Complete mitochondrial genome of brown marmorated stink bug <Emphasis Type="Italic">Halyomorpha halys</Emphasis> (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), and phylogenetic relationships of hemipteran suborders

The newly sequenced complete mitochondrial genome of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a circular molecule of 16,518 bp with a total A+T content of 76.4% and two extensive repeat regions in A+T rich region. Nucleotide composition and codon usage of H. halys are about average when compared with values observed in 19 other published hemipteran mitochondrial genomes. Phylogenetic analyses using these 20 hemipteran mitochondrial genomes support the currently accepted hypothesis that suborders Heteroptera and Auchenorrhyncha form a monophyletic group. The mitochondrial gene arrangements of the 20 genomes are also consistent with our results.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of the damsel bug Alloeorhynchus bakeri (Hemiptera: Nabidae)

The complete sequence of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the damsel bug, Alloeorhynchus bakeri, has been completed and annotated in this study. It represents the first sequenced mitochondrial genome of heteropteran family Nabidae. The circular genome is 15, 851 bp in length with an A+T content of 73.5%, contains the typical 37 genes that are arranged in the same order as that of the putative ancestor of hexapods. Nucleotide composition and codon usage are similar to other known heteropteran mitochondrial genomes. All protein-coding genes (PCGs) use standard initiation codons (methionine and isoleucine), except COI, which started with TTG. Canonical TAA and TAG termination codons are found in eight protein-coding genes, the remaining five (COI, COII, COIII, ND5, ND1) have incomplete termination codons (T or TA). PCGs of two strands present opposite CG skew which is also reflected by the nucleotide composition and codon usage. All tRNAs have the typical clover-leaf structure, except the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm of tRNA(Ser (AGN))which forms a simple loop as known in many other metazoa. Secondary structure models of the ribosomal RNA genes of A. bakeri are presented, similar to those proposed for other insect orders. There are six domains and 45 helices and three domains and 27 helices in the secondary structures of rrnL and rrnS, respectively. The major non-coding region (also called control region) between the small ribosomal subunit and the tRNA(Ile )gene includes two special regions. The first region includes four 133 bp tandem repeat units plus a partial copy of the repeat (28 bp of the beginning), and the second region at the end of control region contains 4 potential stem-loop structures. Finally, PCGs sequences were used to perform a phylogenetic study. Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses highly support Nabidae as the sister group to Anthocoridae and Miridae.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of the taimen, Hucho taimen, and its unusual features in the control region

The whole mitochondrial genome of Hucho taimen was firstly sequenced and characterized. The genome is 16,833 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs, and a noncoding control region. Twelve protein-coding genes on the heavy strand showed that the content of A+T was higher than that of G+C, whereas the nd6 protein-coding gene on the light strand displayed an opposite pattern. We described the secondary structure of the origin of light strand (oriL) replication and found that the conserved 5'-GCCGG-3' sequence motif is variable in H. taimen and some other salmonids. We conclude that the control region is variable in length and represents the high A+T content, compared with other mitochondrial control regions available in Salmonidae and other non-salmonids. Additionally, another interesting feature of H. taimen mitogenome is that a T-type mononucleotide microsatellite and an 82 bp tandem repeat were identified in the control region.     

Complex repeat structures and novel features in the mitochondrial genomes of the diatoms Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Thalassiosira pseudonana

The mitochondrial genome of the raphid pennate diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum has several novel features compared with the mitochondrial genomes of the centric diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana and the araphid pennate diatom Synedra acus. It is almost double the size (77,356 bp) due to a 35,454 bp sequence block consisting of an elaborate combination of direct repeats, making it the largest stramenopile (heterokont) mitochondrial genome known. In addition, the cox1 gene has a +1 translational frameshift involving Pro codons CCC and CCT, the first translational frameshift to be detected in an algal mitochondrial genome. The nad9 and rps14 genes are fused by the insertion of an in-frame sequence and cotranscribed. The nad11 gene is split into two parts corresponding to the FeS and molybdate-binding domains, but both parts are still on the mitochondrial genome, in contrast to the brown algae where the second domain appears to have been transferred to the nucleus. In contrast to P. tricornutum, the repeat region of T. pseudonana consists of a much smaller 4790 bp string of almost identical double-hairpin elements, evidence of slipped-strand mispairing and active gene conversion. The diatom mitochondrial genomes have undergone considerable gene rearrangement since the three lineages of diatoms diverged, but all three have kept their repeat regions segregated from their relatively compact coding regions.     

