生物有机肥调控对盐碱胁迫下向日葵幼苗生长及生理指标的影响

采用盆栽方法,以清洁土壤为对照,研究了盐碱胁迫下不同生物有机肥施用量(0%、2%、4%和8%)对向日葵种子发芽率和出苗率、幼苗生长及生理指标的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,盐碱胁迫(T0)7～28 d后,向日葵种子的发芽率及出苗率明显降低,种子出苗时间推迟了3 d,幼苗株高、根长、地上部分及根系鲜重、叶片中叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量均显著降低(P<0.05),而且幼苗根系对盐碱胁迫的敏感性明显大于地上部;与T0处理相比,生物有机肥施用量分别为2%(T1)、4%(T2)及8%(T3)时,向日葵种子的出苗率分别提高了56.4%(P<0.05)、64.3%(P<0.05)及85.7%(P<0.05),出苗时间提早了2～3 d,盐碱胁迫处理7 d后,T1、T2和T3处理组幼苗的生长明显增强,叶片中叶绿素含量分别提高了24.4%(P<0.05)、27.2%(P<0.05)和33.2%(P<0.05),可溶性蛋白质含量分别增加了34.4%(P<0.05)、43.6%(P<0.05)和48.8%(P<0.05);随着处理时间的延长,T1、T2和T3处理对幼苗生长及生理指标的抑制作用均表现出不同程度的降低.综上可知,盐碱胁迫条件下,施用2%～8%的生物有机肥可以明显减轻盐碱胁迫对向日葵种子出苗、幼苗生长及生理指标的抑制作用.     

温室秸秆不同还田量条件下DSSAT-CROPGRO-Tomato模型的调参与验证

为了探讨番茄生长模拟模型DSSAT-CROPGRO-Tomato能否准确模拟秸秆还田条件下北方日光温室番茄的生长发育和产量形成过程,基于2016年和2018年温室番茄小区试验数据对模型进行验证。试验设置4个秸秆还田量处理,分别为0(S₀)、1.5×10⁴(S₁)、3×10⁴(S₂)和4.5×10⁴kg·hm^-2(S₃)。利用GLUE参数估计模块获得不同方案相应的作物遗传参数,通过分析和对比番茄物候期、鲜果产量、最大叶面积指数、土壤水分、土壤无机态氮和地上干物质量的实测值与模拟值,验证模型模拟精度并确定最优方案。结果表明,参数PODUR(最优条件下最终果实负载所需光热时长)和SLAVR(比叶面积)的变异系数较大,分别为28.53%和14.13%。模型在2016年所有处理为参数估计方案时模拟精度最高,其ARE和nRMSE分别为10.33%和7.12%。模型对温室土壤水分、番茄生长和产量的模拟精度较高。留一交叉验证法体现模型对温室番茄产量总体误差在18.68%~21.95%。说明CROPGRO-Tomato模型可以较准确模拟秸秆不同还田量条件下沈阳日光温室番茄生长和产量形成过程。     

部分根系供磷对黄瓜根系和幼苗生长及根系酸性磷酸酶活性影响

通过分根处理研究了部分根系供磷对黄瓜幼苗生长、植株体内的含磷量及根系酸性磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明 ,2 0 %根系缺磷 (1条根缺磷 ,4条根供磷 )可以促进根系及植株地上部的生长 ,其根系及地上部的生物量分别是正常生长植株的 1.39倍和 1.2 1倍。2 0 %根系缺磷 ,还可以促进其它供磷根系对磷的吸收。分根处理后 ,2 0 %根系缺磷不影响植物对磷营养的需要 ,但却表现出了R/S比增大的典型缺磷反应 ,说明植物感应缺磷根系起着比地上部更为重要的作用。分根处理后不供磷根系的酸性磷酸酶活性显著高于供磷根系的酸性磷酸酶活性 ,并且根系的酸性磷酸酶活性只与根系的含磷量显著相关 ,与地上部的磷营养状况关系不明显。这说明 ,缺磷条件下 ,黄瓜植株根系分泌酸性磷酸酶活性的增高 ,是黄瓜根系对低磷胁迫的适应性机理 ,而不是地上部改善体内磷营养的调控机理。     

