化妆品防腐剂氯苯甘醚复配体的制备

对化妆品防腐剂氯苯甘醚、乙基己基甘油和苯氧乙醇进行复配试验,并得出微生物抑菌圈实验最佳配比,然后进行了最小抑菌浓度(MIC)值的测定和微生物挑战试验及毒理性试验。结果表明,复配防腐剂的氯苯甘醚、乙基己基甘油和苯氧乙醇配比为1∶1∶3时抑菌效果最佳,并通过了毒理性测试。该复配防腐剂是优良的化妆品防腐剂。     

甲维盐·毒死蜱及其复配对小菜蛾的毒力分析

以小菜蛾（Plutella xylostellar） 3龄幼虫为试虫测定了甲胺基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、毒死蜱及两者5种不同配比的复配剂的毒力,测定结果建立了“时间-剂量-死亡率”模型.根据模型分析结果,甲胺基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐与毒死蜱混配后增效显著.在5种配比中以甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐∶毒死蜱 =1∶ 74为最佳配比,其24-60 h 4个时段的共毒系数在334到550之间;与单剂相比,该配比明显提高了24 h时段内和48-60 h时段的杀虫率.     

基于全细胞催化合成NADP重组细胞复合通透剂的筛选

本文以重组大肠杆菌E. coli BL21(DE3) p ET30α(+)-Nmnat为研究对象,考察化学通透剂处理重组菌对其催化合成NADP的影响。实验显示,在单因素筛选实验中,四种通透剂曲拉通X-100、吐温80、二甲基亚砜和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)对细胞进行通透化处理均可提高全细胞催化产率,且提高幅度差距并不显著。进一步采用析因设计考察四种通透剂的复合效应,除了曲拉通X-100与吐温80和曲拉通X-100与CTAB交互作用的P大于0. 05为不显著,其余所有交互作用项P值均小于0. 05,呈现显著性,且复合通透剂中,仅单一增加CTAB量,复合体系的协同作用将减少,制约作用增加,不适宜用于复合配方。最后采用中心组合设计进一步对复配效果进行优化,通过拟合得到最佳通透剂配比为曲拉通X-100(1. 64%),吐温80(2. 53%)以及二甲基亚砜(1. 06%),此时NADP预测产率达到77. 46%,与实际验证产率均值77. 05%相差甚微,说明实验优化模型具有良好预测性,优化结果与未添加通透剂相比提升近47%,表明优化复合通透剂配方更有利于提高重组菌催化合成NADP。     

柿叶和桔皮提取物的体外协同抑菌效果研究

用柿叶和桔皮乙醇提取物进行复配实验,采用滤纸片法测定复配液对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果。采用二倍稀释法测定复配液对三种供试菌株的最小抑菌浓度,并测定温度、p H和紫外线照射对复配液稳定性的影响。结果表明,柿叶和桔皮醇提物对三种供试菌种均具有良好的抑制作用,两种醇提物的不同质量比例复配液的体外抑菌效果表现为协同,复配液的最佳质量配比为2∶3。复配液(2∶3)对三种供试菌种最低抑制浓度分别为6.25、6.25和12.50 mg/m L,在20~80℃,p H为5~9时具有很好的稳定性,对紫外线照射比较敏感。     

数学模型在二元复配杀螨剂最优配比筛选中的应用

采用共毒系数法对复配剂的最优配比进行筛选可能会造成真正最优配比的漏筛,且工作量很大,具有局限性.以朱砂叶螨为试虫,分别对甲氰菊酯、阿维菌素、氯氰菊酯、三氯杀螨醇、氧化乐果、甲氰·阿维、氯氰·三杀和氧乐·甲氰进行毒力测定并对复配剂共毒系数Y进行计算.将甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯和氧化乐果在各自复配剂有效成分中的质量分数k进行反正弦转换(X=arcsin(k)1/2),通过SPSS软件拟合k反正弦转换值与共毒系数的数学模型.甲氰·阿维、氯氰·三杀和氧乐·甲氰的数学模型为Y1=-30179.08 769.24 X1-4.8472 X21;Y2=-251.53 32.34 X2-0.6858 X22;Y3=-7066.96 266.06 X3-2.4267 X23.对上述的3个方程进行求导可得:Y1'=769.24-9.6944 X1;Y2'=32.34-1.3716 X2;Y3'=266.06-4.8534 X3.令Y'=0,则有X1=79.34;X2=23.58;X3=54.82.将X1、X2和X3值分别代入各自的方程可以求得甲氰·阿维、氯氰·三杀和氧乐·甲氰复配剂的最大共毒系数分别为340.09、129.71和225.65,将X1、X2和X3值代入X=arcsin(K)1/2中可以求得各单剂在复配剂有效成分中的质量分数k值,根据k值可以求得:甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素的最优配比为28:1;辛硫磷和啶虫脒的最优配比为1:5.25;三唑磷和杀虫单最优配比为2:1.     