红足壮异蝽Urochela quadrinotata Reuter线粒体基因组的测定与分析

研究测定并分析了红足壮异蝽Urochela quadrinotata Reuter的线粒体基因组全序列。该线粒体基因组全长16585bp(GenBank登录号为JQ743678),A+T含量为75.4%,共编码35个基因,包括13个蛋白质基因、20个tRNA基因(两个tRNA基因,即tRNAIle和tRNAGln未被检测到)、2个rRNA基因及一段较长的非编码区(控制区,亦称A+T富含区)。基因排序与大部分昆虫的线粒体基因排列方式相同,没有发生基因重排。除tRNASer(AGN)的DHU臂无法形成典型的茎环结构,其余tRNA基因均能稳定形成典型的三叶草二级结构。预测了红足壮异蝽16S和12S rRNA的二级结果,分别包括6个结构域43个茎环和3个结构域27茎环。控制区含一个长1652bp的串联重复区域,由16个串联重复单元组成。     

斐豹蛱蝶线粒体基因组全序列的测定和分析(英文)

该研究对斐豹蛱蝶(Argyreus hyperbius)(鳞翅目:蛱蝶科)线粒体基因组全序列进行了测定和初步分析。结果表明:斐豹蛱蝶线粒体基因全序列全长为15156bp,包含13个蛋白质编码基因、22个tRNA和2个rRNA基因以及1个非编码的A+T富集区,基因排列顺序与其它鳞翅目种类一致;线粒体全序列核苷酸组成和密码子使用显示出明显的A+T偏好(80.8%)和轻微的AT偏移(AT skew,?0.019)。基因组中共存在11个2～52bp不等的基因间隔区,总长96bp;以及14个1～8bp不等的基因重叠区,总长34bp。除COI以CGA作为起始密码子外,13个蛋白质编码基因中的其余12个基因是以ATN作为起始密码子。除COI和COII基因是以单独的一个T为终止密码子,其余11个蛋白质编码基因都是以TAA结尾的。除了缺少DHU臂的tRNASer(AGN),其余的tRNA基因都显示典型的三叶草结构。tRNA(AGN)和ND1之间的基因间隔区包含一个ATACTAA结构域,这个结构域在鳞翅目中是保守的。A+T富集区没有较大的多拷贝重复序列,但是包含一些微小重复结构:ATAGA结构域下游的20bp poly-T结构,ATTTA结构域后的(AT)9重复,以及位于tRNAMet上游的5bp poly-A结构等。这项研究所揭示的斐豹蛱蝶的线粒体基因组特征,不仅为认识蛱蝶科的遗传多样性贡献数据,而且对于该物种的保护生物学、群体遗传学、谱系地理及演化研究等具有重要意义。     

Complete mitochondrial genome of Oxuderces dentatus (Perciformes, Gobioidei)

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Oxuderces dentatus was determined first. The genome was 17,116?bp in length and consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 2 main non-coding regions [the control region (CR) and the origin of the light strand replication], the gene composition and order of which was similar to most other vertebrates. The overall base composition of the heavy strand was T 27.9%, C 26.8%, A 30.2%, and G 15.1%, with a slight A+T bias of 58.1%. In addition to the discrete and conserved sequence blocks, unusual long tandem repeat unit (three 150-bp tandem repeat units and an incomplete copy of 146?bp) was also detected within CR. This mitogenome sequence data would play an important role in population genetics and phylogenetic analysis of the Gobioidei.     

