围手术期低体温预防的护理概况

随着医疗技术的发展,越来越多复杂手术在临床开展,围手术期“低体温”的发生率也越来越高。有文献报道,术中低体温发生率为50％～70％。低体温可影响凝血功能、药物代谢、肾脏功能和心肌收缩力,增加术后并发症的发生率,对手术病人的危害较大。即使是轻度低体温（临床上将中心温度34～36℃称为轻度低体温）也可以导致很多并发症。现对围手术期低体温发生的原因、低体温对机体的危害及预防低体温发生的各种方法和护理措施综述如下,旨在有效的预防和减少围手术期低体温的发生,降低术后并发症,提高围手术期的护理质量。     

麻醉诱导期预保温措施对胆道闭锁患儿术中体温的影响

目的:探讨麻醉诱导期预保温措施对胆道闭锁患儿手术中体温的影响。方法:将我院2012年4月~2014年8月收治入院需要行肝门空肠吻合重建肝外胆道术的100例胆道闭锁患儿,按电脑随机法分为对照组和治疗组,每组各50例,对照组患儿麻醉诱导期采用普通盖被覆盖保温0.5 h,试验组患儿麻醉诱导期采用充气保温毯进行预保温0.5h,手术中观察并记录两组患儿的基本情况和术中体温变化。结果:两组患儿入室体温、入室室温、麻醉时室温、手术时间、出血量及输液总量比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗组术中发生低体温的概率为36.2%,明显低于对照组的63.8%。对照组术中患儿体温变化较大,体温下降较明显(P0.05),而治疗组体温变化相对稳定(P0.05)。结论:麻醉诱导期应用充气保温毯预保温有利于胆道闭锁患儿行肝门空肠吻合术时保持相对稳定体温,是预防胆道闭锁患儿术中发生低体温的有效方法。     

综合保温措施在腹腔镜手术患儿中的应用

目的观察综合保温措施对腹腔镜手术患儿体温的影响。方法对50例腹腔镜手术患儿全程应用综合保温措施,观察患儿手术前、手术中、手术结束时、麻醉复苏期各时段体温的变化及寒颤的发生情况。结果全部患儿各时段体温均能维持在(36.8±0.3)℃,无1例发生寒颤。结论综合保温措施可有效预防腹腔镜手术患儿低体温的发生,从而减少腹腔镜手术麻醉苏醒期寒颤的发生,有利于患儿术后恢复。     

全身麻醉术后患者苏醒室内低体温发生率及其影响因素的Logistic回归分析

摘要 目的：统计全身麻醉术后患者苏醒室内低体温发生率,并分析其影响因素。方法：以2020年5月~2020年10月我院收治的110例接受全身麻醉手术的患者为研究对象,采用回顾性分析方法,整理患者的病历资料。观察全身麻醉术后患者苏醒室内低体温发生率,发生低体温的列为低体温组,未发生低体温的列为正常体温组,采用多因素Logistic回归分析低体温的相关因素。结果：全身麻醉术后患者苏醒室内低体温患者为15例,低体温发生率为13.64%（15/110）。单因素分析发现,全身麻醉术后患者苏醒室内低体温发生与年龄、麻醉时间、手术时间、美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）分级、苏醒延迟、术中输液量有关（P<0.05）,而与性别、体质量指数、术中环境温度、术前血红蛋白无关（P>0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,手术时间>4h、ASA分级为Ⅲ~Ⅳ级、术中输液量>1300 mL、年龄>60岁为全身麻醉术后患者苏醒室内低体温发生的影响因素（P<0.05）。结论：全身麻醉术后患者苏醒室内低体温的发生不可避免,且受多种因素影响,需尽量缩短手术时间,做好输入液体保温,特别做好老年患者保温工作,以减少低体温的发生风险。     

复合保温护理措施预防腹部外科手术患者术中低体温的控制效果观察

目的观察复合保温护理措施预防腹部外科手术患者术中低体温的控制效果。方法选取2017年9月~2018年2月我院收治的138例腹部手术患者进行分组研究,按照单双号法分组方式分为对照组69例,实施常规保温措施;实验组69例,实施复合保温措施,比较两组术前、术中、术毕时体温变化及术中低温、寒战等不良反应发生情况。结果两组患者术前的基础体温比较,差异无明显统计学意义(P0.05);实验组患者麻醉后30min、麻醉后1h、术毕时的体温均明显高于对照组,组间比较具有统计学意义(P0.05);实验组低温、寒战等不良反应发生率均显著低于对照组,差异有明显统计学意义(P0.05)。结论复合保温护理措施有利于保证腹部手术患者体温相对稳定,且能有效预防术中低体温等不良反应。     

