幽门螺杆菌动物模型研究进展

幽门螺杆菌动物模型用于H.pylori相关疾病和H.pylori疫苗作用的研究。常规实验动物包括翻生猪、悉生狗、非人类灵长动物、猫、雪貂、小鼠、大鼠、沙鼠等。猫螺杆菌和雪貂螺杆菌感染也被用于模型研究。最近,转基因小鼠和基因敲除小鼠也被用作幽门螺杆菌动物模型研究。     

幽门螺杆菌动物感染模型的研究近况

动物感染模型对于幽门螺杆菌致病机制的研究、疫苗的研制和药物的筛选具有十分重要的作用。已报道的用于建立该菌动物感染模型的动物有小鼠、大鼠、蒙古沙鼠、豚鼠、猫、狗、悉生生物猪和灵长类动物等。此外也有人利用猫胃螺杆菌感染的小鼠、大鼠模型和鼬鼠螺杆菌感染的雪貂模型来研究幽门螺杆菌。本文就各种幽门螺杆菌动物感染模型的优缺点、适应范围及存在问题作一简要介绍。     

幽门螺杆菌感染动物模型与疫苗发展

目前认为人是幽门螺杆菌的唯一自然感染宿主,常见其他动物中虽然螺杆菌属细菌感染相当普遍,但并未发现有幽门螺杆菌的自然感染存在;用临床分离的普通幽门螺杆菌菌株感染动物发现,仅有雪貂等少数动物可感染;从大量菌株中筛选出的能够成功定植大、小鼠的幽门螺杆菌菌(如SS1菌株等),虽在致病机制研究及临床药物筛选中发挥了重要作用,但由于其具有与在人类不同的黏附定居机制,无法成功地作为疫苗效果评价中的动物模型使用,国内外使用者均遇到了疫苗动物保护率与在人群中保护率的明显反差问题,成为幽门螺杆菌疫苗发展中的主要瓶颈之一。当前幽门…     

A型流感病毒感染雪貂造模的研究进展

A型流感病毒(influenza A virus,IAV)感染人和动物,严重威胁公共卫生安全。动物模型在IAV研究中发挥着重要作用,不同的动物模型具有不同的优点和限制性。本文比较了雪貂与小鼠、豚鼠和非人灵长类动物模型的优点和限制性,突出说明雪貂在IAV研究中的重要性,并就雪貂在IAV致病性、传播和疫苗研发中的研究进展做了总结,以期为IAV的基础和应用研究提供参考。     

幽门螺杆菌感染的动物模型及实际应用

幽门螺杆菌已被公认为慢性胃炎、消化性溃疡、胃癌等胃癌的重要病因，但其 致病与免疫机制等多问题的深入解决尚有 待于动物模型的发展。本文好在小猪、犬、猴、裸鼠胃中建立的ＨＰＢ感染模型，或用ＨＰ近似菌如Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｂａｃｔｅｒｆｅｌｉｓ（ＨＦ）或Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｂａｃｔｅｒｍｕｓｔｅｌａｓ（ＨＭ）在小鼠、雪貂胃中建立的拟ＨＰ感染模型，并介绍了它们在观察抗ＨＰ疗法疗效、ＨＰ及其近似菌致病及免疫机制研究中的应用     

鼬鼠螺旋杆菌

1986年,美国的Fox等首先报道在雪貂(ferret)的胃内分离出一种形态和生化特性非常相似于幽门螺杆菌(HP)的细菌,称为胃弯曲菌样微生物(gastric campylobacter-like organism,GCLO),1988年,Fox建议将该菌称为幽门弯曲菌鼬鼠亚种(Campylobacter pylori subsp mustelae),其标准株为ATCC43772。1989年,Goodwin提出一个新的属—螺旋杆菌属,该菌又易名为鼬鼠     