残锷线蛱蝶线粒体基因组全序列及其系统学意义(英文)

对残锷线蛱蝶(Parathymasulpitia)(鳞翅目:蛱蝶科)线粒体基因组全序列进行了测定。结果表明:残锷线蛱蝶线粒体基因组全序列全长为15268bp,除了在trnS1(AGN)和trnE基因之间有一段121bp长的基因间隔外,其基因的排列顺序及排列方向与大多数已测鳞翅目物种基本一致。在蛋白质编码基因中,除cox1以CGA作为其起始密码子之外,其余12个蛋白质编码基因都以标准的ATN作为起始密码子。此外,除nad4基因以单独的T为终止密码子,其余12个蛋白质编码基因都以TAA结尾。除trnS1(AGN)缺少DHU臂之外,22个tRNA基因都显示典型的三叶草形二级结构。除A+T富集区外的非编码序列中,线粒体基因组共含有11个基因间隔区。其中,最长的一个121bp的基因间隔区位于trnS1(AGN)和trnE之间,其A+T含量高达100%。另外,和其他鳞翅目物种一样,在其A+T富集区的3’端有一段长达18bp的poly-T结构。A+T富集区内部没有明显的小卫星样多拷贝重复序列,而含有一些微卫星样的重复结构。本研究基于13种蛋白编码基因序列的组合数据,用最大似然法和贝叶斯法对蛱蝶科几个主要亚科间共9个代表物种间的系统发生关系进行了分析。结果表明,本研究的结果与前人的分子系统学研究结论基本吻合(其中,线蛱蝶亚科和釉蛱蝶亚科互为姐妹群),而与形态学的研究结论不一致。     

Sequence, organization, and evolution of the A+T region of Drosophila melanogaster mitochondrial DNA

The long (4.6-kb) A+T region of Drosophila melanogaster mitochondrial DNA has been cloned and sequenced. The A+T region is organized in two large arrays of tandemly repeated DNA sequence elements, with nonrepetitive intervening and flanking sequences comprising only 22% of its length. The first repeat array consists of five repeats of 338-373 bp. The second consists of four intact 464-bp repeats and a fifth partial repeat of 137 bp. Three DNA sequence elements are found to be highly conserved in D. melanogaster and in several Drosophila species with short A+T regions. These include a 300-bp DNA sequence element that overlaps the DNA replication origin and two thymidylate stretches identified on opposite DNA strands. We conclude that the length heterogeneity observed in the A+T regulatory region in mitochondrial DNAs from the genus Drosophila results from the expansion (and contraction) of the number of repeated DNA sequence elements. We also propose that the 300-bp conserved DNA sequence element, in conjunction with another primary sequence determinant, perhaps the adjacent thymidylate stretch, functions in the regulation of mitochondrial DNA replication.      

Complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of Taenia saginata: comparison with T. solium and T. asiatica

The complete sequence of the Taenia saginata mitochondrial genome was determined, and its organization and structure were compared to other human-tropic Taenia tapeworms for which complete mitochondrial sequence data were available. The mitochondrial genome was 13,670 bp long, contained 12 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs, a small and a large subunit), and 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs). It did not encode the atp8 gene. Overlapping regions were found between nad4L and nad4, nad1 and trnN, and cox1 and trnT. The ATG initiation codon was used for 10 protein-coding genes, and the GTG initiation codon was used for the remaining 2 genes (nad4 and atp6). The size of the protein-coding genes of the three human Taenia tapeworms did not vary, except for Taenia solium nad1 (891 aa) and nad4 (1212 aa) and Taenia asiatica cox2 (576 aa). The tRNA genes were 57-75 bp long, and the predicted secondary structures of 18 of these genes had typical clover-leaf shapes with paired dihydrouridine (DHU) arms. The genes in all human Taenia tapeworms for the two mitochondrial rRNA subunits rrnL and rrnS are separated by trnC. The putative T. saginata rrnL and rrnS are 972 and 732 bp long, respectively. The non-coding regions of the mt genome of T. saginata consisted of 2 regions: a short non-coding region (SNR, 66 nucleotides) and a long non-coding region (LNR, 159 nucleotides). The overall sequence difference in the full mitochondrial genome between T. saginata and T. asiatica was 4.6%, while T. solium differed by 11%. In conclusion, the complete sequence of the T. saginata mitochondrial genome will serve as a resource for comparative mitochondrial genomics and systematic studies of the parasitic cestodes.     

