几种含笑属(木兰科)植物的花粉形态

含笑属 ( Michelia) 4种花粉光镜下形态相似。SEM下观察 ,黄兰 ( M.champaca)和金叶含笑 ( M.foveolata)表面雕纹为小穿孔 ,苦梓含笑 ( M.balansae)为小穴 ,野含笑 ( M.skinner-iana)为细皱纹 ,较粗糙。 TEM下观察 ,4种花粉外壁均可分为覆盖层、柱状层和基层。其中黄兰的柱状层结构较原始 ,金叶含笑的较进化。花粉形态在一定程度上可反映类群的系统演化。     

遮荫对金莲花光合特性和叶片解剖特征的影响

以金莲花为材料,系统研究了不同遮荫处理(全光照、40%、60%和80%遮荫)对金莲花叶片光合特性和叶解剖结构的影响,为金莲花引种驯化和抚育管理提供理论依据。结果表明:全光照下金莲花叶净光合速率有明显光合"午休"现象,遮荫处理下"午休"现象不明显。其中,40%遮荫处理显著促进了金莲花叶片净光合速率,80%遮荫处理则起抑制作用;40%和60%遮荫处理促进金莲花叶蒸腾速率和气孔导度的提高,降低了蒸汽压亏缺,有利于光合作用的进行;80%遮荫处理下胞间CO2浓度提高,气孔限制值和蒸汽压亏缺均显著高于其它处理,抑制了金莲花叶蒸腾作用和光合作用;遮荫处理降低了金莲花叶光补偿点和暗呼吸速率,40%和60%遮荫处理下表观量子效率和最大净光合速率提高,说明金莲花有一定耐荫性;金莲花叶光合特性与解剖结构关系密切。遮荫降低了金莲花叶气孔密度和气孔指数,但气孔纵轴长和横轴长显著高于对照。40%和60%遮荫处理下,单叶气孔数量没有明显变化;遮荫下金莲花叶片增厚。栅栏组织厚度和细胞层数减少,栅栏细胞宽度加大,且第二层栅栏细胞有向海绵组织过度的趋势。海绵组织厚度增加,栅栏组织/海绵组织比值减小。随遮荫度增高,栅栏组织和海绵组织细胞间隙增大。该结构有利于提高对光能的利用效率;遮荫处理促进维管束的发育,维管束数量增加,木质部、韧皮部分化明显,其中中脉导管直径和导管数目增加,有利于蒸腾作用和光合作用的进行。     

遮荫处理对绞股蓝叶形态结构及光合特性的影响

研究了田间栽培和盆栽绞股蓝(Gynostemmapentaphyllum)在不同程度遮荫处理下的叶形态结构及光合特性的变化。结果表明,两种栽培方式下的绞股蓝叶形态结构及光合特性具有相似的变化规律。具体表现为叶形态结构受光照强度影响较大,与全日照相比,遮荫条件下叶面积增大,叶色深绿,叶片厚度以及栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度小,维管束不发达,表现出阴生叶的特点。同时,遮荫条件下叶片的叶绿素含量和净光合速率高于全日照处理。这些特点表明,绞股蓝属于喜阴植物,遮荫处理有利于其生长发育。     

滇中半湿润常绿阔叶林主要优势及常见种叶形态结构特征

通过对滇中亚热带半湿润常绿阔叶林８２个主要优势种和常见种进行叶结构分析研究,结果表明这些主要组成树种虽亲缘关系相互较远,但在相同的生态环境条件下叶结构却表现出了相似和相同的特点。主要为：群落中以单叶为主,边缘具齿较全缘为多,缺长渐尖叶,有毛叶和无毛叶所占的比例近于相等;叶脉主要为环结曲行羽状脉,大部分二级脉结环,被三、四级脉环所包围,夹角为锐角且变异多近一致;三级脉多为结网型;网眼发育完善较不完善为多,盲脉多分枝;大部分无包藏脉。并且讨论了其中一些特征如毛被,网眼,包藏脉和边缘脉等可能的生态学意义。该类森林群落主要树种的叶形态结构特征除了是物种自身系统进化的原因外,还是植物长期适应滇中高原偏干旱的季风气候的表现,是生态适应在叶形态结构上的反映     

