RNA干扰NF-κB p65对缺血再灌注损伤鼠肺NF-κB和TNF-α的影响

为了研究RNA干扰NF-κBp65对鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤肺组织中NF-κB、TNF-α表达的影响,并探讨减轻鼠肺损伤的保护机制。本研究构建了体外靶向NF-κBp65的短发夹RNA (short hairpin RNA, shRNA)重组表达载体,并采用QPCR检测NF-κBp65的沉默结果。供试的16只SD大鼠随机分为4组:假手术组4只、缺血再灌注+生理盐水组4只,缺血再灌注+NF-κBp65 sh RNA组4只,缺血再灌注+空载组4只,假手术组无缺血再灌注损伤,开胸游离左肺门180 min,缺血再灌注+生理盐水组左肺门阻断前术前24 h给予生理盐水处理,开胸游离左肺门,左肺缺血60 min,再灌注120 min,缺血再灌注+NF-κBp65 shRNA组左肺门阻断前术前24 h滴鼻给予NF-κB shRNA腺病毒(1×1010pfu, 100μL/只),开胸游离左肺门,左肺缺血60 min,再灌注120 min,缺血再灌注+空载组左肺门阻断前术前24 h滴鼻给予空载shRNA腺病毒(1×10~(10)pfu, 100μL/只),开胸游离左肺门,左肺缺血60 min,再灌注120 min。实验结束后每组分别留取左肺组织,留取左肺上叶肺组织测定肺湿/干重比(W/D),部分肺组织光镜下观察病理变化,ELISA法测量NF-κB和TNF-α的表达含量。研究结果表明:成功构建重组NF-κBp65载体,并获得稳定转染的NF-κBp65 shRNA细胞,与转染空载体的阴性对照组(negative control, NC)比较,NF-κBp65 sh RNA能明显使NF-κBp65基因沉默(p0.05),肺组织NF-κB、TNF-α的表达量及W/D值与假手术组比较,缺血再灌注+生理盐水组和缺血再灌注+空载组有明显升高(p0.05);而与缺血再和灌注+生理盐水组和缺血再灌注+空载组比较,缺血再灌注+NF-κBp65 shRNA组明显降低(p0.05),病理学检查表明:假手术组肺组织无明显的炎症损伤;缺血再灌注+NF-κBp65 shRNA组肺炎性损伤较缺血再灌注+生理盐水组和缺血再灌注+空载组明显减轻。本研究结果初步说明,RNA干扰NF-κBp65能明显减轻早期肺移植损伤,其机制可能与抑制NF-κB和TNF-α的表达从而减轻肺组织炎症损伤有关。     

缺血后处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤时TLR4 信号通路表达的影响

目的:观察缺血后处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后TLR4通路表达的影响。方法:成年健康雄性SD大鼠110只,随机分为假手术组(sham组)(n=10)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)和后处理组(IP组),后两组又依据缺血再灌注6h、12h、24h、48h、72h不同的时间点再分五个亚组。对各组行神经行为学评分,脑组织梗死体积测量,TUNEL技术检测神经细胞凋亡的情况,免疫组织化学技术观察各组大鼠脑组织TLR4、NF-κB和TNF-α蛋白的表达,原位杂交方法检测各组大鼠脑组织TLR4mRNA、NF-κBmRNA的表达。结果:缺血后处理可下调TLR4、NF-κB、TNF-α细胞炎性因子的表达,抑制细胞凋亡、减少脑梗死体积,改善神经行为。结论:后处理可通过抑制TLR4信号通路表达,减少脑梗死体积,改善神经功能。     

