突伪叶甲亚科一新属两新种：鞘翅目：伪叶甲科

本文记述了采自陕西省太白山的伪叶甲科突伪叶甲亚科一新属及两新种。模式标本保存于西北农业大学昆虫博物馆。     

角伪叶甲属一新亚属及两新种记述（鞘翅目：伪叶甲科）

本文记述了采自于四川西部的角伪叶甲属ＣｅｒｏｇｒｉａＢｏｒｃｈｍａｎｎ１９０９一新亚属及二新种。模式标本保存于西北农业大学昆虫研究所。畸角伪叶甲亚属Ａｅｓｃｈｒｏｃｅｒａ,新亚属该亚属的触角（图２～５）基节强烈地呈球状膨大,除第７和９节强烈呈锯齿状膨大外,第４～６节也明显呈锯齿状膨大,第８和１０节中部呈尖锐的角状突出,端节也向一侧扩宽;阳基侧突强烈地叶状扩宽。这些特征易与其它亚属区别。模式种;褐胸畸角伪叶甲Ｃｅｒｏｇｒｉａ（Ａｅｓｃｈｒｏｃｅｒａ）ｂｒｕｎｎｅｏｃｏｌｉｓ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．１．褐胸畸角伪叶甲Ｃｅｒｏｇｒｉａ（Ａｅｓｃｈｒｏｃｅｒａ）ｂｒｕｎｎｅｏｃｏｌｉｓ,新种（图１～５）该种触角端节腹面常形,端节直;前胸背板褐色;额侧突基瘤间的分界沟不清楚。正模,西康日地,１９３９—Ⅸ—１。副模１,１♀,同正模;３,３♀♀,西康康定,１９３９—Ⅷ—９（３）,１９３９—Ⅷ—１８（１♀）,１９３９—Ⅷ—２８（１♀）,１９３１—Ⅷ—２８（１♀）;１,西康丹巴,１９３９—Ⅹ—３;１,西康榆林宫,１９３９—Ⅸ—７;１,西康瓦斯井,１９３９—Ⅸ—２;１♀,西康旋牛,１９３９—Ⅹ—６,周尧采。２．钩畸角     

腹伪叶甲Lagria ventralis Reitter,1880(鞘翅目:拟步甲科:伪叶甲族)的再描述

2010年于云南采集鞘翅目拟步甲科伪叶甲族一种昆虫——腹伪叶甲Lagria ventralis Reitter,1880。其原始描述过于简单,且缺少特征图和整体照片。本文对其进行详细描述,并给予特征图和整体照片。检视标本保存于西华师范大学标本馆。     

萤叶甲属一新种(鞘翅目,叶甲科,萤叶甲亚科)

记述采自我国四川贡嘎山的萤叶甲属1新种:匀刻萤叶甲Galeruca regularis sp. nov..模式标本中正模保存在中国科学院动物研究所标本馆,副模由荷兰Ron Beenen博士个人收藏.     

藏东南莱甲属一新种记述(鞘翅目,拟步甲科,伪叶甲亚科)(英文)

记述中国西藏莱甲属LaenaDejean1新种Laenazhengisp nov.,提供了整体和阳茎的照片以及足、触角和肛节的线条图,模式标本保存于河北大学博物馆。郑氏莱甲,新种Laena zhengisp.nov.(图1～9)新种与Laena hingstoniSchuster,1926(模式产地:西藏与锡金接壤的Jelap La)在外型上相似,两者的共同点是前胸背板基缘都有饰边,前胸背板盘区和鞘翅行间都有直立长毛,但前胸背板的形状不同;前者的中后足胫节端部内侧有细钩,后足胫节中部内侧有小刺,而后者没有这样的特征。正模♂,西藏墨脱县汗密,海拔2200m,2005-08-19,唐亮采。(原采集标签记录是:Hanmi Moto Coun.XizangA.R.alt.2200m,19-08-2005,TANG Liang leg.)。副模1♀,纪录同正模。词源学:新种种名以昆虫学家郑哲民教授的姓氏命名。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征与伪狂犬病混合感染的分子生物学快速诊断

According to the nucleotide sequences of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus VR2332 strain and Pseudorabies virus shanghai strain provided in GenBank, two pairs of primers were designed to amplify the N gene of PRRSV by RT-PCR and Tk gene of PRV by PCR. As a result, a rapid molecular diagnosis with high specificity and accuracy was set up.The result indicated that PRRSV was detected from 11 out of 33 samples, PRV was detected from 9 out of 33 samples, and co-infection by PRRSV and PRV was confirmed in 8 samples, the rate of co-infection was at 24.2%.     