干旱胁迫对木兰科5树种生理生化指标的影响

对乐昌含笑(Michelia chapensis Dandy)、金叶含笑(M. foreolate Merr. ex Dandy)、阔瓣含笑(M. platyetala Hand. -Mazz.)、观光木(Tsoongiodendron odorum Chun)和红花木莲[Manglietia insigis (Wall.) Blume]进行28 d干旱胁迫处理,测定了丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性糖含量;对除乐昌含笑以外的4个树种进行了7种脂肪酸成分即肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸的测定.结果表明,干旱胁迫时MDA和可溶性糖含量均升高.在4个树种的处理组和对照组中,不饱和脂肪酸比例高于饱和脂肪酸;在干旱胁迫时,饱和脂肪酸比例升高,不饱和脂肪酸比例下降.综合各生理指标变化与田间观察结果,上述5树种按抗旱能力强弱依次排序为:阔瓣含笑、乐昌含笑、观光木、金叶含笑和红花木莲.     

几种含笑属(木兰科)植物的花粉形态

含笑属（Ｍｉｃｈｅｌｉａ）４种花粉光镜下形态相似。ＳＥＭ下观察,黄兰（Ｍ．ｃｈａｍｐａｃａ）和金叶含笑（Ｍ．ｆｏｖｅｏｌａｔａ）表面雕纹为小穿孔,苦梓含笑（Ｍ．ｂａｌａｎｓａｅ）为小穴,野含笑（Ｍ．ｓｋｉｎｎｅｒ－ｉａｎａ）为细皱纹,较粗糙。ＴＥＮ下观察,４种花粉外壁均可分为覆盖层、柱状层和基层。其中黄兰的柱状层结构较原始,金叶含笑的较进化。花粉形态在一定程度上可反映类群的系统演化。     

贵州梵净山森林树干附生尖叶拟船叶藓分布格局研究*

通过使用双向指示种分析( TWINSPAN) 和无偏对应分析( DCA) 两种方法进行研究的结果表明, 梵净山
树干附生尖叶拟船叶藓在群落水平上的分布与森林群落类型相对应, 其所在群落可以分成贵州青冈- 箭竹群落、
贵州青冈+ 巴东栎+ 雷公鹅耳枥- 箭竹群落、贵州青冈- 短柱柃群落、大钟杜鹃+ 多脉青冈- 野八角群落、亮
叶水青冈+ 多脉青冈+ 贵州青冈- 箭竹群落和贵州青冈- 尖叶山茶- 野八角群落6 类树附生苔藓植物群落类型。
尖叶拟船叶藓在梵净山的垂直分布范围为海拔1 650~ 2 080 m; 在树干垂直分布表现为下部显著多于中部, 中部
显著多于上部; 在不同树种间的分布存在显著差异。分析了影响树附生尖叶拟船叶藓生态分布的相关因素。     

冠层部位对金叶女贞叶片结构的影响

金叶女贞是一种在园林绿化上广泛应用的彩叶植物,上层叶金黄色,下层叶深绿色。本文利用常规植物制片技术,研究了叶绿素缺少的金叶女贞上层金叶和下层绿叶的解剖结构。结果表明:(1)金叶女贞上层金叶和下层绿叶的上表皮无显著差异,但是下层绿叶的下表皮细胞较小,气孔密度较低;(2)下层绿叶的叶肉组织较薄,细胞较大,排列疏松;(3)在下层绿叶中叶绿体类囊体片层排列密集,叶肉组织内单位体积叶绿体数量较少;(4)冠层部位对光合色素的积累有明显影响。叶绿素缺少的金叶女贞叶片结构显著受到冠层部位的影响,光合色素的变化幅度较一般植物更大,不同冠层部位叶片叶色有明显差异,可以作为研究植物冠层部位对叶形态、结构和生理生化影响的好材料。     

