水菖蒲活性物质β-细辛醚对玉米象不同虫态的熏蒸作用

为了确定水菖蒲(Acorus calamus)活性成分β-细辛醚对玉米象Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky的熏蒸活性,研究β-细辛醚对玉米象不同虫态的熏蒸作用。结果表明:β-细辛醚对玉米象4种虫态都有一定的熏蒸作用,其中对成虫的熏蒸效果最好,其次是卵,幼虫和蛹对β-细辛醚具有较高的耐药性。以质量浓度为200μL/L熏蒸卵120h后,卵的死亡率达到了99.09%。对幼虫和蛹的熏蒸作用不明显。对成虫熏蒸120h后,LC50为17.82μL/L。     

β-细辛醚对AD大鼠海马神经元蛋白质组图谱的影响

目的：探讨β-细辛醚对痴呆大鼠海马神经元蛋白质表达谱的影响。方法：SD大鼠随机分为正常时照组、模型组和β-细辛醚治疗组。模型组和β-细辛醚治疗组大鼠行脑立体定位注射术,模型组从大鼠右侧海马注入β淀粉样蛋白（Aβ1-40）5μg;治疗组：将Aβ1-40和β-细辛醚（0.12%）混合后注入大鼠右侧海马。抽提各组大鼠海马神经元组织蛋白质,行双向电泳,采用PDQuest-7.1.1分析软件解析各组之间有明显差异表达的蛋白质。结果：β-细辛醚治疗组α-烯醇化酶（α-enolase）、钙/钙调蛋白依赖蛋白激酶（Ca^2＋/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase）的表达高于模型组,而尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物（urokillasc plasminogen activator surface）、P53抑癌基因（P53 tumor suppressor）和未知蛋白（SSP6001）表达则低于模型组。结论：β-细辛醚可能通过上调或下调上述蛋白质的表达,参与促进大鼠海马受损神经元保护作用。     

β-细辛醚对谷蠹成虫体内四种酶活性的影响

采用石菖蒲Acorus gramineus根茎提取物β-细辛醚对谷蠹Rhizopertha dominica成虫进行拌粮处理,测定β-细辛醚对谷蠹体内乙酰胆碱酯酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶、羧酸酯酶和酯酶同工酶的时间效应和剂量效应。结果表明：β-细辛醚对试虫体内4种酶的酶活性均表现出较强的时间效应。LC₅₀（94.49 mg/kg）剂量的β-细辛醚处理后,谷蠹成虫体内乙酰胆碱酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性随处理时间的延长整体表现为抑制作用,对羧酸酯酶和酯酶同工酶则表现诱导增加作用。低剂量（67.5 mg/kg）β-细辛醚对乙酰胆碱酯酶具有显著的诱导作用,但是随着处理剂量的升高,对乙酰胆碱酯酶的活力多数表现为抑制作用。低剂量（≤100.0 mg/kg）β-细辛醚对谷胱甘肽S 转移酶具有诱导作用,而高剂量（≥133.3 mg/kg）β-细辛醚对谷胱甘肽S-转移酶具有抑制作用。β-细辛醚对羧酸酯酶的活性多数表现为诱导作用,提高β-细辛醚的处理剂量可提高羧酸酯酶的活力。不同剂量的β-细辛醚处理对谷蠹酯酶同工酶均具有显著的诱导作用,但诱导效果与处理剂量关系并不显著。     

水菖蒲活性物质β-细辛醚对四种储粮害虫的熏蒸活性

植物性次生物质在植物-害虫的关系中起着非常重要的作用, 植物中的一些成分对害虫具有熏蒸、触杀和驱避等作用。水菖蒲Acorus calamus L.是一种常用中药, 它的主要杀虫活性成分为β-细辛醚。本研究通过室内生测试验研究了水菖蒲根茎提取物β-细辛醚对玉米象Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky、谷蠹Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius)、赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)和四纹豆象Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) 4种储粮害虫的熏蒸击倒和致死作用。结果表明: β-细辛醚对4种试虫的熏蒸击倒和致死作用明显。以50 μL/L的浓度处理120 h后, 对玉米象、谷蠹和四纹豆象的击倒作用均达到100%, 而对赤拟谷盗击倒率为50%; 玉米象、谷蠹和四纹豆象的死亡率分别为81.23%, 97.78%和100%, 而赤拟谷盗死亡率仅为8.89%。处理24 h, β-细辛醚对玉米象、谷蠹、赤拟谷盗和四纹豆象的KC50分别为49.38, 102.96, 124.04和1.07 μL/L; 处理120 h, β-细辛醚对玉米象、谷蠹、赤拟谷盗和四纹豆象的LC50分别为17.82, 4.42, 116.48和0.73 μL/L。结果显示水菖蒲根茎提取物β-细辛醚对4种储粮害虫均具有明显的熏蒸效果, 具有开发为储粮害虫熏蒸剂的潜力。     