不同供氮方式下苹果矮化砧M9T337幼苗生长及内源激素的响应

以苹果(Malus domestica)矮化砧M9T337幼苗为试材,研究了5种不同供氮方式(NO_3~--N浓度由低变高、NO_3~--N浓度由高变低、持续适量供氮、持续低氮及持续高氮,分别以N1、N2、N3、N4和N5表示)对苹果幼苗生物量、根系形态、内源激素含量及根系硝态氮转运蛋白基因NRT1.1和NRT2.1相对表达量的影响。结果表明,与N3处理相比,N4处理根冠比增加了11.11%,而N5处理降低了28.57%。处理第21天,N3处理总根长、总表面积及根长密度最大,其次为N2处理,最小的为N5处理,而叶面积为N3N5N2N1N4。处理7 d后,N4处理根系吲哚乙酸(IAA)含量显著高于N5处理,而叶片IAA含量显著低于N5处理。N2处理在NO_3~--N浓度变换11 d内根系IAA含量增加了16.68%,叶片IAA含量降低了20.90%;N1处理趋势相反。处理21 d内,N5处理根系和叶片玉米素(Z)和玉米素核苷(ZR)含量均显著高于N4处理。各处理根系脱落酸(ABA)含量在处理第21天时无显著差异,而叶片ABA含量为N4N2N1N5N3。N4处理根系NRT1.1的相对表达量在处理7 d后显著高于N5处理,且N4处理1 d后显著诱导了根系NRT2.1的表达。由此推测,与高氮相比,低氮下苹果幼苗IAA从地上部向根系极性运输增加,Z和ZR含量降低,叶片ABA含量积累,根系NRT1.1和NRT2.1相对表达量提高,可能是苹果幼苗在不同NO_3~--N浓度下生长差异的重要原因。     

水分胁迫对大果沙枣光合特性及生物量分配的影响

选取大果沙枣1年生幼苗,盆栽于相对含水量分别为70%~75%(CK)、50%~55%(T1)、35%~40%(T2)和15%~20%(T3)的土壤中培养25 d,研究大果沙枣在水分胁迫下的光合特性变化和生物产量积累及其分配规律。结果显示:水分胁迫抑制了大果沙枣的光合作用,与对照相比,T2和T3处理导致净光合速率、叶片蒸腾速率和水分利用效率显著降低,气孔阻力、胞间二氧化碳浓度和叶绿素含量升高,而且光合午休明显,非气孔因素是干旱时大果沙枣净光合速率下降的主要原因;水分胁迫下,大果沙枣的生长受到抑制,地上部分和地下部分的干生物量积累同时降低,但地下干生物量降低的程度低于地上部分;干旱处理中,T3处理显著抑制大果沙枣的生长,但仍保持一定的生物量增加。结果表明:大果沙枣具有一定的自我调节与保护能力,在水分胁迫下大果沙枣趋于将更多的资源分配给根系,以提高根冠比而适应干旱的环境。     

高温对番茄幼苗生长和花芽分化的影响

为了探讨高温胁迫对番茄幼苗生长和花芽分化的影响,该试验以‘中杂9号’番茄为材料,以25℃/15℃(昼/夜)为对照(CK),进行37℃/27℃(昼/夜)的高温处理,测定番茄幼苗生长和花芽分化相关指标。结果表明:从高温处理第3天开始番茄幼苗株高和节间长显著高于对照,而茎粗显著小于对照,即植株出现徒长;高温处理的番茄叶面积、根系表面积一直显著低于常温对照,而根系体积、根系总长和分根数也从第3天开始显著低于对照水平;高温处理的植株花芽分化进程从第1天起就明显加快,高温处理第9天时花芽分化数显著减少,而花芽大小高温处理后1～5 d大于对照,从第7天起高温处理植株的花芽大小显著低于对照。研究表明,高温抑制番茄幼苗营养生长,加快番茄花芽分化进程,减少花芽分化数,并减小花芽大小,最终导致产量降低。     

模拟喀斯特不同土壤生境下黑麦草对水分胁迫的生长和光合生理响应

以多年生草本黑麦草为对象,模拟喀斯特生境土壤特征设置浅而宽(Shallow and wide, SW:30×30×5 cm~3)和深而窄(Deep and narrow, DN:10×10×45 cm~3)两种土壤容器,以正常降水量为对照供水(W100%),设减水50%(W50%)和减水70%(W30%)共3种水分处理进行盆栽实验,探究了两种不同土壤生境中土壤水分变化对黑麦草生长及光合生理的影响,以进一步理解喀斯特地区植物的适应对策。结果显示:(1)SW生境对水分变化敏感,随供水减少土壤含水量显著下降。轻度减水下植物叶面积增大,光合速率提高,地上部分生长得到促进,但水分严重减少对其生长和光合生理有抑制作用,但地上质量分数和水分利用效率却显著升高;(2)DN生境保水能力较好,随供水减少土壤水分含量下降较为平缓。叶片相对含水量、气孔导度和比叶面积在各水分处理之间差异不显著,但严重减水条件下总生物量、地上质量分数和水分利用效率均有回升。研究表明:浅而宽生境中植物倾向于通过提高地上部分的生长,保持较高的光合速率,并向地上部分分配较多生物量来应对水分胁迫;而深而窄生境中植物会充分利用土壤空间条件,促进根系的生长来提高对水分的吸收,从而维持植物的生长。     