贵州梵净山森林树干附生尖叶拟船叶藓分布格局研究

通过使用双向指示种分析（TWINSPAN）和无偏对应分析（DCA）两种方法进行研究的结果表明,梵净山树干附生尖叶拟船叶藓在群落水平上的分布与森林群落类型相对应,其所在群落可以分成贵州青冈-箭竹群落、贵州青冈＋巴东栎＋雷公鹅耳枥-箭竹群落、贵州青冈-短柱柃群落、大钟杜鹃＋多脉青冈-野八角群落、亮叶水青冈＋多脉青冈＋贵州青冈-箭竹群落和贵州青冈-尖叶山茶-野八角群落6类树附生苔藓植物群落类型。尖叶拟船叶藓在梵净山的垂直分布范围为海拔1650～2080m;在树干垂直分布表现为下部显著多于中部,中部显著多于上部;在不同树种间的分布存在显著差异。分析了影响树附生尖叶拟船叶藓生态分布的相关因素。     

青冈常绿阔叶林主要树种叶片形态生态研究

青冈常绿阔叶林主要树种叶形基本上都为椭圆形,叶面积在15-40cm2／叶之间,属于中型叶和小型叶;在同一植株上,青冈叶片的大小很好地符合正态分布规律,石栎则近似于负二项分布,甜槠和木荷接近正态分布;主要树种叶的大小是优势种青冈>次优势种石栎>其它伴生种,这在群落结构分化中具有适应意义,即其“生长策略”不同;同一树种叶片大小为中层木叶片>上层木叶片;春夏换叶之前,叶大小和叶重达到第一高峰,秋冬季出现第二峰,叶比重为秋、冬季>春、夏季,这是常绿植物对季节性不利气候(冬季寒冷,夏季高温伏旱)的一种生态适应。     

百山祖北坡常绿阔叶林多脉青冈种群结构和分布格局

本研究应用理论分布模型和5个聚集强度指标,研究百山祖北坡中山常绿阔叶林多脉青冈种群分布格局。结果表明：多脉青冈种群结构呈基部和中部宽、顶部窄的形状,龄级完整,属于稳定型,但存在波动性;从整个种群和不同发育阶段来看,多脉青冈的分布格局主要呈聚集分布,且随年龄增长,聚集度逐渐降低,呈现扩散趋势,到大树期为随机分布。种群自身生物学特性、种群生境以及环境资源等综合因素影响多脉青冈的年龄结构和分布格局。     

百山祖常绿阔叶林优势种群的生态位

为了理解百山祖中山常绿阔叶林备优势种群在群落中的关系、地位和功能,用定量分析法,对该群落中平均重要值大于1%的13个优势种群的生态位特征进行了研究。结果表明:多脉青冈、麂角杜鹃和窄基红褐柃的生态位宽度较大,它们的Hurlbert生态位宽度(B_a)分别为0.878、0.825、0.806;而厚叶红淡比、亮叶水青冈和水丝梨的生态位宽度较小,它们的B_a分别为0.341、0.320、0.272。物种的生态位宽度与其重要值大小无关,但与其在各样方中的重要值均匀程度呈极显著的线性正相关。生态位相似性比例(C_(ih))最大的是多脉青冈与尖连蕊茶(0.832),最小的是凸脉冬青和水丝梨(0.248)。对生境需求相似而生态位宽度较小的厚叶红淡比与亮叶水青冈的C_(ih)高达0.758。同属植物多脉青冈与褐叶青冈、台湾冬青与凸脉冬青之间并不具有较大的C_(ih)值。生态位宽度较大的物种与其他物种的生态位重叠值一般较大;生态位相似性比例大的物种的生态位重叠值一般较大。多脉青冈与褐叶青冈、台湾冬青与凸脉冬青的生态位重叠值并不大。总体来看,群落优势种群之间的生态位重叠程度较低,说明该群落主要优势种群之间竞争不激烈群落稳定。该研究揭示了群落优势种群的生态位特征和结构稳定性,为生物多样性保护、群落演替和种群进化等研究提供了理论基础,也为自然保护区管理机构制定和完善保护措施提供参考依据。     

A Study on Distribution Pattern of An Epiphytic Bryophyte,Dolichomitriopsis diversif ormis ( Lembophyllaceae) on Tree Trunks in Forest in Fanjing Mountain of Guizhou