先天性食管闭锁和气管食管瘘麻醉及围手术期管理

目的:探讨先天性食管闭锁和气管食管瘘(EA/TEF)的麻醉及围手术期管理方法.方法:回顾性分析40例手术治疗的新生儿EA/TEF的临床资料.总结麻醉及围手术期管理及转归情况.结果:40例麻醉过程较平稳顺利完成手术,3例术后拔管,37例继续呼吸支持.术后死亡7例,其中4例术后死亡,3例术后监护人放弃治疗出院后死亡.活33例中重症肺炎7例,低体温8例,吻合口瘘5例,切口感染2例,均经治疗后痊愈出院.结论:良好的麻醉及围术期管理是EA/TEF手术治疗的重要组成部分,是手术顺利进行及术后成功的关键.     

主动保温与常规保温对食管癌根治术患者术中体温、应激反应和术后苏醒质量的影响

摘要 目的：探讨主动保温与常规保温对食管癌根治术患者术中体温、应激反应和术后苏醒质量的影响。方法：纳入我院2018年7月~2020年8月期间接收的食管癌根治术患者100例,采用随机数字表法将患者分为对照组（50例,常规保温）和观察组（50例,主动保温）。对比两组患者术中体温、应激反应和术后苏醒质量,观察两组并发症的发生率。结果：与对照组比较,观察组术后苏醒时间、拔除气管导管时间、手术时间、麻醉苏醒室滞留时间、住院时间均较短（P<0.05）。对照组手术开始时（T2）~术毕(T6)时间点体温逐渐下降（P<0.05）。观察组T2~T6时间点体温较T1时间点未见明显变化（P>0.05）。观察组T2~T6时间点体温高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组术后3 d肾上腺素（E）、内皮素（ET）以及C反应蛋白（CRP）均较术前升高,但观察组低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组的并发症总发生率明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：食管癌根治术患者术中进行主动保温干预,可维持体温,减轻围术期应激反应,改善术后苏醒质量,同时还可降低并发症发生率。     

恒温驯化对中国林蛙热耐受性的影响

外温动物主要利用外热源,选择活动时间和冷热斑块之间穿梭等行为途径进行体温调节,以维持相对较高且稳定的体温。环境温度通过影响体温而影响动物的生理功能和行为表现.过高或过低的体温对动物有害甚至能导致其死亡,在极端高、低体温之间,相对较高的体温有利于动物较好地表达其生理功能和行为表现。[第一段]     

剖宫产术围术期预防性应用抗生素的成本效果分析

目的:探讨剖宫产术围术期预防性应用抗生素的成本效果,为剖宫产手术提供有效、经济的抗生素应用方案。方法:选取我院近3年接诊的80例实施剖宫产产妇纳入本次研究,将其随机分为研究组和对照组,每组产妇40例。研究组在胎儿娩出断脐后立即静脉滴注头孢呋辛,术后不再应用抗生素,而对照组术后静脉滴注头孢呋辛,对比两组产妇的成本效果。结果:两组产妇术后体温(平均体温、最高体温)、体温恢复时间、住院时间和术后感染发生率对比均无统计学差异(P0.05);研究组成本效果明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:剖宫产术围术期预防性应用抗生素可达到良好的抗感染效果,选择头孢呋辛作为剖宫产手术围术期预防性抗菌药物,是一种有效、经济的方案,可避免围术期过度使用抗生素。     

心脏手术围术期的血糖波动与术后急性肾损伤

心脏手术围术期高血糖与术后并发症的关系已经得到大量研究,高血糖与术后肾功能损伤的关系存在着不同的观点,但是对于围术期血糖水平的波动与术后肾损伤的研究甚少。本文概述了心脏手术围术期血糖水平波动对术后肾功能损伤的影响,简要分析其损伤机制。研究表明,多种因素可以增加围术期血糖水平的波动,对多项围术期高血糖是否增加术后肾功能损伤的研究争议分析发现,围术期血糖水平的波动对术后肾损伤的发生起到潜在作用,其损伤机制主要在于引起氧化应激和血流动力学的波动。相信围术期血糖水平的波动对术后肾功能损伤的影响的进一步的研究,将有助于降低心脏手术后急性肾损伤患者术后并发症的发生率。     

