丹皮多糖PSM_(2b)体外对小鼠免疫细胞功能的影响

中药丹皮提取的丹皮多糖有效部位PSM2b在体外能直接促进小鼠脾细胞增殖 ,并能协同ConA诱导的脾细胞增殖作用。对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞亦有激活作用 ,可增强小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬中性红 ;诱导巨噬细胞合成一氧化氮。结论 :PSM2b可增强T淋巴细胞功能 ,并对巨噬细胞具有激活作用     

小麦肽对受环磷酰胺免疫抑制小鼠的免疫调节及抗氧化功能

本研究旨在分析小麦蛋白活性肽对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能和抗氧化功能的调节作用。小鼠灌胃小麦肽10d,第8天用环磷酰胺诱导免疫抑制,测定血清溶血素、抗体生成细胞含量、脾细胞增殖、体外腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力、肝脏抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及血清清除DPPH和·OH的能力。实验结果表明,环磷酰胺处理显著的降低了小鼠血清中抗SRBC抗体(溶血素HC50)水平和腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬能力;同时伴随着肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性(SOD)、过氧化氢酶活力(CAT)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)的降低和MDA含量的提高。给小鼠灌胃小麦肽可以恢复HC50和脾细胞增殖,显著提高抗体生成细胞含量和腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力;此外,小麦肽增强了小鼠血清清除DPPH和清除·OH的能力。以上结果表明,小麦肽可以调节应激状态引起的机体抗氧化体系紊乱及免疫功能的降低。这可能与小麦肽缓冲自由基生成、激活腹腔巨噬细胞和脾淋巴细胞活性有关。     

肿瘤抗原致敏的GM-CSF基因转染巨噬细胞对实验性肺转移肿瘤的治疗作用

研究将对巨噬细胞双重功能均具有激活作用的细胞因子GM-CSF的基因转染小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,再经肿瘤抗原致敏后通过静脉注射用于实验性CT26结肠癌肺转移小鼠的治疗.结果表明,腺病毒介导的GM-CSF基因转染小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞在转染后4h即可分泌较高水平的GM-CSF.转染后10d仍可有效表达;转染后16h左右小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞MHCⅡ类分子的表达明显增强,其抗原提呈能力也达最高水平;对肿瘤细胞的杀伤活性显著增高;荷瘤3d的实验性CT26结肠癌肺转移小鼠经肿瘤抗原致敏的GM-CSF基因转染巨噬细胞治疗后第16天肺部转移结节数明显减少;经治疗小鼠脾细胞经诱导的CTL杀伤活性也明显升高.以上结果提示,GM-CSF基因转染及表达能有效增强小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的抗原提呈能力及效应功能;经肿瘤抗原刺激后其对转移性肿瘤也有明显的治疗作用.     

丹皮多糖对α-葡萄糖苷酶作用的影响

研究丹皮多糖(PSM2b)对α-葡萄糖苷酶作用的影响,探索其降血糖作用的途径。通过建立体外酶-抑制剂模型,测定丹皮多糖PSM2b及其分级分离组分对酶作用的抑制率。结果显示PSM2b的分级分离组分PSM2b-1,PSM2b-2,PSM2b-3在体外对α-葡萄糖苷酶有一定的抑制作用,PSM2b对酶的抑制作用不明显。     

双歧杆菌和乳杆菌在诱发抗肿瘤免疫中的作用

双歧杆菌和乳杆菌给封闭群昆明小鼠腹腔注射,在体内激活后,胸腺细胞和脾细胞对ＣｏｎＡ刺激的增殖反应,脾贴附性细胞对ＹＡＣ－１,Ｌ９２９的细胞毒作用,以及脾贴附性细胞产生对上述二株瘤细胞的肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）的活性都比对照动物明显增强。结果提示短双歧杆菌和嗜酸性乳杆菌给小鼠腹腔注射后,通过激活脾脏淋巴细胞和贴附性细胞（巨噬细胞）所介导的免疫功能而明显地增强宿主的抗肿瘤活性。     