The mitochondrial genome structure of the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa).

The complete 16 844 bp mitochondrial genome of Neofelis nebulosa has been sequenced and compared with the complete mitochondrial genomes of Felis catus and the Acinonyx jubatus. The base composition of the mitochondrial genome of N. nebulosa is as follows: A, 5343 bp (31.7%); C, 4441 bp (26.4%); G, 2491 bp (14.8%); T, 4569 bp (27.1%). The genome complement and the gene order of this mitochondrial genome was found to be typical of those reported for other mammals. Several unusual features of this genome, however, were found. First, in protein-coding regions, AT bias in the genome was not prevalent in the third position of codons, as it is in most other mammals, but was found in the second position of codons. Second, in tRNA regions, tRNASer (AGY), which lacked the "DHU" arm, could not be folded into the typical cloverleaf-shaped structure. Third, in the control region, no repetitive sequences (RS)-2 were found. However, RS-2 repetitive motifs usually occurr in the control regions of most great cats. In addition, 4 variable sites were found in CSB-3 of the control region. Fourth, AT content in the control region of the mtDNA from the clouded leopard was lower than it is in other regions.     

Sequencing and analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of the giant dobsonfly Acanthacorydalis orientalis(McLachlan)(Insecta:Megaloptera:Corydalidae)

The complete mitochondrial genome of Acanthacorydalis orientalis(McLachlan)was determined and analyzed(GenBank accession number:KF840564).This paper represents the first mitochondrial(mt) genome of the dobsonfly genus Acanthacorydalis.The mt genome is a typical circular DNA of 15 753 bp composed of 37 genes with an A+T content of 76.7%.It has an ancestral gene arrangement of the insect mt genomes.Eleven of the 13 PCGs start with codon ATT and ATG,while several exceptions such as ATA and TTG respectively for atpS and nad\ are also present.Five protein-coding genes end with a single T,while others have a termination codon of TAA or TAG.Most tRNAs are folded into the typical clover-leaf structure except for the trnS 1 whose dihydrouridine arm was a simple loop.The secondary structure of rrnl consists of five structural domains and 50 helices,while the rrns includes three domains and 34 helices.The control region has a stretches of Ts with a length of 22 bp but lacks obvious tandem repeat region.Both Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood(ML) analyses,based on all 13 protein-coding genes and two rRNA genes of the mt genomes,confirm the monophyly of Corydalinae and suggest that Acanthacorydalis,together with Corydalus,which is an endemic dobsonfly genus from the New World,belong to a monophyletic lineage.     

The complete mitogenome of the Chinese bush cricket, Gampsocleis gratiosa （Orthoptera： Tettigonioidea）

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Gampsocleis gratiosa was determined. The 15, 929 bp in the size of G. gratiosa mitogenome contains a typical gene content, base composition, and codon usage found in metazoan. All 13 protein coding genes (PCGs) of the G. gratiosa mitogenome start with a typical ATN codon. The usual termination codons (TAA and TAG) were found from 10 PCGs. However, the atp6, nad4, and nad5 had incomplete termination codon (T). The anticodons of all tRNAs are identical to those observed in Drosophila yakuba and Locusta migratoria, and can be folded in the form of a typical clover leaf structure except for trnS (AGN). The secondary structure of trnS (AGN) was drawn according with the Steinberg-Cedergren tertiary structure. The A T content (67.4%) of the A T-rich region is relatively lower among the mitogenome regions, in contrast, it usually contains the highest A T content for most insects. Two isolated sequence repeat regions (202 bp) were found in the A T-rich region with mapping and secondary structure information.     