柳二十斑叶甲两亚种比较形态学研究(鞘翅目,叶甲科,叶甲亚科)

柳二十斑叶甲包括两个亚种,分别为指名亚种和高山亚种.两者可以通过头部、前胸背板、足和鞘翅的斑纹区分开来.本文对这两个亚种的外部和内部的形态结构进行了研究,主要包括触角、口器、中胸、后胸、后翅、足、雌雄外生殖器、成虫和幼虫的相关结构.并对确定亚种的形态特征进行了探讨.     

广西叶甲亚科昆虫种类记述(鞘翅目:叶甲科)

记述中国科学院动物研究所 1 998～ 2 0 0 0年对广西十万大山及大瑶山地区考察所采获叶甲亚科并该所标本馆馆藏叶甲亚科标本及文献记载 ,共 2 0属 35种 ,其中包括1中国新记录属 Pseudolina Jacoby、1新种 Gonioctena( Brachyphytodecta) oculata sp.nov.、2中国新记录种 Pseudolina indica Jacoby,Paropsides bouveri Chen。模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所。     

额凹萤叶甲属一新种(鞘翅目:叶甲科, 萤叶甲亚科)

额凹萤叶甲属 Sermyloides 属鞘翅目(Coleoptera)叶甲科(Chrysomelidae)、萤叶甲亚科(Galerucinae)。它以头部额唇基区凹陷、其中有一些隆起为属的主要特征,是典型的东洋区分布属。目前本属世界已知21种,主要分布于东南亚及我国南方,本文又增     

叶甲亚科一新属及两新种记述（鞘翅目：叶甲科）

记述中国叶甲亚科1新属:玉龙叶甲属Yulongedon gen.nov.,包括2新种:靓玉龙叶甲Y.formosus sp.nov.,宝藏神玉龙叶甲Y.jambhalai sp.nov.。     

Aquaporins: water channel proteins of the cell membrane

Aquaporins (AQP) are integral membrane proteins that serve as channels in the transfer of water, and in some cases, small solutes across the membrane. They are conserved in bacteria, plants, and animals. Structural analyses of the molecules have revealed the presence of a pore in the center of each aquaporin molecule. In mammalian cells, more than 10 isoforms (AQP0-AQP10) have been identified so far. They are differentially expressed in many types of cells and tissues in the body. AQP0 is abundant in the lens. AQP1 is found in the blood vessels, kidney proximal tubules, eye, and ear. AQP2 is expressed in the kidney collecting ducts, where it shuttles between the intracellular storage sites and the plasma membrane under the control of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Mutations of AQP2 result in diabetes insipidus. AQP3 is present in the kidney collecting ducts, epidermis, urinary, respiratory, and digestive tracts. AQP3 in organs other than the kidney may be involved in the supply of water to them. AQP4 is present in the brain astrocytes, eye, ear, skeletal muscle, stomach parietal cells, and kidney collecting ducts. AQP5 is in the secretory cells such as salivary, lacrimal, and sweat glands. AQP5 is also expressed in the ear and eye. AQP6 is localized intracellular vesicles in the kidney collecting duct cells. AQP7 is expressed in the adipocytes, testis, and kidney. AQP8 is expressed in the kidney, testis, and liver. AQP9 is present in the liver and leukocytes. AQP10 is expressed in the intestine. The diverse and characteristic distribution of aquaporins in the body suggests their important and specific roles in each organ.     