乳酸杆菌发酵液RNA的抗肿瘤及对巨噬细胞功能的调节作用

目的研究乳酸杆菌DM9811发酵滤液中存在的100200 bp长的RNA片段（Ls-RNA）的免疫调节与抗肿瘤作用。方法采用中性红吞噬试验检测巨噬细胞吞噬功能,用L929细胞检测TNF,用免疫保护试验检测体内抗肿瘤作用。结果Ls-RNA可增强脾巨噬细胞的吞噬活性,对小鼠肝癌Hca-F的生长有抑制作用,延长小鼠的存活时间,但对TG诱导的腹腔巨噬细胞产生TNF无明显调节作用。结论Ls-RNA有一定免疫调节和抗肿瘤作用。     

雪灵芝粗多糖对小鼠免疫细胞增殖与功能的体外激活作用

为观察雪灵芝粗多糖(Arenaria kansuensis crude polysaccharide,AKCP)对体外培养的小鼠脾淋巴细胞、NK细胞和腹腔巨噬细胞增殖与功能的影响。以不同浓度AKCP作用于体外培养的上述细胞48 h,采用中性红吞噬实验及NO释放实验检测巨噬细胞功能,MTT法检测脾淋巴细胞增殖及NK细胞杀伤活性,流式细胞术检测脾淋巴细胞CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+亚群,ELISA法检测脾细胞培养上清中IL-2和IFN-γ水平。结果显示,AKCP各浓度组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬活性和NO释放量、脾淋巴细胞刺激指数及培养上清中IFN-γ水平、NK细胞杀伤活性均高于空白对照组(P0.05);AKCP中浓度组脾淋巴细胞CD3~+、CD4~+亚群及培养上清中IL-2水平也明显升高(P0.05)。提示AKCP对小鼠免疫细胞的增殖与功能具有体外激活作用。     

转移因子对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响和E玫瑰花形成的作用

本文报道了转移因子对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响和对脾细胞E玫瑰花形成的作用。转移因子为本单位从健康猪脾细胞提取的针剂,含多核苷酸和多肽等低分子生物活性物质,每支含量为3×10~3个脾细胞提取物,每天一次0.5ml剂量注入小鼠体内,连续5次后取动物腹腔巨噬细胞和脾细胞悬液,测定其吞噬功能并观察E玫瑰花形成作用。结果表明,转移因子对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬的百分率和吞噬指数与对照组比有明显差异(P<0.01),对小鼠脾细胞E玫瑰花形成作用与对照组比差异也极显著(P<0.01)。从而看出,转移因子能使小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能增强,亦能使特异的玫瑰花形成细胞中T淋巴细胞增多,增强了机体的免疫功能。     

一种双歧杆菌胞外多糖免疫调节功能研究

根据保健食品功能评价规范?功能学评价程序研究一种双歧杆菌胞外多糖(Bifidobacterium spp. exopolysaccharide, EPS)的免疫调节功能。通过脾淋巴细胞增殖反应、绵羊红细胞诱导小鼠迟发型变态反应(DTH)、血清溶血素测定以及巨噬细胞吞噬实验探讨该EPS的免疫调节活性。EPS分别以高、中、低剂量组连续口服给药10天, 结果发现低剂量的EPS[100 mg/(kg·d)]可以促进脾淋巴细胞增殖; 高、中、低剂量对绵羊红细胞诱导的小鼠迟发型变态反应均无促进作用; 但是, EPS 高、中、低剂量组均能明显提高小鼠血清半数溶血值HC50以及增强小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的吞噬能力。根据规范可知, 该双歧杆菌EPS 具有一定的免疫调节活性。     

马齿苋多糖对S180荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的影响

本文探讨马齿苋多糖对S180荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的影响。马齿苋采用水提醇沉法得到马齿苋多糖,分别以50、100、200mg／kg通过腹腔给药10d,观察马齿苋多糖对S180荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤作用及对小鼠淋巴细胞转化功能、腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬能力、白介素-l（IL-1）和白介素-2（IL-2）生成量的影响。结果显示,马齿苋多糖对S180荷瘤小鼠有明显的抑瘤作用,抑瘤率分别为16．92％、51．45％和64．96％。不同剂量马齿苋多糖与对照组相比可明显促进淋巴细胞的转化、小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力,可有效的增加荷瘤小鼠脾淋巴细胞的转化和腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬能力以及白介素-1（IL-1）和白介素-2（IL-2）的分泌。说明马齿苋多糖对S180荷瘤小鼠具有显著的抗肿瘤作用,其作用机制与增强小鼠免疫作用有关。     