控制性低温麻醉联合PiCCO监测对创伤性失血性休克患者的脑组织灌注和耗氧量的影响

摘要 目的：探讨控制性低温麻醉联合脉搏指数轮廓心输出量（PiCCO）监测对创伤性失血性休克患者的脑组织灌注和耗氧量的影响。方法：前瞻性选择2018年7月至2021年11月期间入住我院急诊重症监护病房的120名创伤性失血性休克患纳入本研究。根据随机数字表法,分为常温组（常温麻醉联合PiCCO监测）和低温组（控制性低温麻醉联合PiCCO监测）。PiCCO同时测量的心输出量（CO）和心脏指数（CI）。统计创伤性失血性休克患者耗氧量。通过动脉导管或血压袖带测量平均动脉压（MAP）。使用EVD测量颅内压（ICP）。脑灌注压为MAP和ICP之间的差值。通过Armstrong和 Al-Awadi方法测量MDA水平。通过分光光度方法测量NO水平。通过恒流过滤器系统测量ED指数。通过ELISA测量Caspase-3、Caspase-9、IL-6和IL-8的水平。对创伤性失血性休克患者急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）、多脏器功能衰竭（MODS）和死亡率统计。结果：低温组CO和CI较常温组升高（P<0.05）。低温组干预前DO₂、VO₂和SvO₂与常温组比较无统计性差异（P>0.05）。低温组与常温组干预后DO₂、VO₂和SvO₂均较干预前升高（P<0.05）。低温组干预后DO₂、VO₂和SvO₂较常温组升高（P<0.05）。低温组0 h脑灌注压与常温组比较无统计性差异（P>0.05）。低温组1 h、2 h和3 h脑灌注压较常温组升高（P<0.05）。低温组MDA、NO和ED较常温组降低（P<0.05）。低温组Caspase-3、Caspase-9、IL-6和IL-8水平较常温组降低（P<0.05）。低温组ARDS、MODS和死亡率较常温组降低（P<0.05）。结论：控制性低温麻醉联合PICCO监测通过调节细胞凋亡途径和炎症因子分泌,增加创伤性失血性休克患者脑组织灌注和耗氧量,降低患者ARDS、MODS发生率和死亡率。     

Prediction of air temperature for thermal comfort of people in outdoor environments

Current thermal comfort indices do not take into account the effects of wind and body movement on the thermal resistance and vapor resistance of clothing. This may cause public health problem, e.g. cold-related mortality. Based on the energy balance equation and heat exchanges between a clothed body and the outdoor environment, a mathematical model was developed to determine the air temperature at which an average adult, wearing a specific outdoor clothing and engaging in a given activity, attains thermal comfort under outdoor environment condition. The results indicated low clothing insulation, less physical activity and high wind speed lead to high air temperature prediction for thermal comfort. More accurate air temperature prediction is able to prevent wearers from hypothermia under cold conditions.     

Circadian modulation of starvation-induced hypothermia in sheep and goats

Prolonged food deprivation is known to cause a fall in the core body temperature of homeotherms. In various species of small birds and mammals (body mass up to 2–3 kg), it has been shown that starvation-induced hypothermia is modulated by the circadian system, in the sense that hypothermia is observed primarily during the inactive phase of the daily activity cycle (i.e., during the night for diurnal animals and during the day for nocturnal animals), whereas relatively normal temperatures are recorded during the active phase. To investigate whether this modulation occurs also in larger animals, we investigated the effects of 4d food deprivation on the body temperature rhythm of goats and sheep (body mass 30–40 kg). In goats, the body temperature rhythm was found to have a mean level of 39.0°C with a mean daily range of excursion of 0.42°C. The daily oscillation in body temperature persisted during the first day of fasting, but the rhythm was drastically damped, if not eliminated, over the next 3 d as body temperature descended from the baseline level of 39.0 to 38.2°C. In sheep, the rhythm was found to have a mean level of 39.3°C with a mean daily range of excursion of 0.34°C. The daily oscillation in body temperature persisted through the 4 d of food deprivation, even though the mean level of body temperature gradually fell. Temperature fell more during the third and fourth nights than during the third and fourth days. Thus, circadian modulation of starvation-induced hypothermia was observed in sheep but not in goats.     

