍鳍条和腹鳍鳍条相继在晚期仔鱼出现, 9 日龄仔鱼尾椎开始弯曲, 21 日龄仔鱼尾椎弯曲完成。27 日龄鱼鳞开始形成, 到33 日龄稚鱼全身披鳞, 个体发育进入幼鱼期, 仔稚鱼期间的生长模型方程为: TL=0.0049D2+0.5091D+9.2578 (R2=0.9885, TL 为全长, D 为日龄)。       

瓦氏黄颡鱼的胚后发育观察

2002年5~6月,在四川省泸州市、合江县分数批收集到长江野生瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrusvachelli)亲本,通过人工催产、人工授精获得受精卵,对其胚后发育过程进行了观察。瓦氏黄颡鱼的胚后发育过程可以分为卵黄囊仔鱼、晚期仔鱼和幼鱼3个阶段。初孵仔鱼淡黄色,肌节40对,平均全长5.2mm。水温20~22℃时,孵出后第3d口张开;第7d开始摄食;第9d卵黄吸尽,此时鱼苗平均全长12mm,卵黄囊仔鱼阶段结束。晚期仔鱼阶段的仔鱼,胸鳍、尾鳍、臀鳍、背鳍、腹鳍先后发育,至鳍褶消失时晚期仔鱼阶段结束。经过30d的生长和发育,进入幼鱼阶段;此时平均全长达37mm,其形态特征和生态习性均与成鱼相似。     

微流水培养条件下斑鳜仔鱼的摄食与生长

在孵化环道连续微流水培养、水温(24±2)℃条件下,斑鳜(Siniperca scherzeri Steindachner)初孵仔鱼全长为(4.87±0.10)mm(n=50),卵黄囊体积为(1.461±0.172)mm3(n=50),油球直径为(0.47±0.04)mm(n=50).仔鱼孵出12h,胸鳍增大,具有一定阵发性水平游动能力,1日龄巡游模式建立;2日龄口膜消失,开始主动摄食,进入混合营养期,3 日龄外源性摄食关系完全建立.5日龄仔鱼的卵黄和油球全部消失.进入外源营养期;15日龄全长达到(13.72±0.76)mm(n=12).仔鱼发育过程中,其全长生长存在内源性营养阶段的较快速生长,混合营养阶段的慢速生长以及外源性营养阶段的快速生长三个生长期相,平均增长率为0.59 mm/d,对仔鱼全长TL(mm)与日龄D(d)进行同归,其生长模型为:TL=-0.0004D3+0.0283D2+0.2159D + 4.9335(R2=0.985,n=261).2-15 日龄,口宽与全长呈正比关系.仔鱼从初孵到PNR仅为5-6d,具有摄食能力的时间4d,仔鱼依赖外源性营养开始时间较早,对饥饿的耐受力较差.     

拟赤梢鱼的胚胎发育和仔稚鱼生长特性观察

为阐明拟赤梢鱼(Pseudaspius leptocephalus)胚胎发育和仔稚鱼发育特点, 采用人工催产的方式获得受精卵, 观察分析了拟赤梢鱼胚胎发育和仔稚发育的时序特征。结果表明: 拟赤梢鱼成熟卵粒为黄色圆球形, 平均卵径为(1.77±0.20) mm, 遇水具微黏性; 在水温23℃条件下, 胚胎发育经历合子期、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官形成期和孵化出膜期7个阶段26个时期, 共历时47h 55min完成孵化过程。初孵仔鱼在(23±1)℃水温条件下, 经历卵黄囊期仔鱼(0—7d)、晚期仔鱼(8—26d)和稚鱼期(27—31d), 进入幼鱼期; 卵黄囊期仔鱼游泳能力差, 随着卵黄囊逐渐消耗, 体表色素斑、胸鳍和尾鳍等逐渐形成, 消化道贯通, 鳔充气; 晚期仔鱼卵黄囊完全消失, 仔鱼游泳能力增强, 开口摄食, 腹鳍形成, 皮肤透明; 稚鱼期鳞片形成并覆盖全身, 鱼体形态已逐渐与成鱼无异。拟赤梢鱼仔稚鱼阶段全长生长特性公式为TL=0.0125x2+0.3579x+6.2058 (R2=0.9953), 出膜15d内, 仔鱼生长速度缓慢, 全长日生长率仅为(0.38±0.02) mm/d, 15d后, 仔鱼生长速度变快, 全长日生长率可达(1.24±0.09) mm/d。研究初步阐明了拟赤梢鱼的胚胎发育和仔稚鱼发育的时序特征, 为拟赤梢鱼的苗种规模化繁育提供了理论基础。     