CARBOHYDRASES IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF THE SPINED SOLDIER BUG,Podisus maculiventris (SAY) (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)

The spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris, is a generalist predator of insects and has been used in biological control. However, information on the digestion of food in this insect is lacking. Therefore, we have studied the digestive system in P. maculiventris, and further characterized carbohydrases in the digestive tract. The midgut of all developmental stages was composed of anterior, median, and posterior regions. The volumes of the anterior midgut decreased and the median midgut increased in older instars and adults, suggesting a more important role of the median midgut in food digestion. However, carbohydrase activities were predominant in the anterior midgut. In comparing the specific activity of carbohydrases, α‐amylase activity was more in the salivary glands (with two distinct activity bands in zymograms), and glucosidase and galactosidase activities were more in the midgut. Salivary α‐amylases were detected in the prey hemolymph, demonstrating the role of these enzymes in extra‐oral digestion. However, the catalytic efficiency of midgut α‐amylase activity was approximately twofold more than that of the salivary gland enzymes, and was more efficient in digesting soluble starch than glycogen. Midgut α‐amylases were developmentally regulated, as one isoform was found in first instar compared to three isoforms in fifth instar nymphs. Starvation significantly affected carbohydrase activities in the midgut, and acarbose inhibited α‐amylases from both the salivary glands and midgut in vitro and in vivo. The structural diversity and developmental regulation of carbohydrases in the digestive system of P. maculiventris demonstrate the importance of these enzymes in extra‐oral and intra‐tract digestion, and may explain the capability of the hemipteran to utilize diverse food sources.     

Hypothalamic metabolism of neurotransmitters (serotonin,norepinephrine, dopamine) and NPY,and gonadal and adrenal activities,during the early postnatal period in the rat

It is noteworthy that in the rat the early postnatal life is marked by an activation of both the corticostimulating function of the adenohypophysis in neonates of both sexes and of the gonadostimulating function mainly in males. In order to specify if such neuroendocrine variations are temporally correlated with changes in the hypothalamic metabolism of neurotransmitters, the hypothalamic metabolism of serotonin (5 HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) and the hypothalamic content of neuropeptide Y (NPY) have been investigated in newborn rats of both sexes, delivered at term by cesarean section, as well as changes in the activity of both the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) and the hypothalamo-pituitary gonadal axis (HPG). Experimental data suggested that 1) in males a rise in hypothalamic metabolism of 5 HT, NE and DA occurs during the first two hours after delivery, whereas in females, only the metabolism of NE increases. Moreover, the postnatal metabolism of NE was higher in females than in littermate males; 2) NPY content of the hypothalamus, which was at birth significantly higher in males than in females, dropped in the former but not in the latter; 3) in newborn males, an early surge of plasma testosterone occurs, suggesting postnatal activation of the HPG axis; on the other hand, in females, a late and slight increase in plasma estradiol is observed; 4) in early postnatal life, a sex-independent rise in plasma ACTH and adrenal and plasma corticosterone levels suggest a comparable activation of the HPA axis in newborns of both sexes. In conclusion, the early postnatal activation of the corticostimulating function in neonates of both sexes and that of the gonadostimulating function, mainly in males, could be temporally correlated with a rise in the hypothalamic metabolism of two neurotransmitters, 5 HT and NE, and of NPY content. According to our data, a sex-dependent metabolsim of neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus is already apparent in early postnatal life.     

Spawning of coral reef invertebrates and a second spawning season for scleractinian corals in the central Red Sea

Recent coral spawning observations in the central Red Sea show that most scleractinian species release their gametes in the spring, with a majority of species spawning in April. There is, however, a lack of reproductive data for several other coral species, as well as a general lack of data for other invertebrates. Here, we document the detailed timing of spawning for 13 scleractinian coral species, one sea anemone, and six echinoderms from an inshore reef off the coast of Thuwal, Saudi Arabia, in the spring between April and June 2014. Furthermore, inferred from the presence of mature gametes, we report the month of spawning for three additional coral species in the spring. Seven scleractinian coral species were inferred to release their gametes in a second reproductive season, in the autumn, between September and November. This is the first report of a second spawning season in the Arabian region. Biannual spawning has so far been reported on the Great Barrier Reef, in Western Australia, in Indonesia, in Malaysia, in Palau, in Thailand, in Taiwan, and in Western Samoa.     