建立H5N1流感病毒感染雪貂动物模型

目的建立甲型H5N1流感病毒感染雪貂动物模型[1-3]。方法 H5N1流感病毒株A/Vietnam/1203/2004病毒以103和104 TCID50滴度分别感染雪貂。对4～10月龄去势雪貂经兽用氯胺酮轻度麻醉后进行滴鼻感染,每个稀释度接种3只雪貂,感染后第5天安乐处死。感染后每天记录雪貂一般临床变化。感染前0 d采集鼻甲骨活检,感染后1～5 d鼻甲骨活检检测病毒载量和病毒滴度。处死时取雪貂气管、肺、心、肝、脾、肾、小肠、脑组织作病毒滴度检测和病理检查。结果 H5N1103和104 TCID50的病毒分别感染雪貂,雪貂死亡都率在33%。103TCID50和104 TCID50病毒分别感染雪貂,动物都出现持续3 d体温升高,104 TCID50组出现超过20%的体重下降。上呼吸道排毒呈现上升趋势,并可在除呼吸系统以外的组织器官中分离到病毒。感染的雪貂病理表现为重度肺炎。结论雪貂感染H5N1病毒株后在临床表现、病毒学、分子生物学、病理学方面的检测都可以证实雪貂感染H5N1病毒动物模型已建立,104 TCID50病毒滴度是一个建立感染动物模型比较合适的剂量。     

幽门螺杆菌疫苗及动物模型的研究进展

幽门蚴杆菌（HP）于1983年被发现,是一种与慢性胃病（慢性胃炎、消化性溃疡、胃癌等）有关的重要致病因子,目前只能采用抗菌素进行治疗,尚无有效的免疫制剂问世,其疫苗和动物模型的研究正在加紧进行中。疫苗研究方面,全菌体死疫苗似不可行,DNA疫苗效果也不理想,用基因工程方法制备活疫苗或组分菌苗可能是有效途径。另外研究发现,HP疫苗可能还具有治疗作用。动物模型研究方面,目前公认用HPSS1株建立的HP小鼠模型较为成功。     

睡眠研究中相关动物选择的进展

在睡眠研究使用的各种实验动物中,除了常用的啮齿类动物,还有猫、果蝇、猴和斑马鱼等.啮齿类动物因制作其睡眠相关的模型简便易行而得到广泛的应用,主要是采用各种物理化学方法制作失眠动物模型;转基因小鼠主要应用于药物干预睡眠及睡眠发生机制的研究;果蝇和斑马鱼多用于遗传学中睡眠的研究;猫用于睡眠研究的历史悠久,多用于体内试验,对内源性神经递质进行定量分析;猴睡眠结构与人相似,被广泛用于神经生物学,行为药理学等领域与睡眠的关系研究中.由于各种实验动物特殊的生理特征,在睡眠研究中多根据研究目的选择不同的实验动物.     

动物胃内螺旋菌的分类与鉴定

本文对猪、狗和猫胃内的螺旋样细菌进行了调查,用常规病理学技术发现这些动物胃内主要有三种类型的是螺旋菌：幽门螺杆菌样、人胃螺旋菌样和弯曲菌样微生物,在三只猫胃培养出ＨＰ样细菌,用螺杆菌属细菌特异探针杂交发现ＧＨＬＯｓ帮ＨＰＬＯｓ属于螺杆菌属细菌,而用ＨＰＴ特异物ＰＣＲ扩增发现狸和猫胃内存在ＨＰＤＮＡ,猫胃内ＨＰ样培养菌也扩增阳性,从而提出人胃内ＨＰ和ＧＨ感染可能来自动物传播论断。     

Animal models for gastric Helicobacter immunology and vaccine studies

Over the last decade animal models have been used extensively to investigate disease processes and therapy for Helicobacter pylori infections. The H. pylori animal models which have been used in pathogenesis and vaccine studies include the gnotobiotic pig, non-human primates, cats, dogs, and several species of rodents including mice, rats, gerbils and guinea pigs. H. felis infection of mice and H. mustelae infection of ferrets have also been used. Recently, investigators have begun using transgenic mice and gene-targeted 'knock-out' mice to investigate Helicobacter infections. Each of these animal models has distinct advantages and disadvantages which are discussed in this minireview. The choice of an animal model is dictated by factors such as cost and an understanding of how each model will or will not allow fulfillment of experimental objectives.     