干旱胁迫下胡杨实生幼苗氮素吸收分配与利用

胡杨(Populus euphratica)是塔里木河流域荒漠河岸林的建群种,水分和氮素是限制胡杨幼苗的存活及早期生长的主要因子。利用~(15)N同位素示踪技术分析水和氮素的交互作用对胡杨幼苗不同生长阶段氮素的吸收分配利用及幼苗生长的影响,进一步探究氮素对胡杨实生苗早期形态建成的作用及对干旱胁迫的缓解效应,以期提高幼苗的存活率。实验以一年生胡杨实生幼苗为研究对象,采用温室内盆栽实验,设置4个干旱处理(D_1、D_2、D_3、D_4,土壤相对含水量为:20%—25%、40%—45%、60%—65%、80%—85%)和3种氮素水平(N_0、N_1、N_2:0、3、6 g/盆)测定胡杨幼苗的生长指标和各部分的Ndff、分配率及利用率。结果表明:胡杨幼苗在土壤相对含水量60%—65%(D_3)、氮素添加量3 g/盆(N_1)时,其生长表现为最佳状态;干旱胁迫下,不同氮素添加量对胡杨幼苗各部分的Ndff值存在显著差异,N_2低于N_1;随干旱胁迫减弱(D_3、D_4),植株在生长早期(25 d)根部吸收的~(15)N优先向地上部分转运,生长后期(75 d)植株Ndff最高,其中以根系中Ndff最高;不同生长期幼苗各部分的~(15)N分配存在显著差异,根系~(15)N分配率较高,但不同氮量处理间差异不显著;随生长期的推移,植株对~(15)NH_4~(15)NO_3的利用率表现为粗根最大,各处理中D_3N_1处理均显著高于其他处理。结论:轻度干旱胁迫下添加适量的氮素能够增强植株对氮素的吸收征调能力,优化水资源获取以维持生存的重要机制。     

四种鸭跖草科屋顶绿化植物对水分管控的响应

以牛轭草(Murdannia loriformis)、细竹篙草(M. simplex)、假紫万年青(Belosynapsis ciliata)及假紫万年青毛叶变种(B. ciliata var. vilosa)等4种植物为试材,探讨不同屋顶绿化植物在不同水分管理条件下的生长情况以及对干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明,4种植物在浇水周期较短(2 DIW和6 DIW,即每隔2 d和6 d浇一次水)的处理下,其地上部分和根系生物量积累较快,植株根系体量较大,侧根生长较多;而浇水周期较长(10 DIW和15 DIW)的处理减缓植株地上部分及根系生物量的积累;根系形态明显受到控制性浇水管理的影响。非充分浇水管理下(6 DIW和10 DIW)的植株在持续干旱胁迫下表现出较稳定的叶片相对含水量、根系活力和较好的抗旱性,而在频繁浇水管理(2 DIW)和浇水周期较长处理(15 DIW)后,4种植物在持续干旱胁迫下的生理响应都较为剧烈,表现出较差的抗旱能力。因此,在4种鸭跖草科植物建植期间可通过适度浇水(6～10 DIW),以维持植株较稳定的根系活力和较强的抗旱性。     

干旱胁迫对不同基质网袋桢楠幼苗生长及生物量的影响

探讨不同育苗基质下桢楠（Phoebe zhennan）苗木对周期性干旱胁迫的适应能力及生存对策,为筛选抗旱育苗基质提供参考。以耕作土、森林腐殖土、泥炭土、蛭石为原料,按体积比配制成5种育苗基质,T1：耕作土=10（传统桢楠育苗）、T2：森林腐殖土=10、T3：耕作土：森林腐殖土：泥炭土：蛭石=4：3：2：1、T4：耕作土：森林腐殖土：泥炭土：蛭石=3：2：4：1、T5：耕作土：森林腐殖土：泥炭土：蛭石=2：1：6：1,采用随机区组设置干旱胁迫梯度,分析不同胁迫水平对桢楠幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：（1）配比基质的理化性质与苗木生长密切相关,正常浇水时,基质处理苗生长质量均优于传统育苗,但重度胁迫下,仅T3、T4处理苗木生长较好;（2）随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,各基质配比桢楠苗木株高、基径、叶面积、叶面积指数、地上生物量、地下生物量等生长指标均受到抑制,但受影响程度存在差异;（3）各基质处理苗木质量隶属函数值T3 > T4=T1 > T2 > T5,T3基质配比最优,所育苗木生长优良,耐旱抗旱性强,显著提高造林成效。表明适宜的基质配比能够协调植物生长所需的水、肥、气、热,有利于植物在逆境中生存。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.