抑菌剂和筛选剂对香蕉受体系统的影响

本研究将抑制农杆菌生长的两种抑菌剂头孢霉素和特泯丁,以及3种筛选剂潮霉素B、卡那霉素和PPT除草剂,以不同浓度添加到香蕉的3种受体系统中,研究它们对香蕉组织生长与分化的影响.实验结果表明:不同抑菌剂和筛选剂对香蕉再生体系的影响程度不同,不同香蕉再生体系对相同抑菌剂和筛选剂的敏感性也不同,因此不同香蕉再生体系需要选择不同的抑菌剂与筛选剂的最佳的配比和组合配比.3种筛选剂在香焦的3种再生体系中的筛选能力顺序都为:PPT＞潮霉素B＞卡那霉素.     

重点单项诱杀措施复合配置对棉铃虫的诱杀效果及规格比较

不同灯光与性诱剂或杨树枝把的复合配置处理对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera成虫均具有较明显的诱杀作用,其各自的田间控制效果各不相同,且明显与棉铃虫田间实际发生的相对程度有关。在一定范围内,棉铃虫发生量大的世代或年份,控制效果较好,发生量超常大时控制效果有所降低。综合分析比较该几种复合配置诱集源处理的诱蛾量、田间百株卵量、幼虫量及其对棉铃虫有效态天敌量的影响等因素,结果显示：在不同灯光与性诱剂或杨树枝把的复合配置处理中,以高压汞灯和性诱剂复配效果最好,双波灯与性诱剂的复配效果稍差。高压汞灯与性诱剂、双波灯与性诱剂复配处理区的百株卵量在160 m内分别比对照降低34.5%、28.6%。性诱剂宜设置于高压汞灯区外围80—160 m外,以形成两者空间和时间上的互补。     

絮凝剂在银杏叶提取液中除杂工艺研究

本实验以黄酮醇苷含量为评价指标,筛选硅藻土、明胶、壳聚糖、101果汁澄清剂、ZTC1+1天然澄清剂、活性炭六种澄清剂,分别采用单因素和正交试验法对银杏叶提取液的澄清条件进行工艺优化。结果表明:银杏叶提取液的最佳澄清条件为明胶做澄清剂,每10 g生药加1%明胶溶液3 m L,浓缩液药比为6∶1(m L/g)、p H为5.5、温度为40℃。明胶作为银杏叶提取液的除杂澄清剂稳定、可行。     

川芎嗪与冰片处方配比与组合物的巴布剂基质处方的正交设计优化研究

目的:考察优化川芎嗪与冰片处方配比与组合物的巴布剂基质处方。方法:采用家兔离体皮肤透皮试验考察川芎嗪与冰片处方配比,采用正交设计筛选CMC-Na、NP-700、二氧化钛和丙三醇的用量。结果:川芎嗪与冰片处方最佳配比50:1;最佳处方为NP-700 6.0 g、二氧化钛0.5g、丙三醇10.0g和CMC-Na 0.5g。结论:通过优化处方配比,可制得黏附性能良好的川芎嗪与冰片巴布剂。     

皮诺敛酸/左旋肉碱降低HepG2细胞脂质的最佳浓度配比研究

针对单一活性成分的减肥降脂效果较差,且容易出现耐药性等问题,本文筛选并优化了皮诺敛酸/左旋肉碱降低HepG2细胞脂质的最佳浓度配比,为皮诺敛酸降脂产品的开发提供基础数据。通过油酸诱导HepG2细胞成脂建立体外非酒精性脂肪肝模型。采用油红O染色法确定了皮诺敛酸/左旋肉碱降低HepG2细胞中脂滴的最佳浓度配比。实验结果表明0.5 mmol·L^-1油酸诱导HepG2细胞脂肪变性效果最佳,皮诺敛酸（PLA）最佳降脂浓度为6.25 μmol·L^-1,左旋肉碱（LC）最佳降脂浓度为250 μmol·L^-1,皮诺敛酸/左旋肉碱（PLA/LC）最佳降脂浓度配比为1：40（μmol·L^-1/μmol·L^-1）。皮诺敛酸/左旋肉碱复配物可以显著降低HepG2细胞脂质,具有用量少,协同作用效果突出的优点,因此皮诺敛酸/左旋肉碱复配物在开发降脂减肥产品中具有良好的应用前景。     