Complete mitochondrial genome of Oxya chinensis （Orthoptera, Acridoidea）

The complete sequence of Oxya chinensis （0. chinensis） mitochondrial genome is reported here. It is 15,443 bp in length and contains 75.9% A＋T. The protein-coding genes have a similar A＋T content （75.2%）. The initiation codon of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene in the mitochondrial genome of O. chinensis appears to be ATC, instead of the tetranucleotides that have been reported in Locusta migratoria （L migratoria） mitochondrial genome. The sizes of the large and small ribosomal RNA genes are 1319 and 850 bp, respectively. The transfer RNA genes have been modeled and showed strong resemblance to the dipteran transfer RNAs, and all anticodons are identical to those of dipteran. The A＋T-rich region is 562 bp, shorter than that of other known Orthoptera insects. The six conserved domains were identified within the A＋T-rich region by comparing its sequence with those of other grasshoppers. The result of phylogenetic analysis based on the dataset containing 12 concatenated protein sequences confirms the close relation-ship of O. chinensis with L migratoria.     

两种纺织娘线粒体基因组的比较分析

目前关于螽斯科昆虫的线粒体基因组全序列及其分子进化的研究报道很少。本研究利用L-PCR技术结合嵌套步移PCR扩增获得纺织娘Mecopoda elongata和日本纺织娘M. niponensis的线粒体基因组全序列, 同时对二者之间的碱基组成和结构特点进行了比较分析。结果显示： 纺织娘线粒体基因组（GenBank登录号JQ917910）序列全长15 284 bp, A+T含量71.8%; 日本纺织娘线粒体基因组（GenBank登录号 JQ917909）序列全长15 364 bp, A+T含量72.4%; 2种纺织娘序列长度差异主要是控制区长度不同引起（纺织娘控制区长294 bp, 日本纺织娘控制区长393 bp）。2种纺织娘基因组基因含量、 相对位置及转录方向均与其他已报道的螽斯科昆虫一致, 未发现基因重排现象; 基因组中均存在较长的间隔序列, 在trnA/trnR之间的间隔序列长度分别为63 bp与68 bp, 在trnQ/trnM之间的分别为55 bp和26 bp, 在trnS^UCN/nad1之间的均为21 bp。而最长的基因重叠区域在2种纺织娘trnC/trnW之间均为8 bp, 在atp8/atp6和nad4L/nad4L之间均为7 bp。蛋白质编码基因的碱基组成和密码子使用均具有明显的偏倚性; 除nad1和nad2以特殊的TTG作为起始密码子, cox1使用特殊的起始密码子ATGA外, 其余的10种蛋白质编码基因均使用典型的ATN作为起始密码子。在tRNA基因中, 除trnS^AGN外, 均能折叠形成典型的三叶草形二级结构。在这些tRNA基因中均存在一定数目的以G-U错配为主的碱基错配, 类似现象同样存在于其他已测定的六足动物线粒体基因组中, 表明G-U配对在线粒体基因组中很可能是一种完全正常的碱基配对方式。基因组中控制区的A+T含量略低于线粒体基因组的其他区域, 表明高A+T含量并不是该区域的必要特征。本研究结果为螽斯科系统发生关系重建积累了有价值的数据资料。     

Complete mitochondrial genome of Trypauchen vagina (Perciformes, Gobioidei)