有氧运动加螺旋藻补充对2型糖尿病大鼠肾脏TLR4/NF-κB-p65的表达及炎性因子的影响

本文旨在研究有氧运动加螺旋藻补充对2型糖尿病大鼠肾脏TLR4/NF-κB-p65的表达及炎性因子的影响,以TLR4/NF-κB-p65炎症信号通路为靶点探讨运动加螺旋藻补充改善2型糖尿病大鼠肾脏损伤的可能机制。采用4周高脂饲料喂养和低剂量STZ腹腔注射的方法建立2型糖尿病大鼠实验模型,成模后将大鼠随机分为糖尿病安静对照组(DM)、糖尿病运动组(DE)、糖尿病+螺旋藻组(DS)、糖尿病运动+螺旋藻组(DES),另设正常安静对照组(NC)。运动方式采用8周的无负重游泳训练。实验末,测随机血糖、微量白蛋白、肾脏测TNF-α、TLR4和NF-κB-p65蛋白表达,并采用光镜观察肾脏微细结构的改变。结果表明:(1)光镜下可见DE组、DS组和DES组大鼠肾小球毛细血管袢面积增加;肾小管扩张、上皮细胞空洞变性、细胞聚集增加和炎症细胞稍浸润等病理变化均较DM组有所改善。(2)DE组、DS组和DES组大鼠的血糖浓度、尿微量白蛋白含量均较DM组降低(P0.05或P0.01);与DES组比较,DE组和DS组的血糖浓度、尿微量白蛋白含量均升高明显(P0.05或P0.01)。(3)DE组、DS组和DES组大鼠肾脏TNF-α、TLR4和NF-κB-p65蛋白表达均明显降低,与DM组比较,差异均呈显著性(P0.01);与DES组比较,DE组和DS组的肾脏TNF-α、TLR4和NF-κB-p65蛋白表达明显增加(P0.05或P0.01)。因此,有氧运动、螺旋藻及两者联合使用有降低2型糖尿病大鼠血糖,改善肾功能,减轻肾脏损害的功效,但两者联合使用效果要好于单独使用,其机制可能与有氧运动联合螺旋藻降低TLR4/NF-κB-p65信号蛋白表达发挥抗炎作用的效果要好于单纯的有氧运动或螺旋藻使用。     

右美托咪定对大鼠不同时间脑缺血再灌注损伤保护作用

为了研究右美托咪定对大鼠不同时间脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响,探讨对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的最佳时间,本研究将7～8周的SPF级雄性SD大鼠80只(体质量(120±10) g)随机分为8组(每组10只):假手术组(Sham组)、缺血再灌注损伤(Zea-Longa法MCAO模型)对照组(IR组)、缺血再灌注损伤+生理盐水组(IR+NS组),其余5组为不同时间缺血再灌注损伤+右美托咪定(不同时间IR+Dex组),这5组分别于缺血后10 min、30min、1 h、2h、3 h恢复脑部血流,同时输注浓度为1.0μg/kg的右美托咪定,输注时间均为1 h。于缺血再灌注后分别用平衡木法测定各组大鼠的的运动功能。ELISA检测各组大鼠脑组织中的NF-κB、TNF-α以及炎症因子IL-1β。RT-qPCR检测糖基化终末产物受体(RAGE)和Toll样受体4 (TLR4) mRNA的水平。Sham组大鼠运动功能没有受影响,IR组与IR+NS组大鼠运动功能明显低于IR+Dex组,有极显著性差异(p0.01),但是IR+Dex各组的大鼠运动功能也各有差异:10 min IR+Dex组和30 min IR+Dex组与Sham组并没有统计学差异。1h、2h和3 h IR+Dex组大鼠的运动功能与严重下降。IR组与IR+NS组RAGE和TLR4mRNA表达均显著高于Sham组和IR+Dex各组(p0.05),而IR+Dex各组中,缺血再灌注损伤时间越长,表达越高(p0.05)。IR组、IR+NS组和IR+Dex各组大鼠血清NF-κB、TNF-α和IL-1β水平均显著高于Sham组,但IR+Dex各组NF-κB、TNF-α和IL-1β的水平显著低于IR组、IR+NS组(p0.05)。本研究表明,右美托咪定对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,但受时间限制,脑缺血再灌注损伤的时间越长,其保护作用越弱。     