The distribution pattern of Dolichomitriopsis diversif ormis (Mitt. ) Nog. in Fanjing Mountain of Guizhou was investigated by means of TWINSPAN and DCA. The results showed that the community-wide distribution of epiphytic D1 diversif ormis is well correlated with forest community types. The forest communities with this species can be divided into six groups, which are Cyclobalanop sis stewardiana-Sinarundinaria nitida community, Cyclobalanopsis stewardiana+ Quercus engleriana+ Carpinus viminea-Sinarundinaria nitida community, Cyclobalanopsis stewardiana-Euryia brevistyla commun-i ty, Rhododendron ririei + Cyclobalanop sis multinervis-Illicium simonsii community , Fagus lucida + Cyclobalanopsis multinervis+ Cyclobalanopsis stewardiana-Sinarundinaria nitida community and Cyclobalanop sis stewardiana-Camellia cuspidata- Illicium simonsii community respectively. The vertical distributive range of this species is 1 650- 2 080 m above sea level; the vertical distribution of this species on tree trunks is that on the lower parts are significantly more than on the middle parts and on the middle parts are significantly more than on the upper parts; the distribution of this species among different tree species is remarkably different. The ecological factors of influencing the distribution of epiphytic D1 diversif ormis in Fanjing Mountain were also analyzed and discussed.     

香溪河流域河流中树叶分解速率的比较研究

应用分解网袋法,对神农架地区的1条1级支流河岸林4种乔木树种的树叶凋落物进行了连续90d的分解研究。结果表明,不同树种树叶干重的损失程度不一样,华西枫杨,连香树树叶干重损失达77%,71%;而米心水青冈和多脉青冈树叶干重损失为43%和42%,利用指数方程Wt=W0e^-kt对4种树叶凋落物的干重损失过程进行拟合,效果较好,根据分解速率值的大小,将华西枫杨,连香树划分为快组,米心水青冈和多脉青冈树叶干重损失为43%和42%,利用指数方程Wt=W0e^-kt对4种树叶凋落物的干重损失过程进行拟合,效果较好,根据分解速率值的大小,将华西枫杨,连香树划分为快组,米心水青冈和多脉青冈为中等组,收集到无脊椎动物22种,分属于3纲、6目、21科,在不同时期,不同植物种类叶袋中无脊椎动物的数量各不相同,可能与树叶中营养成分的不同有关,在早期分解阶段。无脊椎动物数量较多,个体体长较短;在分解中后期,个体绝对数量减少,但个体体长增加。     

Abundance and mortality of leaf miners on artificially shaded Emory oak

ABSTRACT.

• 1 We measured solar radiation reaching ten Quercus emoryi Torr. trees and recorded densities of four leaf-mining insect species on these trees from June until September 1982.
• 2 The measurements showed that densities of two leaf miner species were negatively correlated with solar radiation.
• 3 In a field experiment, polypropylene shade fabric was suspended 1.3 m above four experimental trees to test for effects of reduced sunlight.
• 4 Leaves of experimentally-shaded trees were heavier and contained lower percentages of proteins and gallotannins than leaves of control, sun trees, while per cent foliar monomeric, polymeric, and total phenols, and water content did not differ between sun and shaded trees.
• 5 Two of four leaf miner species had greater densities on experimentally-shaded trees than sun trees. One of these two species experienced lower survivorship on sun trees owing to high levels of death from unknown causes on sun trees.
• 6 Two leaf miner species had greater densities on sun trees. One of these species had higher survivorship on shaded trees owing to high levels of parasitism on sun trees.
• 7 We conclude that even subtle differences in shading influences leaf miner density and mortality; however, the effects of shading vary from positive to negative among leaf miner species.