The complete mitochondrial genome of Trypauchen vagina was determined first. The genome is 16,686 bp in length and consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 2 main non-coding regions [the control region (CR) and the origin of the light strand replication], the gene composition and order of which was similar to most other vertebrates. The overall base composition of T. vagina is T 27.6%, C 27.6%, A 29.5%, and G 15.3%, with a slight A+T bias of 57.1%. In addition to the discrete and conserved sequence blocks, an incomplete tandem repeat unit is detected within the CR. This mitogenome sequence data would play an important role in population genetics and phylogenetic analysis of the Gobioidei.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Chinese oak silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitogenome from Chinese oak silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). The 15,566 bp circular genome contains atypical gene organization and order for lepidopteran mitogenomes. The mitogenome contains the lowest A+T content (80.16%) among the known lepidopteran mitogenome sequences. An unusual feature is the occurrence of more Ts than As, with a slightly negative AT skewness (−0.021), in the composition of the major genome strand. All protein-coding genes are initiated by ATN codons, except for cytochrome oxidase subunit I, which is proposed by the TTAG sequence as observed in other lepidopterans. All transfer RNAs (tRNAs) have a typical clover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNA, except for tRNA ^Ser (AGN) , the DHU arm of which could not form a stable stem-loop structure. Two aligned sequence blocks with a length of more than 50 bp and 90% of the sequence identity were identified in the A+T-rich region of the Saturniidae and Bombycoidae species.     

Origin of the CMS gene locus in rapeseed cybrid mitochondria: active and inactive recombination produces the complex CMS gene region in the mitochondrial genomes of Brassicaceae

CMS (cytoplasmic male sterile) rapeseed is produced by asymmetrical somatic cell fusion between the Brassica napus cv. Westar and the Raphanus sativus Kosena CMS line (Kosena radish). The CMS rapeseed contains a CMS gene, orf125, which is derived from Kosena radish. Our sequence analyses revealed that the orf125 region in CMS rapeseed originated from recombination between the orf125/orfB region and the nad1C/ccmFN1 region by way of a 63 bp repeat. A precise sequence comparison among the related sequences in CMS rapeseed, Kosena radish and normal rapeseed showed that the orf125 region in CMS rapeseed consisted of the Kosena orf125/orfB region and the rapeseed nad1C/ccmFN1 region, even though Kosena radish had both the orf125/orfB region and the nad1C/ccmFN1 region in its mitochondrial genome. We also identified three tandem repeat sequences in the regions surrounding orf125, including a 63 bp repeat, which were involved in several recombination events. Interestingly, differences in the recombination activity for each repeat sequence were observed, even though these sequences were located adjacent to each other in the mitochondrial genome. We report results indicating that recombination events within the mitochondrial genomes are regulated at the level of specific repeat sequences depending on the cellular environment.     

郑氏比蜢线粒体基因组全序列的测定与分析

采用长距PCR扩增及保守引物步移法测定并注释了郑氏比蜢(Pielomastax zhengi)的线粒体基因组全序列。郑氏比蜢的线粒体基因组全长15602 bp,A+T含量为71.8%,37个基因位置与飞蝗的一致, 基因间隔序列共计10处47bp, 间隔长度从1～20bp不等; 有14对基因间存在52bp重叠, 重叠碱基数在1～8bp之间。蛋白质基因的起始密码子均为昆虫典型的起始密码子ATN。ND5基因使用了不完全终止密码子T,其余基因均为典型的TAA或TAG。除tRNASer(AGN)的DHU臂缺失外, 其余21个tRNA基因的二级结构均属典型的三叶草结构, 但在郑氏比蜢中有5个tRNA(tRNACys、tRNALys、 tRNAPhe、 tRNAPro tRNAArg)基因变异较大, 无法采用常规算法预测出来, 表现在这5个tRNA二级结构的TψC臂仅有3～4对配对碱基, tRNALys 和 tRNAArg的反密码臂仅有 4 对配对碱基。预测的lrRNA二级结构总共有6个结构域(结构域Ⅲ缺失), 44个茎环结构。预测的srRNA的二级结构包含3个结构域, 30个茎环结构。比较郑氏比蜢、西藏飞蝗(Locusta migratoria tibetensis)和疑钩额螽(Ruspolia dubia)rRNA二级结构后,发现郑氏比蜢与西藏飞蝗的更相似。A+T丰富区中存在一个被认为与复制及转录起始有关的Ploy(T)结构。