乳源性复合益生菌对糖尿病大鼠肾组织 TLR2、TLR4/NFκB信号通路的影响

目的研究乳源性复合益生菌对糖尿病大鼠肾组织Toll样受体2(TLR2)、Toll样受体4(TLR4)、核转录因子κB(NFκB)表达的影响。方法将高脂饮食和链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的糖尿病SD大鼠模型随机分为模型组、二甲双胍组、利拉鲁肽组、复合益生菌低剂量组和复合益生菌高剂量组,正常SD大鼠为对照组,每组8只。血糖仪检测不同时段血糖值,ELISA法检测糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)含量,生化仪检测大鼠尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Scr)、24 h尿蛋白定量(24h Alb)的变化,HE染色观察肾脏组织形态,qPCR法检测肾组织TLR2、TLR4的mRNA的表达以及Western blot检测TLR2、NFκBpp65蛋白表达量。结果与模型组相比,复合益生菌组大鼠HbA1c、BUN、Scr及24h Alb水平明显下降,并且复合益生菌能够明显改善肾脏的组织形态,显著降低TLR2、TLR4的mRNA的表达和TLR2、NFκBpp65蛋白表达量。结论复合益生菌可显著改善糖尿病大鼠早期肾脏损害,其机制与部分抑制糖尿病大鼠肾组织中TLR2、TLR4/NFκB信号通路有关。     

TLR2促进大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤中的炎症反应和氧化应激

目的:探究肾缺血再灌注损伤对Toll样受体2(Toll-like receptors 2, TLR2)信号路径的影响,以及TLR2在肾缺血灌注中的作用。方法:将21只Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组(Sham)、肾缺血再灌注模型组(I/R)和T2.5处理组(T2.5)。缺血再灌注24小时后,采集心脏血和左肾组织。对肾组织进行病理学分析,采用试剂盒检测血清肌酐(Cr)和血尿素氮(BUN)水平,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)和免疫印迹分析(Western blot)检测肾组织炎症和氧化应激变化。结果:与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠肾组织出现明显损伤,T2.5处理能有效改善肾组织损伤,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠血清Cr、BUN水平显著上升,而T2.5能显著抑制血清Cr、BUN升高、减轻肾损伤(P0.05)。与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠肾组织TLR2、TLR4相对表达量显著上升,T2.5能显著抑制肾组织TLR2、TLR4的升高,调节TLR信号通路(P0.05)。与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠的NF-k B表达及磷酸化水平显著上升(P0.05),T2.5能够显著下调I/R大鼠的NF-kB磷酸化水平(P0.05),对NF-kB的表达则无明显影响(P0.05)。与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠肾组织中促炎因子IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α的浓度均显著上升(P0.05),T2.5能通过显著下调IL-6和IL-1β水平来改善I/R大鼠的炎症水平(P0.05),但对TNF-α的水平无明显影响(P0.05)。与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠的SOD活力显著下降,T2.5能显著逆转该下降趋势(P0.05);而模型组大鼠的MDA活力显著上升(P0.05),T2.5处理对I/R大鼠的MDA活力无明显影响(P0.05)。结论:TLR2在缺血再灌注损伤中促进了炎症反应和氧化应激,其机制与激活TLR信号路径,促进NF-kB磷酸化,进一步调节促炎因子的释放和抗氧化酶的活性有关。     

大鼠海马神经元TLR4介导的MyD88依赖途径在神经炎症中的作用

目的:研究大鼠海马神经元是否有Toll样受体4(TLR4)介导的的髓样分化因子88(MyD88)依赖途径及该途径的激活在神经炎症中的作用。方法:采用体外培养7 d的新生大鼠海马神经元,细胞免疫荧光双标法鉴定海马神经元纯度。用TLR4配体脂多糖(LPS)或TLR4抗体预处理海马神经元,以激活或阻断TLR4的作用。实时定量PCR(RT-qPCR)方法检测海马神经元中MyD88、肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6(TRAF6)mRNA的表达;Westernblot方法测定海马神经元MyD88和TRAF6蛋白水平;细胞免疫荧光双标法观察海马神经元中核因子κB/P65(NF-κB/P65)的表达定位及TLR4激活或阻断后NF-κB/P65核易位情况;ELISA检测培养上清液中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和一氧化氮(NO)的水平。结果:LPS能上调海马神经元MyD88和肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子(TRAF6)mRNA水平;促使NF-κB/P65转位至核;增加MyD88和TRAF6蛋白的表达;增加海马神经元培养上清中TNF-α、IL-1β和NO含量;TLR4抗体预处理能减弱LPS对海马神经元NF-κB/P65核易位作用及降低培养上清中TNF-α、IL-1β和NO的水平。结论:大鼠海马神经元有TLR4介导的的MyD88依赖途径,该途径的激活能导致TNF-α、IL-lβ和NO含量的增加。海马神经元TLR4介导的MyD88依赖途径参与了神经炎症反应,神经元不是神经炎症反应中的被动者。     