赤水河四川华吸鳅的早期发育

四川华吸鳅Sinogastromyzon szechuanensis为长江上游特有鱼类.为了积累其生物学资料,为相关的保护措施提供参考,于2009年通过人工授精获得四川华吸鳅受精卵,对其胚胎和仔鱼的发育过程进行了观察和描述.四川华吸鳅的受精卵呈浅黄色,卵膜径较小(1.85 mm±0.23 mm),具粘性.在水温26.3~27.8℃下,胚体经历22 h 34 min发育成仔鱼出膜;初孵仔鱼全长4.39 mm±0.21 mm,肌节37对;日龄4 d时,卵黄囊吸收完毕,进入外营养期;日龄65 d时,鳞片长齐,进入幼鱼期.整个早期发育过程历时65 d 22 h 34 min.     

半滑舌鳎仔鱼的摄食与生长

在水温23.4-24.0℃、盐度33.00、pH7.78-8.02的培养条件下,半滑舌鳎初孵仔鱼全长为3.55±0.161mm(n=60),依照公式4/3π.R/2.(r/2)2计算其卵黄囊体积为0.606±0.106mm3(n=60)。1日龄仔鱼,全长为4.99±0.211mm(n=10),卵黄囊体积较初孵仔鱼缩小近10倍,约为0.066±0.008mm3(n=10);2日龄,仔鱼的巡游模式建立,仔鱼全长为5.61±0.069mm,卵黄囊体积为0.030±0.002mm3(n=10),口初开;2.5日龄,口完全裂开,口裂0.24±0.024mm(n=10),仔鱼进入摄食期;3日龄,仔鱼的外源性摄食关系初步建立;4日龄,仔鱼的摄食率达100%,完成了内源性营养向外源性营养的转换;5日龄,仔鱼的卵黄完全被吸收,仅剩聚成一团的小油球,仔鱼的混合营养期持续2.5天时间;21日龄,稚鱼全长为12.96±0.611mm(n=11),仍有40%的个体残余的油球还没有完全被吸收,其体积仅为0.0000005±0.000003mm3(n=11)。仔鱼发育过程中,其长度的生长存在内源性营养阶段的快速生长、混合营养阶段的慢速生长以及饥饿期间的负生长三个生长期相,平均增长率为0.45mm/d,依照TL=aD3 bD2 cD d方程式对仔鱼的全长与日龄进行回归,其生长模型为TL(mm)=0.0026D3-0.0704D2 0.7993D 3.55(R2=0.9811,n=324)。仔鱼耐受饥饿的时间临界点发生在孵化后第10天(即9日龄)。仔鱼具有摄食能力的时间约6天,不可逆转饥饿期的时间约3天。残余的油球较长时间的存在,相对地延长了仔鱼混合营养期的时间,对仔鱼的发育、生长和存活有着至关重要的作用。5-20日龄的个体都具有胸角这个明显的形态学特征,只是饥饿个体和不可逆转饥饿期个体的胸角比摄食个体更为明显和尖锐,胸角不能作为区分健康仔鱼和饥饿仔鱼的形态学依据之一[动物学报51(6)1023-1033,2005]。     

鸭绿江唇仔、稚鱼形态发育与早期生长

通过观察、拍照和测量的方法对鸭绿江唇(Hemibarbus labeo)仔、稚鱼的形态发育和早期生长进行了研究。结果表明:在19.6—25.8℃的试验条件下,唇初孵化仔鱼全长为(7.92±0.29)mm,2日龄头部两侧出现感觉芽;3日龄鳔一室原基形成,5日龄红色的脾出现,且仔鱼开口;7日龄卵黄囊吸收完毕,9日龄脊索末端开始向上弯曲;10日龄鳔二室形成,14日龄脊索弯曲完成,尾鳍边缘开始内凹;32日龄鳞片开始出现在鳃盖后缘的体表,同时各鳍发育完全,个体发育进入稚鱼期,43日龄全身被鳞,个体发育进入幼鱼期。根据卵黄囊、脊索和鳞片的变化,唇胚后发育可细分为卵黄囊期(0—6日龄)、弯曲前期(7—9日龄)、弯曲期(10—14日龄)、弯曲后期(15—32日龄)和稚鱼期(33—43日龄)。试验期间,全长和体质量的特定生长率分别为3.32%和12.16%;卵黄囊体积(V)与日龄(d)的关系为V=0.0048d3–0.0309d2–0.1240d+0.8453(R2=0.8933);全长(LT)、体质量(W)与日龄均为指数函数关系,相关方程分别为:LT=8.3821e0.0329d(R2=0.9586),W=0.0048e0.0969d(R2=0.9463);头长(LH)、体高(HB)的生长方程分别为:LH=–6E–05d3+0.002d2+0.1733d+0.7862(R2=0.9577),HB=–5E–05d3+0.0039d2+0.017d+0.9389(R2=0.9621)。     