Regulation of segmental patterning by retinoic acid signaling during Xenopus somitogenesis

Somites, the segmented building blocks of the vertebrate embryo, arise one by one in a patterning process that passes wavelike along the anteroposterior axis of the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). We have studied this process in Xenopus embryos by analyzing the expression of the bHLH gene, Thylacine1, which is turned on in the PSM as cells mature and segment, in a pattern that marks both segment boundaries and polarity. Here, we show that this segmental gene expression involves a PSM enhancer that is regulated by retinoic acid (RA) signaling at two levels. RA activates Thylacine1 expression in rostral PSM directly. RA also activates Thylacine1 expression in the caudal PSM indirectly by inducing the expression of MKP3, an inhibitor of the FGF signaling pathway. RA signaling is therefore a major contributor to segmental patterning by promoting anterior segmental polarity and by interacting with the FGF signaling pathway to position segmental boundaries.     

Essential role of PSM/SH2-B variants in insulin receptor catalytic activation and the resulting cellular responses

The positive regulatory role of PSM/SH2-B downstream of various mitogenic receptor tyrosine kinases or gene disruption experiments in mice support a role of PSM in the regulation of insulin action. Here, four alternative PSM splice variants and individual functional domains were compared for their role in the regulation of specific metabolic insulin responses. We found that individual PSM variants in 3T3-L1 adipocytes potentiated insulin-mediated glucose and amino acid transport, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and key components in the metabolic insulin response including p70 S6 kinase, glycogen synthase, glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), Akt, Cbl, and IRS-1. Highest activity was consistently observed for PSM alpha, followed by beta, delta, and gamma with decreasing activity. In contrast, dominant-negative peptide mimetics of the PSM Pro-rich, pleckstrin homology (PH), or src homology 2 (SH2) domains inhibited any tested insulin response. Potentiation of the insulin response originated at the insulin receptor (IR) kinase level by PSM variant-specific regulation of the Km (ATP) whereas the Vmax remained unaffected. IR catalytic activation was inhibited by peptide mimetics of the PSM SH2 or dimerization domain (DD). Either peptide should disrupt the complex of a PSM dimer linked to IR via SH2 domains as proposed for PSM activation of tyrosine kinase JAK2. Either peptide abolished downstream insulin responses indistinguishable from PSM siRNA knockdown. Our results implicate an essential role of the PSM variants in the activation of the IR kinase and the resulting metabolic insulin response. PSM variants act as internal IR ligands that in addition to potentiating the insulin response stimulate IR catalytic activation even in the absence of insulin.     

Molecular basis of macrophage activation. Expression of the low potential cytochrome b and its reduction upon cell stimulation in activated macrophages

The expression of the novel b-type cytochrome, which is part of the superoxide anion (O2-)-generating system in phagocytes, has been investigated in population of mouse peritoneal macrophages heterogeneous in their capability to produce O2-). Reduced minus oxidized difference spectra of intact cells showed the appearance of a b-type cytochrome with major peaks in the alpha region at 558 to 559 nm and in the gamma region at 426 to 428 nm. Resident peritoneal macrophages, as well as thioglycollate broth-elicited and Corynebacterium Parvum-activated macrophages and neutrophils expressed about 50 pmol cytochrome b/10(7) cells. In intact macrophages and neutrophils, Na-dithionite reduced greater than 75% of the cytochrome b measurable in disrupted cells. No correlation was found between capability to produce O2-) by different population of macrophages and their content of cytochrome b. When stimulated in strictly anaerobic conditions with phorbol myristic acetate, macrophages activated in vivo by i.p. injection of Corynebacterium Parvum reduced approximately 40% of their total cytochrome b. In resident peritoneal macrophages that produced five times lower amounts of O2-, cytochrome b reduction was instead undetectable. Potentiometric properties of cytochrome b was investigated in macrophage subcellular particles. Both resident and Corynebacterium Parvum-activated macrophages revealed the presence of b chromophores with very low potentials of -255 and -244 mV, respectively, whose content was not different in the two populations. These results show that resident and activated macrophages express the same amount of cytochrome b, but upon stimulation with PMA, activated macrophages recruit a higher number of cytochrome b molecules in parallel with an enhanced production of O2-.     