Protective effect of ginseng polysaccharides on influenza viral infection

Ginseng polysaccharide has been known to have multiple immunomodulatory effects. In this study, we investigated whether Panax ginseng polysaccharide (GP) would have a preventive effect on influenza infection. Administration of mice with GP prior to infection was found to confer a survival benefit against infection with H1N1 (A/PR/8/34) and H3N2 (A/Philippines/82) influenza viruses. Mice infected with the 2009 H1N1 virus suspended in GP solution showed moderately enhanced survival rates and lower levels of lung viral titers and the inflammatory cytokine (IL-6). Daily treatment of vaccinated mice with GP improved their survival against heterosubtypic lethal challenge. This study demonstrates the first evidence that GP can be used as a remedy against influenza viral infection.     

Regulation of toxocariasis in mice selectively reared for high and low immune responses to Nematospiroides dubius

Test mice have been selectively reared for high (H) or low (L) immune responses to Nematospiroides dubius. After secondary infection with N. dubius, the L mice voided ten times as many eggs in their faeces as the H mice, and at necropsy, 71% versus 20% of the inoculum of N. dubius were recovered as adult worms from the L and H mice respectively. Furthermore, N. dubius were more fecund in the L than in H mice. High or low immune responsiveness was not restricted to N. dubius infection in these mice but was also observed during Toxocara canis infection. The migration of T. canis larvae from gut via the liver to skeletal muscle and CNS was inhibited in H versus L mice. Many more larvae were recovered from the livers of H compared with L mice which was indicative of greater immunity in the H mice. The protective immune response in H compared with L mice to both N. dubius and T. canis included pronounced eosinophilia and elevated antiparasite antibody titres.     

Influenza Virus-Induced Lung Inflammation Was Modulated by Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice

Although smokers have increased susceptibility and severity of seasonal influenza virus infection, there is no report about the risk of 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pdmH1N1) or avian H9N2 (H9N2/G1) virus infection in smokers. In our study, we used mouse model to investigate the effect of cigarette smoke on pdmH1N1 or H9N2 virus infection. Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke for 21 days and then infected with pdmH1N1 or H9N2 virus. Control mice were exposed to air in parallel. We found that cigarette smoke exposure alone significantly upregulated the lung inflammation. Such prior cigarette smoke exposure significantly reduced the disease severity of subsequent pdmH1N1 or H9N2 virus infection. For pdmH1N1 infection, cigarette smoke exposed mice had significantly lower mortality than the control mice, possibly due to the significantly decreased production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Similarly, after H9N2 infection, cigarette smoke exposed mice displayed significantly less weight loss, which might be attributed to lower cytokines and chemokines production, less macrophages, neutrophils, CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells infiltration and reduced lung damage compared to the control mice. To further investigate the underlying mechanism, we used nicotine to mimic the effect of cigarette smoke both in vitro and in vivo. Pre-treating the primary human macrophages with nicotine for 72 h significantly decreased their expression of cytokines and chemokines after pdmH1N1 or H9N2 infection. The mice subcutaneously and continuously treated with nicotine displayed significantly less weight loss and lower inflammatory response than the control mice upon pdmH1N1 or H9N2 infection. Moreover, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor knockout mice had more body weight loss than wild-type mice after cigarette smoke exposure and H9N2 infection. Our study provided the first evidence that the pathogenicity of both pdmH1N1 and H9N2 viruses was alleviated in cigarette smoke exposed mice, which might partially be attributed to the immunosuppressive effect of nicotine.     