Separation of Alcaligenes eutrophus cells containing Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) from fermentation broth with pretreatment using Al- and Fe-based coagulants

Alcaligenes eutrophus containing intracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) was recovered from fermentation broth by centrifugation and filtration after pretreatment with Al- and Fe-based coagulants. Coagulation efficiency was largely affected by pH, and the optimum pH's for cell recovery were about 4.6-5.6 for the Al-based coagulants and about 5-8 for the Fe-based coagulants. Ammonium ions that combined with metals to form complex compounds increased the coagulant requirement, and the additional requirement of coagulant was found to be proportional to the ammonium concentration. In addition, various ligands in addition to ammonium ions contained in the culture medium interfered with the coagulation reaction and increased the coagulant requirement also. The coagulant requirement increased with the cell concentration regardless of coagulant type. The polymeric coagulants such as PACS, Hi-PAX, and Ferix-3 were more effective than nonpolymeric coagulants of aluminum sulfate and ferrous sulfate. The optimum dosages of the coagulants tested were determined over a broad range of cell concentration of 20.5-210 g/L. It was observed that the energy requirement for centrifugation could be greatly reduced with cell coagulation.     

城市生活污水浇灌对金盏菊生长的影响

用三种稀释倍数的城市生活污水[污水:清水(v/v)为1:0、1:0.5、1:1]处理金盏菊种子及盆花,结果表明,污灌处理不仅显著地降低种子的萌发率,还增加萌发后幼苗病害的发生率;未经稀释的原生污水显著抑制金盏菊幼苗的生长,而稀释后抑制作用降低,当稀释至适当浓度时,则对幼苗生长起促进作用;对于金盏菊成年植株,污灌处理(不论稀释与否)显著地增加其茎、叶和根的鲜重,分别较对照增加161.63%~215.12%、86.77%~109.23%和23.89%~34.13%。综合分析表明,原生污水经过适当稀释后用于草花污灌,可以使污水中的营养盐得到回用,提高草花的观赏性。     

Co-combustion of different sewage sludge and coal: a non-isothermal thermogravimetric kinetic analysis

The kinetics of the combustion of coal, two different sewage sludge and their blends (containing different dried weight percentages of sewage sludge) was studied by simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis. Once the weight percentage of sludge in the blend was 10%, the effects on the combustion of coal were hardly noticeable in terms of weight loss. The Arrhenius activation energy corresponding to the co-combustion of the blends was evaluated by non-isothermal kinetic analysis. This showed that, though differences between coal and sewage sludge, the combustion of their blends kept kinetically alike to that of the coal. This work illustrates how thermogravimetric analysis may be used as an easy rapid tool to asses, not only mass loss, but also kinetics of the co-combustion of sewage sludge and coal blends.     

Chitosan-poly(acrylic acid): mechanism of complex formation and potential industrial applications.

The food industry is interested in polyelectrolytic coagulants of natural origin for the clarification of food beverages and the recovery of colloidal and dispersed particles from processing waste streams. This paper discusses potential industrial applications of recent findings on polymer complex formation obtained with a chitosan-poly(acrylic acid) model system. Process recommendations could be made on the basis of the ionic strength, pH, and charged group concentration of the fluid to be treated. Ionic strength does not affect the complex formation process. The amount of chitosan in the complex formed is controlled by the solution pH. The mechanism of complex formation indicates that pH measurements could be used to monitor the coagulation process.     

Distribution of ribonucleic acid coliphages in raw sewage from treatment plants in Japan.

To determine the transmission cycle of ribonucleic acid (RNA) coliphages in their natural habitats, we investigated the distribution patterns of RNA phages in raw sewage collected from treatment plants in various localities in Japan. Most of the sewage samples contained group II and III phages. Samples from treatment plants in Sapporo, Tokyo, and Toyama contained appreciable amounts of group I phages in addition to the group II and III phages. As a whole, raw sewage from treatment plants in Japan contained RNA phages of the three groups in the ratio 1:2:5, group I/II/III. Based on the distribution patterns of RNA phages in sewage from domestic drainage in Japan proper (group II/III, 3:1), in animal feces and sewage from slaughter houses (mostly group I), and in human feces (group II/III, 1:1), it can be reasonably said that group I phages tend to be introduced from animal sources and group II and III phages tend to be introduced from human sources. Raw sewage from treatment plants in Japan consists mainly of human feces, sewage from domestic drainage, and industrial wastewater, and, in part, from slaughter houses. In fact, sewage from slaughter houses together with that from human sources flowed into the treatment plants of Tokyo as far as we could confirm.     