北极茴鱼胚胎及仔鱼发育

研究对人工繁殖的北极茴鱼(Thymallus arcticus grubei)胚胎发育开展系统观察,记录分析其胚胎及仔鱼发育各时期的形态特征,旨在为北极茴鱼的人工繁育和种质资源保护提供必要的基础数据。结果显示,北极茴鱼受精卵呈圆球形,金黄色,沉性卵,未吸水卵径(2.46±0.14) mm,吸水卵径(3.14±0.18) mm,卵黄质内有多个油球。油球的数量和空间分布在胚胎发育过程中发生了规律性变化。在孵化水温(11.06±0.72)℃,溶氧8.3—9.8 mg/L条件下,历时301h完成整个胚胎发育过程,所需积温为3384.84h·℃,经历合子期、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官形成期和孵化出膜7个阶段,共26个时期。北极茴鱼仔鱼尾鳍、胸鳍的分化和眼色素沉积在受精卵胚胎发育后期就已经完成,背鳍、腹鳍、臀鳍和脂鳍等在胚后发育过程中相继分化。其初孵仔鱼平均全长为(9.33±0.35) mm,仔鱼卵黄囊呈圆球形, 18日龄时卵黄囊和油球被完全消耗。其早期发育阶段(0—16日龄)的生长特性符合公式:y=0.0005x⁴–0.0201x³+0....     

Allometric growth and larval development in Pacific red snapper Lutjanus peru under culture conditions

Allometric growth is a common feature during fish larval development. It has been proposed as a growth strategy to prioritize the development of body segments related to primordial functions like feeding and swimming to increase the probability of survival during this critical period. In the present study we evaluated the allometric growth patterns of body segments associated to swimming and feeding during the larval stages of Pacific red snapper Lutjanus peru. The larvae were kept under intensive culture conditions and sampled every day from hatching until day 33 after hatching. Each larva was classified according to its developmental stage into yolk-sac larva, preflexion larva, flexion larva or postflexion larva, measured and the allometric growth coefficient of different body segments was evaluated using the potential model. Based on the results we can infer the presence of different ontogenetic priorities during the first developmental stages associated with vital functions like swimming during the yolk-sac stage [total length (TL) interval = 2.27–3.005 mm] and feeding during the preflexion stage (TL interval = 3.007–5.60 mm) by promoting the accelerated growth of tail (post anal) and head, respectively. In the flexion stage (TL interval = 5.61–7.62 mm) a change in growth coefficients of most body segments compared to the previous stage was detected, suggesting a shift in growth priorities. Finally, in the postflexion stage (TL interval = 7.60–15.48 mm) a clear tendency to isometry in most body segments was observed, suggesting that growth priorities have been fulfilled and the larvae will initiate with the transformation into a juvenile. These results provide a framework of the larval growth of L. peru in culture conditions which can be useful for comparative studies with other species or in aquaculture to evaluate the changes in larval growth due to new conditions or feeding protocols.     

Early development of New Zealand hapuku Polyprion oxygeneios eggs and larvae

This study describes for the first time the normal development of New Zealand hapuku Polyprion oxygeneios embryos and larvae reared from fertilization to 11 days post-hatch (dph) at a constant temperature. Fertilized eggs were obtained from natural spawnings from communally reared captive wild broodstock. Eggs averaged 2 mm in diameter and had single or multiple oil globules. Embryos developed following the main fish embryological stages and required an average of 1859·50 degree hours post-fertilization (dhpf) to hatch. The newly hatched larvae (4·86 mm mean total length, L(T) ) were undifferentiated, with unpigmented eyes, a single and simple alimentary tube and a finfold that covered the entire body. Larvae relied on the energy from the yolk-sac reserves until 11 dph (7·33 mm mean L(T) ), when yolk-sac reabsorption was almost completed. Some of the major developmental stages from hatching to yolk-sac reabsorption were eye pigmentation (5 dph), upper jaw formation (7 dph), lower jaw formation (8 dph) and mouth opening (8-9 dph). By 9 dph, the digestive system consisted of pancreas, liver, primordial stomach, anterior and posterior gut; therefore, P. oxygeneios larvae would be capable of feeding on live prey. The developmental, morphological and histological data described constitutes essential baseline information on P. oxygeneios biology and normal development.     