石菖蒲及α-细辛醚对疲劳运动大鼠学习记忆的影响及其机制*

目的: 研究石菖蒲及其活性成分-α-细辛醚改善疲劳运动大鼠学习记忆的作用及其机制。方法: 80只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组(A)、单纯运动组(B)、运动+α-细辛醚低、中、高剂量组(C、D、E)、运动+石菖蒲低、中、高剂量治疗组(F、G、H),每组10只。并在疲劳运动开始前2 h分别以0.10、0.50 和 1.00 mg α-细辛醚,灌胃C、D、E组,以0.12、1.20和4.80 g. kg^-1. wt^-1石菖蒲提取物,灌胃 F、G、H组。实验结束后采用水迷宫实验进行学习记忆检测,采用生化法检测SOD、NOS活性和MDA含量,免疫印迹法检测海马nNOS蛋白表达水平。结果: 实验后E和H组大鼠逃避潜伏期、海马脑组织MDA含量低于B、C、D、F和G组;穿越平台次数、海马脑组织SOD和NOS活性、nNOS蛋白表达高于B、C、D、F和G组,P均＜0.01。A、E、H组大鼠海马脑组织SOD活性依次为A＞E＞H组, 而MDA含量则相反,P均＜0.01;E组大海马脑组织NOS活性和nNOS蛋白表达低于A和H组,P＜0.01或P＜0.05,但A和H组,差异无显著性,P均＞0.05。A、E、H组大鼠逃避潜伏期和穿越平台次数,差异均无显著性,P均＞0.05。结论: 石菖蒲及α-细辛醚改善疲劳运动大鼠学习记忆的作用基本一致,其机制与纠正海马自由基代谢失衡和上调海马nNOS/NO信号有关。     

水菖蒲活性物质β-辛醚对四纹豆象行为、死亡率和繁殖的影响

在室内条件下研究了水菖蒲Acorus calamus活性物质β-细辛醚对四纹豆象Callosobruchus maculates成虫行为、产卵和繁殖的影响。结果表明：经过β-细辛醚接触处理后的四纹豆象成虫行为主要表现为兴奋→失去平衡→击倒→死亡,接触药剂64 h后,试虫成虫全部死亡。β-细辛醚处理可显著的降低四纹豆象成虫的交配次数,随着处理时间的延长,成虫的交配次数减少,且处理雄虫比处理雌虫对交配竞争能力的影响更大。处理雌虫与未处理雄虫配对后以及处理雄虫与未处理雌虫配对后,雌虫的产卵数均极显著低于对照,且随着处理时间的延长,雌虫的产卵数显著减少,但两种配对处理之间雌虫的产卵数无显著差异。处理雌虫与未处理雄虫配对后以及处理雄虫与未处理雌虫配对后,雌虫产卵的孵化率均显著低于对照处理,但不同处理时间后卵的孵化率无显著差异; 两种配对处理所产卵的孵化率无显著差异。据此得出结论：水菖蒲根茎提取物β-细辛醚为神经毒剂,可以减少四纹豆象的种群数量,具有开发为储粮害虫四纹豆象防治剂的潜力。     

石菖蒲醇提物对番茄幼苗防御酶影响

为了探讨石菖蒲醇提物作为一种中药杀菌剂对病菌寄主植物本身防御酶体系的影响,该研究以番茄欧粉贝幼苗和川产道地中药石菖蒲为材料,采用冷浸法制备石菖蒲醇提物,经不同浓度石菖蒲醇提物对番茄幼苗进行处理,用比色法测定多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,并利用GC-MS联用技术,对石菖蒲醇提物的主要化学成分进行定性分析。结果表明:第1天,醇提物浓度在0.04~0.08 g·mL~(-1)时,PAL活性显著高于对照;随后PAL活性随浓度升高降低;当浓度在0.04~0.16 g·mL~(-1)时,POD活性与对照无显著差异;浓度为0.32 g·mL~(-1)时,POD活性显著高于对照;浓度为0.64 g·mL~(-1)时,POD活性显著低于对照;当浓度在0.04~0.32 g·mL~(-1)时,PPO活性显著高于对照;浓度为0.64 g·mL~(-1)时,PPO活性与对照无显著差异;随着时间的延长,三种酶各处理组之间的差异逐步减少。第4天时,各处理组之间PAI,的活性无显著差异;当浓度为0.04 g·mL~(-1)和0.64 g·mL~(-1)时,PPO活性与对照无显著差异,其余范围均显著高于对照;当浓度在0.08~0.32 g·mL~(-1)时,POD活性数值上均高于对照。以上表明在一定浓度范围内醇提物可以增强防御酶活性,未破坏植物的防御酶体系。因此,该醇提物作为一种新型的中药杀菌剂有巨大的开发和利用潜力。利用GC-MS联用技术,可从醇提物中鉴定出30种化学成分,这些物质中多为苯丙素类物质,如β-细辛醚、α-(细辛醚和顺式甲基异丁香油酚等,其中含量最高的物质为β-细辛醚(42.48%)。这提示在后续的研究中,可针对β-细辛醚等醇提物的主要化学成分进行。     