不同生态系统对湘西洛塔降雨量及岩溶效应的影响

采用雨量器、滤膜法、CO2气体监测管法、标准试片对湘西洛塔不同生态系统降雨量、泥沙量、土壤CO2浓度、溶蚀速度进行了研究。结果表明:森林生态系统降雨量高于灌丛生态系统,观测第一年高6.84mm,第二年高218.08mm,且时间趋向均匀;灌丛生态系统水土流失严重,其泥沙含量是森林生态系统的1.53倍,土壤侵蚀为强度,而森林生态系统为微度;不同深度土壤CO2浓度在森林和灌丛生态系统中具有相同的变化趋势,在春季、秋季、冬季随土层加深而增大,在夏季,随土层加深先减少后增大,但季节变化动态略有差异,森林生态系统不同深度、不同季节土壤CO2浓度均大于灌丛生态系统;从全年土壤CO2浓度对比来看,10、20、40cm处,森林生态系统分别是灌丛生态系统的1.66、1.59和1.90倍;不同深度上,溶蚀速度在森林和灌丛生态系统具有相同的变化趋势,15cm处均大于地面,从同一深度来看,森林生态系统溶蚀速度均大于灌丛生态系统,地面、15cm处溶蚀速度分别是灌丛生态系统的1.11倍、2.57倍,说明森林生态系统具有较好的岩溶效应。     

A role for ecdysteroids in the phase polymorphism of the desert locust

Abstract. Locusts show density-dependent continuous phase polymorphism; they appear in two forms or phases, gregarious and solitary, and there is a continuous range of intermediates between the extreme phases. Although earlier studies showed that there are no major phase-dependent differences in the titres of ecdysteroid in the haemolymph of desert locusts, Schistocerca gregaria , recent studies showed some minor differences in the timing of the main peak of ecdysteroids. In crowded penultimate- and last-instar hoppers, peak titres were lower but longer-lasting, whereas in isolated hoppers they were higher but of shorter duration. The major component of the haemolymph peak of ecdysteroid was 20-hydroxyecdysone in both isolated and crowded hoppers, but differences were found in the relative amounts of two minor components (makisterone A-like compound and highly polar products). In S. gregaria adults, the regression of the prothoracic glands was irregular and subject to high individual variations, but phase-dependent differences in the rate of regression were significant, and the adult glands did not produce physiologically significant amounts of ecdysteroids. Peak titres of ecdysteroid in the haemolymph were higher in isolated than in crowded adults. Similar to larvae, adults of the solitary phase contain more ecdysone in the haemolymph than those of the gregarious phase. Moreover, the phase characteristic titres of ecdysteroid in the adult stage can be shifted from one phase to another phase in response to appropriate changes in density. In contrast, the maximum amount of ecdysteroids in both ovaries and eggs was significantly higher in the gregarious than in the solitary phase. The amounts, and to some extent the types of ecdysteroids, were the only difference between ovaries and eggs from solitary and gregarious locusts. In addition, in newly hatched larvae, the amount of ecdysteroid was more than five times higher in gregarious than in solitary phase.     

Brain-Specific Modulation of Kynurenic Acid Synthesis in the Rat

Abstract: This study was designed to investigate modulatory mechanisms that control the synthesis of the neuroprotective endogenous excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist kynurenate. De novo kynurenate formation was examined in vitro using tissue slices from rat brain, liver, and kidney. In slices from adult cerebral cortex, veratridine, quisqualate, and l -α-aminoadipate decreased kynurenate synthesis substantially. Glucose removal or changes in the ionic milieu, too, influenced kynurenate formation significantly, suggesting that demands on cellular energy interfere with kynurenate production in the adult rat brain. The effects of quisqualate and l -α-aminoadipate were also observed in the immature brain, in the quinolinate-lesioned adult striatum, and, to a lesser extent, in peripheral organs. In contrast, the effect of veratridine was not seen in the lesioned brain or in kidney and liver tissue, indicating its dependency on intact neuron-glia interactions. Compared with the normal adult brain, ionic manipulations yielded qualitatively distinct results in the developing brain and in the periphery, but their effects remained unchanged in the lesioned striatum. Glucose deprivation was less consequential in the immature than in the adult brain and was entirely ineffective in the lesioned striatum and in the periphery. These results further link cellular, especially astrocytic, energy metabolism to kynurenate formation in the brain. More generally, the existence of brain-specific mechanisms for the regulation of kynurenate production is suggestive of a modulatory role of this metabolite in excitatory amino acid receptor function and dysfunction.     

