矮败小麦轮回选择群体品质性状的分子改良

利用HMW-GS优异种质和矮败小麦遗传改良工具,通过苗期HMW-GS基因PCR分子跟踪并结合籽粒SDS-PAGE检测,将优异HMW-GS导入并聚合于矮败小麦,构建矮败小麦优质轮回选择群体.结果表明,在开花期对轮回选择群体的287个单株进行1Dx5和1Bx14基因的PCR检测,有225个单株携带1Dx5基因,有120个单株携带1Bx14基因;其中,有58个单株同时携带1Dx5和1Bx14基因.对群体中287个单株籽粒的HMW-GS组成进行分析,有22%籽粒在Glu-B1、Glu-D1位点发生了亚基聚合:224个单株携带5+10亚基,126个单株携带14+15亚基,有63个单株同时携带5+10+14+15.     

应用主基因-多基因混合模型研究昆明小白谷孕穗期耐冷性的遗传

以耐寒的昆明小白谷与农艺性状好但不耐寒的十和田杂交并以十和田为轮回亲本回交培育的耐寒的近等基因系(NIL)不同单株(BC4F6)与轮回亲本杂交再自交的4个F2代群体,2003年在海拔为2150m用冷泉水(18℃～19℃)灌溉的阿子营乡种植,利用主基因-多基因混合遗传模型分析了4个F2代群体的耐冷基因效应,结果表明4个组合中耐冷基因是受一对主效基因控制,其主效基因的遗传率为59.10%～81.04%.     

染色体工程法聚合小麦优质麦谷蛋白亚基研究

采用小偃6号ID单体材料作为受体,中优6号、安农91168和皖38为5 10亚基的供体进行杂交,F1代田间苗期取根尖进行细胞学检测,孕穗期镜检花粉母细胞选择单体植株,并对其套袋自交。F2代籽粒在室内进行SDS-PAGE电泳筛选14 15和5 10亚基聚合且纯合籽粒,将5 10优质亚基转入当地主要优质源之一的小偃6号,同时将其聚合效率与正常二体杂交F2籽粒分离结果相比较。分析认为单体材料在亚基聚合中,其亚基分离完全符合一对基因的独立遗传,具有较高的选育效率。     

普通小麦与东方旱麦草杂交世代的细胞遗传学研究

对普通小麦（TriticumaestivumL．）与东方旱麦草（Eremopyrumorientale（Ledeb）Jaub．etspach）属间杂种的回交和自交不同世代（BC2F1、BC3F1、BC2F2、BC3F2和BC2F3）进行了细胞遗传学研究。结果表明,BC2F1代（2n＝44）的植株回交产生的BC3F1代分离2n＝43植株的比例较高;为41．09％,2n＝44的植株类型的比例仅为4．11％;从自交后代BC2F2中分离2n=44植株类型的比例较高,为13．21％。回交二代（BC2F1）多数单株花粉母细胞（PMC）减数分裂过程中出现的单价体数较高,且回交结实率和自交结实率分别与该植株平均每PMC中出现的单价体数呈负相关,其相关系数分别为-0．6766和-0．7429。对BC2F3代部分种子进行的基因组原位杂交检测显示,2n＝44的不同植株所含有的外源染色体数目仍有不同。这些结果说明,由于外源染色体的存在,影响了小麦本身同源染色体的正常配对和分离,降低了小麦染色体的遗传稳定性。     

大豆蛋白质含量的遗传变异及其与主要农艺性状的相关性分析

摘要：以综合性状优良的黄淮海区主栽大豆品种中黄13为轮回亲本,从大豆微核心种质中选择蛋白质含量显著低于或高于轮回亲本的中黄20、东山69、迟黄豆-1和泰兴牛毛黄乙等4个品种作为供体亲本,比较分析了4个组合的RP、DP、F2、BC1F2和BC2F2蛋白质含量的遗传变异及其与主要农艺性状的相关性,结果表明,双亲蛋白质含量高有利于提高其杂交、回交后代的蛋白质平均含量及超轮回亲本个体比例;F2、BC1F2和BC2F2群体蛋白质含量的变异系数依次降低,BC2F2的蛋白质平均含量及其变异系数接近于轮回亲本;蛋白质含量在F2群体内呈正态分布,在双亲蛋白质含量高的组合中,其BC1F2群体呈偏态分布,但在BC2F2群体恢复了正态分布,稳定较快;供体亲本与其杂交2代、回交1代和回交2代在蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、株高、单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重等性状上呈显著或极显著相关。     