芹菜素对缺血再灌注大鼠心肌核转录因子-κB和ICAM-1表达的影响

目的研究芹菜素对缺血再灌注大鼠心肌核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)和粘附分子ICAM-1表达的影响,探讨其抗心肌缺血再灌注损伤的可能机制。方法将Wistar大鼠随机分为6组:假手术组、缺血再灌注组(IR组)、溶剂对照组、维拉帕米阳性对照组、芹菜素低、高剂量用药组。采用结扎左冠状动脉前降支制作缺血再灌注模型,心肌缺血30 min,再灌注2 h。免疫组化染色检测心肌组织的NF-κB和ICAM-1的表达.结果芹菜素组可降低心肌组织NF-κB和ICAM-1的表达,与IR组比较有显著差异(P0.05)。结论芹菜素对缺血再灌注心肌的保护作用可能与其减少心肌缺血再灌注后NF-κB和ICAM-的激活有关。     

NF-κB激活在兔急性心肌梗死再灌注后无复流中的意义

目的:观察心肌核因子-κB(NF-κB)在急性心肌梗死(AMI)再灌注后无复流的活化情况,探讨NF-κB促进无复流发生发展的作用机制。方法:24只新西兰大白兔随机分为假手术组(冠状动脉只穿线不结扎)和缺血再灌注组(结扎冠状动脉2小时,再灌注1小时),每组12只。采用凝胶阻滞迁移分析方法(EMSA)检测正常区、缺血区和无复流区心肌组织中NF-κB活性;ELISA法测定不同时点血浆中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、超敏C反应蛋白(CRP)以及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的含量;光镜、电镜观察心肌组织病理变化。结果:(1)与正常区相比,缺血区和无复流区心肌组织中NF-κB活性异常升高(P<0.01)。(2)与结扎前相比结扎后2h、再灌注后1h血浆IL-6、CRP、TNF-α水平呈进行性升高(P均<0.05)。(3)NF-κB的活性与无复流面积、血浆IL-6、CRP以及TNF-α水平呈正相关(分别为r=0.844,P<0.01;r=0.682,P<0.05;r=0.687,P<0.05;r=0.893,P<0.01)。(4)无复流面积与血浆IL-6、CRP以及TNF-α水平呈正相关(分别为r=0.861,P<0.01;...     

N-myc 下游调节基因-2 过表达对大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的:研究N-myc下游调节基因-2(NDRG2)过表达对大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法:以肺缺血再灌注损伤为模型,将已转染的过表达NDRG2重组腺病毒经气管滴注的方法使大鼠肺泡上皮细胞NDRG2过表达。用Western-blot法检测大鼠肺组织内目的蛋白过表达情况。用ELISA法检测白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)以及白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的水平,肺组织湿干重比值(W/D)检测肺组织的水肿,双荧光素酶报告系统检测核转录因子kappa B(NF-κB)的活性,HE染色检测肺组织病理变化。结果:在肺缺血再灌注损伤中,过表达NDRG2可抑制炎症因子l L-1β、TNF-α以及IL-6的表达,明显减轻肺水肿,抑制NF-κB的活性和病理组织的炎性改变。结论:NDRG2过表达可减轻缺血再灌注所致急性肺损伤,这可能与其抑制炎症反应有关。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various