Does Helicobacter pylori infection per se cause gastric cancer or duodenal ulcer? Inadequate evidence in Mongolian gerbils and inbred mice

A role for Helicobacter pylori infection in the development of gastric cancer in humans is well established; however, evidence for its carcinogenicity in animals remains inadequate. Mongolian gerbils and mice are commonly used to investigate the carcinogenicity of H. pylori, yet it is unclear whether H. pylori infection per se causes gastric cancer or duodenal ulcers in these animal models. Gastric adenocarcinoma in the gerbils was reported over 10 years ago, but this species has proved an unreliable model for studying H. pylori infection-associated gastric cancer. Helicobacter pylori infection alone appears insufficient to induce gastric cancer in these animals; additional carcinogenic insult is required. The development of invasive adenocarcinoma in inbred mice is rare regardless of the mouse or bacterial strain, and many long-term studies have failed to induce gastric cancer in these animals. Helicobacter pylori infection is also an established causative factor for duodenal ulcer in humans. However, few studies have attempted to develop animal models of H. pylori infection-induced duodenal ulcer. We therefore conclude that both Mongolian gerbils and inbred mice may be inadequate models for studying H. pylori infection-associated gastric cancer and that there is no animal model of H. pylori infection-induced duodenal ulcer.     

Seasonal FluMist vaccination induces cross-reactive T cell immunity against H1N1 (2009) influenza and secondary bacterial infections

T cell epitopes have been found to be shared by circulating, seasonal influenza virus strains and the novel pandemic H1N1 influenza infection, but the ability of these common epitopes to provide cross-protection is unknown. We have now directly tested this by examining the ability of live seasonal influenza vaccine (FluMist) to mediate protection against swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus infection. Naive mice demonstrated considerable susceptibility to H1N1 Cal/04/09 infection, whereas FluMist-vaccinated mice had markedly decreased morbidity and mortality. In vivo depletion of CD4(+) or CD8(+) immune cells after vaccination indicated that protective immunity was primarily dependent upon FluMist-induced CD4(+) cells but not CD8(+) T cells. Passive protection studies revealed little role for serum or mucosal Abs in cross-protection. Although H1N1 influenza infection of naive mice induced intensive phagocyte recruitment, pulmonary innate defense against secondary pneumococcal infection was severely suppressed. This increased susceptibility to bacterial infection was correlated with augmented IFN-γ production produced during the recovery stage of H1N1 influenza infection, which was completely suppressed in mice previously immunized with FluMist. Furthermore, susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection was decreased in the absence of type II, but not type I, IFN signaling. Thus, seasonal FluMist treatment not only promoted resistance to pandemic H1N1 influenza infection but also restored innate immunity against complicating secondary bacterial infections.     

Leishsmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infection: Muscular involvement in BALB/c and C3H.HeN mice

Recent studies have provided some insights into Leishsmania (Leishmania) amazonensis muscular infection in dogs, although, muscular disease due to leishmaniasis has been poorly documented. The aim of our study was to evaluate involvement of Leishmania in muscular infection of two distinct mouse strains (BALB/c and C3H.He), with different genetic backgrounds. BALB/c mice, susceptible to Leishmania infection, showed, at the beginning of infection, a great number of infected macrophages among muscle fibers; however, in C3H.He resistant mice, muscle fibers were less damaged than in BALB/c mice, but some parasitized macrophages could be seen among them. A follow up of the infection showed an intense inflammatory infiltrate mainly composed of infected macrophages in BALB/c muscles and the presence of amastigotes within muscle fibers; while C3H.He mice exhibited a moderate inflammatory infiltrate among skeletal muscle fibers and an absence of amastigotes. Total destruction of muscles was observed in BALB/c mice in the late phase of infection (day 90) while C3H.He mice showed a process of muscle repair. We concluded that: (1) the muscles of BALB/c mice were more affected by leishmaniasis than those of C3/H.He mice; (2) Leishmania amastigotes are capable of infecting muscular fibers, as observed in BALB/c mice; (3) as inflammatory infiltrate is less intense in C3H.He mice these animals are capable of restoring muscular fibers.     