     

Partitioning of leaf nitrogen with respect to within canopy light exposure and nitrogen availability in peach (Prunus persica)

Summary Relationships between leaf nitrogen content and within canopy light exposure were studied in mature nectarine peach trees (Prunus persica cv. Fantasia) that had received 0, 112, 196, 280 or 364 kg of fertilizer nitrogen per hectare per year for the previous 3 years. The relationships between light saturated leaf CO₂ assimilation rates and leaf nitrogen concentration were also determined on trees in the highest and lowest nitrogen fertilization treatments. The slope of the linear relationship between leaf N content per unit leaf area and light exposure was similar for all nitrogen treatments but the y-intercept of the relationship increased with increasing N status. The slope of the relationship between leaf N content per unit leaf area and light saturated CO₂ assimilation rates was greater for the high N trees than the low N trees, but maximum measured leaf CO₂ assimilation rates were similar for both the high and low N treatments. A diagrammatic model of the partitioning of leaf photosynthetic capacity with respect to leaf light exposure for high and low nitrogen trees suggests that the major influence of increased N availability is an increase in the photosynthetic capacity of partially shaded leaves but not of the maximum capacity of highly exposed leaves.     

栎旋木柄天牛取食与产卵选择性研究

栎旋木柄天牛Aphrodisium sauteri(Matsushita)是南方地区栎林的重要害虫之一。对三清山高海拔栎林中栎旋木柄天牛Aphrodisium sauteri Matsushita幼虫危害状况、成虫补充营养习性、成虫的产卵选择等情况进行了调查。结果表明,栎旋木柄天牛对寄主树木的危害具有明显的区域性,海拔、坡向、温湿度等对虫害发生有较大影响。主要危害小叶青冈(Cyclobalanopsis myrsinaefolia),轻度危害多脉青冈(C.multinervis)、甜槠(Castanopsis eryei)、木荷(Schima superb)等。野外调查和室内试验发现,成虫有取食液体物质的习性,不同营养液对成虫的取食次数具有显著影响。室内产卵选择试验,成虫在8种供试树种的自然枯枝疤痕凹陷处或枝皮裂缝间隙内产卵,不同树种上的产卵量存在显著差异。栎旋木柄天牛对枝条选择性的室内、外研究结果存在差异:室内试验表明,3种寄主树木的不同枝径水平上的产卵量没有显著差异。林间调查表明,栎旋木柄天牛产卵处的高度与小叶青冈胸径之间存在显著的线性相关,成虫更趋向于在枝径15～25mm、皮厚1～2mm的枝条产卵。对小叶青冈测量分析表明,枝条直径与枝皮厚度间存在着极显著的线性相关。     

Sun-shade adaptability of the red mangrove,Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae): Changes through ontogeny at several levels of biological organization

Rhizophora mangle L., the predominant neotropical mangrove species, occupies a gradient from low intertidal swamp margins with high insolation, to shaded sites at highest high water. Across a light gradient, R. mangle shows properties of both “light-demanding” and “shade-tolerant” species, and defies designation according to existing successional paradigms for rain forest trees. The mode and magnitude of its adaptability to light also change through ontogeny as it grows into the canopy. We characterized and compared phenotypic flexibility of R. mangle seedlings, saplings, and tree modules across changing light environments, from the level of leaf anatomy and photosynthesis, through stem and whole-plant architecture. We also examined growth and mortality differences among sun and shade populations of seedlings over 3 yr. Sun and shade seedling populations diverged in terms of four of six leaf anatomy traits (relative thickness of tissue layers and stomatal density), as well as leaf size and shape, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf internode distances, disparity in blade–petiole angles, canopy spread: height ratios, standing leaf numbers, summer (July) photosynthetic light curve shapes, and growth rates. Saplings showed significant sun/shade differences in fewer characters: leaf thickness, SLA, leaf overlap, disparity in bladepetiole angles, standing leaf numbers, stem volume and branching angle (first-order branches only), and summer photosynthesis. In trees, leaf anatomy was insensitive to light environment, but leaf length, width, and SLA, disparities in bladepetiole angles, and summer maximal photosynthetic rates varied among sun and shade leaf populations. Seedling and sapling photosynthetic rates were significantly depressed in winter (December), while photosynthetic rates in tree leaves did not differ in winter and summer. Seasonal and ontogenetic changes in response to light environment are apparent at several levels of biological organization in R. mangle, within constraints of its architectural baiiplan. Such variation has implications for models of stand carbon gain, and suggest that response flexibility may change with plant age.