陆地棉染色体片段代换系（BC5F3和BC5F3︰4）产量和纤维品质性状表现的初步评价

本研究以海岛棉海1为供体亲本,陆地棉中棉所36为轮回亲本构建了一套棉花染色体片段代换系,通过对BC5F3和BC5F3∶4这两个世代材料表型数据的分析,结果显示,同年份中与轮回亲本比较,群体各性状的极差和遗传变异系数都比较大;1942个BC5F3单株群体中衣分最高达49.57%,超轮回亲本比例为71.78%,纤维断裂比强度最高为36.5cN/tex;658个BC5F3∶4株行群体中纤维上半部平均长度最大值32.25mm,超轮回亲本比例为47.57%,断裂比强度最高达到32.2cN/tex,超轮回亲本比例为40.27%;通过相关性分析,主要产量性状和纤维品质性状在两个世代间呈极显著正相关,衣分与纤维长度及强度在群体内呈极显著负相关。这些结果表明,通过高代回交后连续自交得到的染色体片段代换系群体中存在丰富的遗传变异,含有大量具有丰产、纤维品质优异的单株,两个世代材料具有较好的一致性与稳定性;产量和品质同步改良还存在一定难度。本研究为进一步的近等基因系分析、基因克隆、基因聚合效应分析等储备了大量的研究材料。     

SDS-PAGE分析转基因小麦与主栽小麦杂交后代的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基

目的:高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)1Ax1、1Dx5是对小麦面包烘烤品质有重要影响的优质亚基。将转基因小麦株系与普通小麦栽培品种常规杂交并快速筛选后代,以选育含有外源优质亚基的主栽小麦品系。方法:将分别含有1Ax1、1Dx5亚基的转基因小麦株系B102-1-2、B73-6-1与3种普通小麦主栽品种鄂恩1号、鄂麦12号、日喀则8号常规杂交,用不连续SDS-PAGE方法鉴定12组杂交组合(正反交)F1代311颗籽粒的HMW-GS。结果:不连续SDS-PAGE分析大量子代带型,能够快速鉴定筛选出具有优质亚基的株系,转基因获得的外源优质HMW-GS基因在大部分F1子代中能够共显性遗传。结论:常规杂交育种能使外源基因有效地整合进主栽小麦的基因组中,进一步分析后代遗传的稳定性和遗传规律就可以培育出优质的新品种;不连续SDS-PAGE快速筛选优质亚基的株系具有可操作性和实用性。     

应用分子标记技术改良京作1号的稻瘟病抗性

稻瘟病是危害水稻产量的重要生物胁迫之一。实践证明,解决这一问题的最有效方法是培育具广谱、持久稻瘟病抗性的品种并推广种植。本研究以优质、高产、感稻瘟病的京作1号为轮回亲本,与稻瘟病抗性基因Pi9、Pigm和pi21的供体材料进行杂交、回交和复交,结合分子标记辅助选择和农艺性状筛选,培育不同的单基因导入系和聚合系。苗期人工接种多个稻瘟病菌的结果显示,Pi9抗性改良系的抗性频率达到100%,Pigm抗性改良系平均为90%,均极显著高于轮回亲本京作1号的抗性频率,且农艺性状与京作1号基本一致。pi21抗性改良系的抗性水平与京作1号没有明显差异,单株产量极显著低于京作1号。与轮回亲本相比,Pi9和pi21聚合系的抗性频率极显著提高,达到93.33%,但单株产量明显降低。研究结果证实了Pi9和Pigm基因在大幅度提高抗瘟性的同时对主要农艺性状影响小,都具有较大的育种利用价值。基因pi21抗谱较窄,抗性不强,且可能存在对产量的负效应,不宜单独用来改良水稻品种的稻瘟病抗性,需要与抗性强的主基因聚合,通过多次回交和自交打破该基因与产量的不利连锁累赘。     

转基因小麦外源优质亚基基因的杂交转育研究

在获得外源品质基因1Dx5和1Ax1超量表达的转基因小麦的基础上,利用小麦转基因品系‘B72-8-11b’和‘B102-1-2’为父本,主要以湖北省栽培品种‘鄂麦12’为母本,配置杂交组合。杂交后代中采用系谱选择法,结合HMW-GS鉴定,研究了转基因小麦外源品质基因在F1、F2、F3、F4代的传递,并筛选出外源1Dx5或1Ax1基因保持超表达的2个新型转基因株系;同时证明了将外源品质基因向栽培品种转育,是提高小麦优质亚基含量和提高HMW-GS总量的有效方法之一。     

普通野生稻中增产相关QTL的发掘

普通野生稻(Oryza Rufipogon)是重要的遗传资源,发掘其优良等位基因将对水稻遗传改良产生重要影响。文章从以珍汕97为轮回亲本,普通野生稻为供体的BC2F1群体中选择一个与珍汕97表型明显不同的单株BC2F1-15,经过连续自交获得回交重组自交系BC2F5群体。均匀分布于12条染色体的126个多态性SSR(Simplesequence repeats)标记基因型分析,发现BC2F1-15单株在30%的标记位点为杂合基因型;利用该群体共检测到4个抽穗期、3个株高、4个每穗颖花数、2个千粒重和1个单株产量QTL。在第7染色体RM481-RM2区间,检测到抽穗期、每穗颖花数和产量QTL,野生稻等位基因表现增效作用;其他3个每穗颖花数QTL位点,野生稻等位基因也均具有增效作用。结果表明野生稻携带有增产相关的等位基因,这些有利等位基因无疑是水稻遗传改良可资利用的新资源。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various