A quantitative study of some digestive enzymes in the rabbitfish, Siganus canaliculatus and the sea bass, Lates calcarifer

Digestive enzyme distribution and activity in the digestive tracts of the rabbitfish, Siganus canaliculatus and the sea bass, Lates calcarifer were studied. Quantitative determinations of digestive enzymes in the guts of both fishes showed that they were capable of digesting carbohydrates and proteins in their diet. The carbohydrases, amylase, laminarinase, maltase, sucrase and trehalase were detected in the rabbitfish; their activities being mainly in the stomach, intestine and pyloriccaeca. Amylase, maltase, trehalase and chitinase activities were recorded in the gut of the sea bass, primarily in the intestine and the pyloriccaeca. Their activities were significantly lower than those in the rabbitfish. Proteases (pepsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, leucine aminopeptidase and trypsin) were found in both the rabbitfish and the sea bass. Pepsin activity however, was higher in the sea bass; while trypsin and chymotrypsin activities were higher in the rabbitfish. The activities of the various digestive enzymes in both fishes are discussed in relation to their feeding habits.     

Ornithine cycle in Nostoc PCC 73102. Arginase,OCT and arginine deiminase,and the effects of addition of external arginine,ornithine, or citrulline

Arginase, ornithine carbamoyl transferase (OCT) and arginine deiminase activities were found in cell-free extracts of Nostoc PCC 73102, a free-living cyanobacterium originally isolated from the cycad Macrozamia. Addition of either arginine, ornithine or citrulline to the growth medium induced significant changes in their in vitro activities. Moreover, growth in darkness, compared to in light, induced higher in vitro activities. The in vitro activities of arginase and arginine deiminase, two catabolic enzymes primarily involved in the breakdown of arginine, increased substantially by a combination of growth in darkness and addition of either arginine, or ornithine, to the growth medium. The most significant effects on the in vitro OCT activities where observed in cells grown with the addition of ornithine. Cells grown in darkness exhibited about 6% of the in vivo nitrogenase activity observed in cells grown in light. However, addition of external carbon (glucose and fructose) to cells grown in darkness resulted in in vivo nitrogenase activity levels similar to, or even higher than, cells grown in light. Growth with high in vivo nitrogenase activity or in darkness with the addition of external carbon, resulted in repressed levels of in vitro arginase and arginine deiminase activities. It is suggested that nitrogen starvation induces a mobilization of the stored nitrogen, internal release of the amino compound arginine, and an induction of two catabolic enzymes arginase and arginine deiminase. A similar and even more pronunced induction can be observed by addition of external arginine to the growth medium.     

Seasonal changes in intra- and interorgan occurrence of rodlet cells in freshwater bream

Significant seasonal differences in intra- and interorgan prevalence, abundance and distribution of rodlet cells (RC) were observed in freshwater bream caught in May and August 1997 from a PCB-polluted lake, Lake Kernaala, Finland. In May, the majority of RCs in liver were seen in blood vessel endothelium, while in August most cells were located in the epithelium of the intrahepatic biliary ducts. In kidney, a significant increase in RCs in the columnar epithelium of the collecting ducts was observed from May to August. RCs in spleen were extremely rare in May, but were seen frequently in the endothelium of the splenic blood vessels in August. In gill and intestine, RCs were found in every tissue sample studied, with no statistical differences in their abundance or distribution between seasons. No RCs were seen in gonads. Total numbers of RCs increased dramatically from May to August in kidney and in spleen. The frequency of RCs corresponded strongly with the current phase of parasitic infections in liver, kidney, and spleen. It is concluded that RCs play a role in host defence mechanisms in fish, displaying induced expression at the times of peak parasitic prevalences.