生活污水分散处理技术的进展

为了确保我国水体清洁,生活污水除了集中处理之外,分散式的净化槽系统也是不可缺少的。对生活污水分散处理的特点、难点及发展状况进行了论述,探讨了生活污水分散处理技术在应用中存在的问题及解决方法,指出厌氧和好氧生物膜联合处理的小型一体化生活污水净化槽的发展方向。     

生活污水慢渗生态处理对土壤及杨树生长的影响

为了观测生活污水杨树林地处理对土壤和林木生长的影响,2008—2009年在郑州市龙湖镇,采用不同水力负荷(0、3、6、9、12、15cm/周),进行了污水慢渗生态处理试验。测定了污水处理期间杨树地上部分生长量,对表层(0—40cm)和下层(40—100cm)土壤理化性质进行了分析。选用土壤容重、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾作为土壤质量因子,运用土壤质量综合指标评价不同处理表层土壤质量,对下层土壤的理化性状的变化进行了研究。结果表明:在3—9cm/周水力负荷时,表层土壤质量综合指标值(QI值)和杨树地上部分生长量均随着水力负荷的增加而增加,在9cm/周水力负荷时达到最大;水力负荷大于9cm/周,QI值和杨树地上部分生长量随着水力负荷增加而降低。在水力负荷较低时,污水处理对下层土壤性状影响较小,水力负荷大于9cm/周,污水处理对下层土壤性状产生了不良影响。生活污水杨树林地处理比较适宜的水力负荷是6—9cm/周。     

The Microbiology and Biochemistry of Anaerobic Bioreactors with Relevance to Domestic Sewage Treatment

Anaerobic granular and fixed-film reactors have been successfully operated for wastewater treatment at full scale for over two decades and represent a sustainable, energy-producing approach, which is increasingly being directed towards treatment of domestic sewage. Research over the past two decades, and significant operational experience, has demonstrated that there are no fundamental microbiological barriers to the implementation of AD for domestic sewage treatment in regions with warm and temperate climates. Despite this, the underlying microbiology of methanogenesis is not fully understood and novel groups of microbes have been identified in sludge, with unknown functions. The methanogenic process has recently been subject to systematic investigation using newly developed analytical and microbiological approaches. A combination of process monitoring, physiological, molecular microbiological and microscopic methods are beginning to generate a comprehensive, integrated data set at micro-organism, granule and reactor level and the current state of knowledge is reviewed here. Information on the formation of granules, on the relationship between reactor operating conditions and microbial consortia and on the impact of process changes on the microorganisms in reactors will, in future, enable the link between the processes occurring at microorganism level (scale ca. 1 μm–1 mm) and the processes occurring within reactors (scale >1 m), which will enhance the efficiency and applicability of anaerobic sewage treatment.     

居住小区生活污水处理的工程实践

分析、总结了运用氧化沟工艺处理某居住小区生活污水的设计和工程实际运行情况.实践证明,进水COD浓度<400mg·L^-1时,出水COD去除率>80%;进水BOD浓度<200mg·L^-1时,出水BOD去除率>85%.该工艺是一种技术先进、高效低耗、运行稳定、出水水质好的处理工艺.     

Wet spinning of silk polymer. I. Effect of coagulation conditions on the morphological feature of filament

Regenerated silk fibroin (SF) filaments were prepared by the wet spinning technique. The effect of coagulation conditions, such as coagulant type and coagulation temperature, was investigated on the morphological feature of SF filaments and a theoretical approach was also performed to understand the coagulation phenomena. SEM observation revealed that as the R group size of alcoholic coagulant (ROH) increased, the cross-sectional shape deviated more from a circular form. This is attributed to the fact that as the R group size increased, the mass transfer rate difference increased, but the coagulation rate decreased due to a reduced diffusion rate. Most non-alcoholic coagulants exhibited this circular cross-sectional shape, except dioxane, which showed a clover shape. As the coagulation bath temperature increased, the cross-section deviated less from a circular form, with the reduction of fiber diameter. When methanol/water mixture was used as a coagulant, an ellipse or a dog-bone shape was obtained with higher water content in methanol, which was attributed to the decrease of coagulation rate. Although methanol exhibited a positive value of mass transfer rate difference, a circular shape of cross-section was obtained due to the density difference of the coagulated and uncoagulated parts in the coagulating SF filament.