不同保温措施对患儿全身麻醉后体温的影响

目的:探讨不同保温措施对患儿全身麻醉后体温的影响,以选择最佳的保温措施。方法:选择2016年1月-2017年6月我院300例择期需要手术的患儿,按照随机数字表法分为对照组(n=60)和实验组(n=240),实验组根据不同的保温措施分为输液输血加温组(A组)、身体包裹组(B组)、冲洗液加温组(C组)、加热毯组(D组),每组60例。所有患者术中均常规加盖棉被,室温控制在24~26℃,对照组不再采取另外的保温措施。观察并记录各组患儿在入室不同时间的鼻咽温和肛温。结果:A、C组鼻咽温和肛温随着时间的推移逐步下降,且入室90 min后较入室时明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);B组在入室后鼻咽温和肛温维持在比较稳定的水平(均P0.05);D组鼻咽温和肛温随着时间的推移逐步上升,在入室90 min后较入室时显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:首选加热毯保温能够维持全身麻醉的患儿体温正常,提高麻醉后的安全性,其次选身体包裹保温,必要时可联合应用多种保温措施。     

Circadian modulation of starvation-induced hypothermia in sheep and goats

Prolonged food deprivation is known to cause a fall in the core body temperature of homeotherms. In various species of small birds and mammals (body mass up to 2-3 kg), it has been shown that starvation-induced hypothermia is modulated by the circadian system, in the sense that hypothermia is observed primarily during the inactive phase of the daily activity cycle (i.e., during the night for diurnal animals and during the day for nocturnal animals), whereas relatively normal temperatures are recorded during the active phase. To investigate whether this modulation occurs also in larger animals, we investigated the effects of 4d food deprivation on the body temperature rhythm of goats and sheep (body mass 30-40 kg). In goats, the body temperature rhythm was found to have a mean level of 39.0°C with a mean daily range of excursion of 0.42°C. The daily oscillation in body temperature persisted during the first day of fasting, but the rhythm was drastically damped, if not eliminated, over the next 3 d as body temperature descended from the baseline level of 39.0 to 38.2°C. In sheep, the rhythm was found to have a mean level of 39.3°C with a mean daily range of excursion of 0.34°C. The daily oscillation in body temperature persisted through the 4 d of food deprivation, even though the mean level of body temperature gradually fell. Temperature fell more during the third and fourth nights than during the third and fourth days. Thus, circadian modulation of starvation-induced hypothermia was observed in sheep but not in goats.     

Hypothermia in Preterm Infants in the First Hours after Birth: Occurrence,Course and Risk Factors

BackgroundHypothermia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates. Preterm infants frequently have hypothermia when they are admitted to the NICU, but there is no data on the occurrence of hypothermia during the first hours after admission.ObjectiveTo investigate the occurrence of hypothermia in preterm infants in the first three hours of admission and to identify risk factors.MethodsInfants < 32 weeks of gestation included in a randomized trial with admission temperature as primary outcome were retrospectively analyzed for the occurrence of hypothermia (< 36.5°C) in the first three hours after admission. Risk factors were identified using linear regression analysis and logistic regression.ResultsIn total 80 infants were included with a median (IQR) gestational age at birth of 29 (27–30) weeks. In 93% of the infants hypothermia occurred in the first three hours after admission. The median (IQR) duration of hypothermia was 101 (34–162) minutes, of which 24 (7–52) minutes the hypothermia was mild, 45 (4–111) minutes moderate, severe hypothermia hardly occurred. Gestational age and the occurrence of hypothermia at birth were independent risk factors for the occurrence of moderate and severe hypothermia and significantly correlated with duration of hypothermia.ConclusionsHypothermia occurred often and for a long period in preterm infants in the first three hours of life, low gestational age and admission temperature were independent risk factors     

Pharmakologische Beeinflussungsmöglichkeiten der Tremorin- und Arecolin-Hypothermie