Super-infection by Bacillus thuringiensis H34 or 3a3b can lead to death in mice infected with the influenza A virus

Bacterial super-infections are the main cause of complication and mortality after influenza virus (IAV) infection. Since Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is considered non-pathogenic for humans and is widely sprayed in urban areas, the aim of this work was to evaluate the potential pathogenicity of a combined infection Bt-IAV in a mouse model of pneumonia. Bacteria used for super-infections were Bt serotype H34 isolated from human infection and the insecticidal strain 3a3b obtained from a commercial source. Virus strain was A/Scotland/20/74 (H3N2) adapted to BALB/c mice by serial lung passage. Combined infection with 4% of the viral lethal dose 50% (LD(50)) and 10(2) spores of Bt H34 killed 40% of the mice. Mortality rates increased up to 55% and 100% when combined infections were done with respectively 10(4) and 10(7) spores. The insecticidal strain Bt 3a3b was less pathogenic than Bt H34. A dose of 10(4) spores associated with 4% of IAV LD(50) killed 50% of the mice. This inoculum must be compared with the doses usually sprayed in agriculture: 10(11) spores m(-2). Total protection against super-infection was obtained when mice were treated with amantadine. Even if only a few cases of Bt human infection have been reported, these results suggest a possible risk for workers spraying Bt-based biopesticides during flu outbreaks.     

The rOmp22–HpaA Fusion Protein Confers Protective Immunity Against Helicobacter pylori in Mice

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) plays an essential role in the development of various gastroduodenal diseases; however, no vaccines preventing H. pylori infection have been available now. This study was to evaluate the protective effect of rOmp22–HpaA fusion protein against H. pylori infection in mouse model and to screen the candidate to be used in the development of an oral vaccine against H. pylori. rOmp22, rHpaA, rOmp22+rHpaA, and rOmp22–HpaA groups were used to immunize mice with mLT63 as adjuvant by intragastric route, respectively, four times at 1-week intervals. Two weeks after last immunization, all of the animals were orally challenged with H. pylori NCTC11637 and then were killed after another 2 weeks. The mice gastric tissue of all groups was separated to detect the presence of infection by urease tests, to culture H. pylori, and to observe the histological characteristics. The protective effect against H. pylori challenge in mice immunized with rOmp22–HpaA fusion protein and mLT63 adjuvant was significantly higher than PBS and mLT63 control groups (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was detected among rOmp22, rHpaA, rOmp22+rHpaA, and rOmp22–HpaA groups (P > 0.05). rOmp22–HpaA fusion protein retained immunogenicity and could be used as an antigen candidate in the development of an oral vaccine against H. pylori infection.     

Colonic microbiota alters host susceptibility to infectious colitis by modulating inflammation, redox status, and ion transporter gene expression

Individuals vary in their resistance to enteric infections. The role of the intestinal microbiota in altering susceptibility to enteric infection is relatively unknown. Previous studies have identified that C3H/HeOuJ mice suffer 100% mortality during Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis, whereas C57BL/6 mice recover from infection. The basis for their differences in susceptibility is unclear and has been mainly attributed to differences in host genetics. This study investigated the role of the intestinal microbiota in altering susceptibility to C. rodentium-induced colitis. When the feces of C57BL/6 mice were gavaged into antibiotic treated C3H/HeOuJ mice, the C57BL/6 microflora led to a complete reversal in mortality patterns where 100% of the C3H/HeOuJ mice survived infection. This protection corresponded with reduced colonic pathology and less systemic pathogen load and was associated with increased inflammatory and redox responses with reduced epithelial cell death. C3H/HeOuJ mice are normally susceptible to infection-induced dehydration due to defective expression of colonic ion transporters such as Dra, CA IV, and CA I; expression of these genes was normalized when C3H/HeOuJ mice were colonized with the C57BL/6 microflora. Together, these data reveal that the colonic microbiota play a critical role in protecting against intestinal infection by inducing proinflammatory and prooxidant responses that control pathogen load as well as ion transporter gene expression previously shown to prevent fatal dehydration. Protection of mice from lethal colitis was associated with higher levels of bacteria from Bacteroidetes. This study reveals that the microbiota is sufficient to overcome inherent genetic susceptibility patterns in C3H/HeOuJ mice that cause mortality during C. rodentium infection.