β-细辛醚+远志皂苷对APP/PS1双转基因小鼠SOD、GSH-PX、CAT、MDA和HO-1表达的影响

该论文主要是通过观察β-细辛醚+远志皂苷对APP/PS1双转基因小鼠超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GSH-PX)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)和血红素加氧酶-1(Heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)表达的影响,探讨β-细辛醚协同远志皂苷对APP/PS1双转基因小鼠氧化应激损伤的保护作用和治疗AD的作用机制。将3月龄APP/PS1双转基因小鼠分为模型组,盐酸多奈哌齐组(0.33 mg/kg·d),β-细辛醚+远志皂苷低、中和高剂量组(18.5、37和74 mg/kg·d),选同月龄C57 BL/6小鼠为空白对照组,采用Morris水迷宫法和新物体识别试验检测小鼠的学习记忆能力,采用分光光度法检测SOD、GSH-PX和CAT活性,以及MDA含量。采用Western blot检测CAT和HO-1蛋白表达,实时定量RT-PCR检测CAT和HO-1 mRNA表达。结果表明β-细辛醚协同远志皂苷可明显改善APP/PS1双转基因小鼠的学习记忆功能障碍,增强其学习和记忆功能。β-细辛醚协同远志皂苷还能升高SOD、CAT和GSHPX的活性,降低MDA含量,诱导CAT和HO-1的mRNA与蛋白表达。该论文研究结果表明,β-细辛醚+远志皂苷可通过上调SOD、CAT、GSH-PX和HO-1,降低MDA,对APP/PS1双转基因小鼠氧化应激损伤发挥保护作用,进而拮抗AD。     

细辛醚对粘虫幼虫的毒力及几种重要酶系的影响

采用点滴法测定了细辛醚对粘虫Mythimna separate Walker 5龄幼虫的触杀毒力,观察了细辛醚对粘虫的致毒症状,并测定了对不同中毒阶段其头部或中肠乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）和腺苷三磷酸酶(ATPase)离体活性以及乙酰胆碱（ACh）含量的影响。结果表明：细辛醚对粘虫5龄幼虫12 h的触杀LD₅₀值为106.93 μg/头;中毒粘虫依次表现出兴奋、痉挛、麻痹和死亡等症状,类似于神经毒剂的致毒症状,但试虫从中毒到死亡历期较长,且中毒试虫肠内有气泡产生,此现象异于典型的神经毒剂;对Na+,K+-ATPase有较强的抑制作用,在兴奋期、痉挛期和麻痹期,酶抑制率分别为33.29%、44.45%和23.98%;对AChE活力在不同阶段的抑制率分别是21.64%、29.75%和35.22%;ACh含量有所增加。     

细辛挥发油镇痛作用机制的初步实验研究

目的:研究细辛挥发油的镇痛作用机制.方法:用水蒸气蒸馏法提取细辛挥发油成分,将其配制成不同剂量组,检测乙酸致痛小鼠脑组织和血清中NO、PGE2、MDA含量以及NOS和SOD活性.结果:细辛挥发油提取物能使乙酸致痛小鼠脑组织和血清中NO、PGE2、MDA含量及NOS活性明显降低,SOD活性明显增强.结论:细辛挥发油的镇痛作用机制可能与降低NO、PGE2、MDA含量及NOS活性.提高SOD活性有关.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

Comparison of BMI and percentage of body fat of Indian and German children and adolescents

Today, serious health problems as overweight and obesity are not just constricted to the developed world, but also increase in the developing countries (Prentice 2006, Ramachandram et al. 2002). Focusing on this issue, BMI and percentage of body fat were compared in 2094 schoolchildren from two cross-sectional studies from India and Germany investigated in 2008 and 2009. The German children are in all age groups significantly taller, whereas the Indian children show higher values in BMI (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 22 kg/m2; German: around 19 kg/m2) and in the percentage of body fat (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 27%; German: around 18-20%) in most of the investigated age groups. The Indian children have significantly higher BMI between 10 and 13 (boys) respectively 14 years (girls). Indian children showed significant higher percentage of body fat between 10 and 15 years (boys) and between 8 and 16 years (girls). The difference in overweight between Indian and German children was strongest at 11 (boys) and 12 (girls) years: 70% of the Indian but 20% of the German children were classified as overweight. In countries such as India that undergo nutritional transition, a rapid increase in obesity and overweight is observed. In contrast to the industrialized countries, the risk of overweight in developing countries is associated with high socioeconomic status. Other reasons of the rapid increase of overweight in the developing countries caused by different environmental or genetic factors are discussed.     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.