Embryogenesis and larval development of migratory matrinchã Brycon orthotaenia Günther 1864 (Characiformes: Bryconidae)

The present study aimed to characterize the embryogenesis and larval development of matrinchã (Brycon orthotaenia), through the analysis of egg and larval morphology. Fertilized eggs had a mean diameter of 1.17 mm, with yolk occupying most of the egg (1.06 mm). Embryogenesis lasted for 15 hr at an average temperature of 27°C. At hatching, yolk-sac larvae measured 3.67 mm in mean standard length (SL). Pre-flexion, flexion and post-flexion larva had 5.01, 8.24 and 11.88 mm mean SL, respectively, with significant increases observed particularly in head length, head height, and eye diameter. The yolk persisted in the yolk-sac and pre-flexion stages (5.96 mm SL). The mouth opening could first be observed 13 hr after hatching, and cannibalism was observed 29 hr after hatching in pre-flexion larvae after absorption of the yolk sac; in such cases, the larvae had already developed teeth and a complete digestive tract. For an endangered species such as matrinchã, early life history studies are important because they provide researchers with a better understanding of critical stages of development and thus enhance captive management by rearing and restocking of the species.     

Shift of Chloride Cell Distribution during Early Life Stages in Seawater-Adapted Killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus

The shift of chloride cell distribution was investigated during early life stages of seawater-adapted killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). Chloride cells were detected by immunocytochemistry with an an-tiserum specific for Na(+), K(+)-ATPase in whole-mount preparations and paraffin sections. Chloride cells first appeared in the yolk-sac membrane in the early embryonic stage, followed by their appearance in the body skin in the late embryonic stage. Immunoreactive chloride cells in the yolk-sac membrane and body skin often formed multicellular complexes, as evidenced by the presence of more than one nucleus. The principal site for chloride cell distribution shifted from the yolk-sac membrane and body skin during embryonic stages to the gill and opercular membrane in larval and later developmental stages. Our observations suggest that killifish embryos and newly-hatched larvae could maintain their ion balance through chloride cells present in the yolk-sac membrane and body skin until branchial and opercular chloride cells become functional.     

大麻哈鱼卵黄囊期仔鱼异速生长及其生态学意义

运用实验生态学的方法, 对大麻哈鱼(Oncorhynchus keta Walbaum)卵黄囊期仔鱼的异速生长及器官优先发育在早期生存和环境适应上的生态学意义进行了研究。结果表明, 大麻哈鱼卵黄囊期仔鱼的感觉、摄食, 呼吸和游泳等器官快速分化, 许多关键器官均存在异速生长现象。在身体各部分中, 头部和尾部为正异速生长, 躯干部为负异速生长, 体高有先增大后减小的趋势; 在头部器官中, 眼径、口宽、吻长和眼后头长均为正异速生长; 在游泳器官中, 胸鳍、腹鳍、背鳍、臀鳍、背鳍基、臀鳍基和尾鳍均为正异速生长, 脂鳍为负异速生长, 其中, 腹鳍在全长25.31 mm、12日龄出现生长拐点, 但拐点前后均为正异速生长。大麻哈鱼卵黄囊期仔鱼感觉、摄食, 呼吸和游泳等器官的快速发育, 使出膜后的仔鱼在最短的时间内获得了与早期生存密切相关的各种能力, 对适应复杂多变的外界环境具有重要的生态学意义。       

Kinetics and fates of ammonia, urea, and uric acid during oocyte maturation and ontogeny of the Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.)

Considering that amino acids constitute an important energy fuel during early life of the Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.), it is of interest to understand how the nitrogenous end products are handled. In this study we focused on the kinetics and fates of ammonia, urea and uric acid. The results showed that ammonia (T(Amm): NH(3)+NH(4)(+)), and urea-N contents increased during final oocyte maturation. Urea-N excretion dominated the total nitrogenous end product formation in early embryos. Later, yolk T(Amm) levels increased in embryos and ammonia excretion was low. In the last part of the embryonic stage T(Amm) accumulation dominated, and was apparently due to yolk storage. Around hatching, the larval body tissues (larva with yolk-sac removed) accounted for 68% of whole animal urea-N accumulation, while T(Amm) levels increased predominately by yolk accumulation. Afterwards, ammonia excretion dominated and uric acid accumulation accounted for less than 1%. Urea, synthesised either through the ornithine-urea cycle, argininolysis or uricolysis, accounted for approximately 8% of total nitrogenous end product formation in yolk-sac larvae. The results suggested that a sequence occurred regarding which nitrogenous end products dominated and how they were handled. Urea excretion dominated in early embryos (<7 dPF), followed by yolk ammonia accumulation (7-12 dPF), and finally, ammonia excretion dominated in later embryonic and yolk-sac larval stages (>12 dPF).