Both tremorine and arecoline cause a drop in body temperature in small laboratory animals (mice, rats, guinea pigs) as well as tremor, rigor and peripheric effects. The purpose of this paper is (1) to characterize the up-until-now unknown hypothermic effect of arecoline, as compared with tremorine, and (2) to check the action of drugs used in Parkinson's disease and others on this hypothermia in mice in order to obtain information on the action of tremorine and arecoline on thermoregulation and on their antagonists. The relations between dose and body temperature of male mice kept at different ambient temperatures after intraperitoneal injection of arecoline or tremorine and the influences of antagonists (in view of tremor) on hypothermia have been studied. The hypothermic action following the use of tremorine is more continuous and more pronounced than that following arecoline. Judged by the same degree of body temperature depression, the effect of tremorine is five to 10 times stronger than that of arecoline. Scopolamine, atropine, benactycine and trihexyphenidyl block the hypothermic effect of tremorine and arecoline; hypothermia after arecoline is not influenced by caramiphen; antiparkin, butylscopolamine, as well as the phenothiazine-derivatives ethopropazine, promethazine and diethazine, are also ineffective; methylatropine reduces the arecoline-hypothermia only in high doses. Hypothermia after arecoline and tremorine is mainly based on a central action. The effects of several central cholinolytics and the antihypothermic inefficiency of phenothiazines, used in Parkinson's disease and against motoric effects of tremorine and arecoline, demonstrate a difference within this group of drugs. The trigger in hypothermic action is a cholinergic one.

     

Contribution to the hydrographical structure of the eastern German Bight

Temperature, salinity, micronutrients, seston components and mesozooplankton were measured on a cruise in the eastern German Bight during November 1976. Three different water bodies and a mixing area which is divided into two subareas could be identified. The water masses differed significantly in regard to temperature, salinity, micronutrients and seston components. In some cases differences in the amounts of mesozooplankton could be found. Temperature and salinity of the water of the Elbe estuary and of the Wadden Sea were relatively low, but amounts of micronutrients and seston were high, whereas the water of the North Sea water body was of higher temperature and salinity with lower amounts of micronutrients and seston. The North Frisian coastal water and a southern mixing area can be regarded as mixing areas between these water bodies.     

Body size changes in bivalves of the family Limidae in the aftermath of the end‐Triassic mass extinction: the Brobdingnag effect

Reduction in body size of organisms following mass extinctions is well‐known and often ascribed to the Lilliput effect. This phenomenon is expressed as a temporary body size reduction within surviving species. Despite its wide usage the term is often loosely applied to any small post‐extinction taxa. Here we assess the size of bivalves of the family Limidae (Rafineque) prior to, and in the aftermath of, the end‐Triassic mass extinction event. Of the species studied only one occurs prior to the extinction event, though is too scarce to test for the Lilliput effect. Instead, newly evolved species originate at small body sizes and undergo a within‐species size increase, most dramatically demonstrated by Plagiostoma giganteum (Sowerby) which, over two million years, increases in size by 179%. This trend is seen in both field and museum collections. We term this within‐species size increase of newly originated species in the aftermath of mass extinction, the Brobdingnag effect, after the giants that were contemporary with the Lilliputians in Swift's Gulliver's Travels. The size increase results from greater longevity and faster growth rates. The cause of the effect is unclear, although it probably relates to improved environmental conditions. Oxygen‐poor conditions in the Early Jurassic are associated with populations of smaller body size caused by elevated juvenile mortality but these are local/regional effects that do not alter the long‐term, size increase. Although temperature‐size relationships exist for many organisms (Temperature‐Size Rule and Bergmann's Rule), the importance of this is unclear here because of a poorly known Early Jurassic temperature record.     

大鼠心肌缺血再灌注模型中低温处理对心肌无复流的影响分析

摘要 目的：探究低温治疗对大鼠心肌缺血模型再灌注后组织无复流的相关影响。方法：选择标准成年Sprague Dawley大鼠40只（雄性雌性各20只）,平均体重（205.6±1.5）g,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组各20只,建立心肌缺血再灌注模型,对照组给予常温处理,观察组则在再灌注结束时晚期给予低温干预,对两组大鼠心肌组织无复流的差异及相关变量进行比较分析。结果：观察组的心肌缺血高危区域所占的百分比平均水平为（16.7±3.5）%,低于对照组的（35.6±2.5）%（P<0.05）;观察组的组织坏死区域所占的百分比平均水平为（23.8±5.1）%,低于对照组的（56.4±3.9）%（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,观察组再灌注结束时心率降低,收缩压和平均血压升高（P<0.05）;两组大鼠心肌染色宏观评价显示心肌梗死面积无明显差异,但观察组无复流的区域小于对照组。结论：在大鼠心肌缺血动物模型中通过再灌注后晚期给予治疗性的低温处理能够显著改善微血管的堵塞,并且此效应与心肌梗死的面积无关。