Cytoplasmic replication of Staphylococcus aureus upon phagosomal escape triggered by phenol‐soluble modulin α

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram‐positive human pathogen that is readily internalized by professional phagocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils but also by non‐professional phagocytes such as epithelial or endothelial cells. Intracellular bacteria have been proposed to play a role in evasion of the innate immune system and may also lead to dissemination within migrating phagocytes. Further, S. aureus efficiently lyses host cells with a battery of cytolytic toxins. Recently, phenol‐soluble modulins (PSM) have been identified to comprise a genus‐specific family of cytolytic peptides. Of these the PSMα peptides have been implicated in killing polymorphonuclear leucocytes after phagocytosis. We questioned if the peptides were active in destroying endosomal membranes to avoid lysosomal killing of the pathogen and monitored integrity of infected host cell endosomes by measuring the acidity of the intracellular bacterial microenvironment via flow cytometry and by a reporter recruitment technique. Isogenic mutants of the methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains USA300 LAC, USA400 MW2 as well as the strongly cytolytic methicillin‐sensitive strain 6850 were compared with their respective wild type strains. In all three genetic backgrounds, PSMα mutants were unable to escape from phagosomes in non‐professional (293, HeLa, EAhy.926) and professional phagocytes (THP‐1), whereas mutants in PSMβ and δ‐toxin as well as β‐toxin, phosphatidyl inositol‐dependent phospholipase C and Panton Valentine leucotoxin escaped with efficiencies of the parental strains. S. aureus replicated intracellularly only in presence of a functional PSMα operon thereby illustrating that bacteria grow in the host cell cytoplasm upon phagosomal escape.     

Inactivation of Staphylococcal Phenol Soluble Modulins by Serum Lipoprotein Particles

Staphylococcus aureus virulence has been associated with the production of phenol soluble modulins (PSM). PSM are known to activate, attract and lyse neutrophils. However, the functional characterizations were generally performed in the absence of human serum. Here, we demonstrate that human serum can inhibit all the previously-described activities of PSM. We observed that serum can fully block both the cell lysis and FPR2 activation of neutrophils. We show a direct interaction between PSM and serum lipoproteins in human serum and whole blood. Subsequent analysis using purified high, low, and very low density lipoproteins (HDL, LDL, and VLDL) revealed that they indeed neutralize PSM. The lipoprotein HDL showed highest binding and antagonizing capacity for PSM. Furthermore, we show potential intracellular production of PSM by S. aureus upon phagocytosis by neutrophils, which opens a new area for exploration of the intracellular lytic capacity of PSM. Collectively, our data show that in a serum environment the function of PSM as important extracellular toxins should be reconsidered.     

Submaxillary mucins. Intermolecular interactions and gel-forming potential of concentrated solutions.

The intermolecular interactions in concentrated solutions of pig submaxillary mucin (PSM) and sheep submaxillary mucin (SSM) were studied by mechanical spectroscopy. PSM and SSM were purified from detectable protein and nucleic acid by equilibrium centrifugation in a CsCl density gradient. PSM and SSM isolated in the presence of proteinase inhibitors showed distinct differences from preparations isolated in the presence of 0.2 M-NaCl alone, the latter having a carbohydrate and amino acid analysis similar to other preparations isolated by precipitation or ion-exchange techniques. Gel-filtration studies showed that preparations isolated in the presence of 0.2 M-NaCl alone were dissociated into smaller-sized glycoprotein units by 3.5 M-CsCl or 2.0 M-NaCl (SSM), pH 2.0 (PSM) or heating at 100 degrees C for 10 min (PSM and SSM). Preparations isolated in the presence of proteinase inhibitors were not dissociated by these treatments. Proteolysis fragmented all submaxillary mucin preparations into small glycopeptides of Mr 13,700 for PSM and of Mr 14,000 and 15,000 for SSM. PSM preparations when concentrated formed viscoelastic gels, as determined by mechanical spectroscopy. In contrast, SSM showed characteristics of a weak viscoelastic liquid under comparable conditions (coil overlap). PSM glycoprotein isolated in proteinase inhibitors formed weak viscoelastic gels at concentrations between 5 and 15 mg/ml. Preparations of PSM glycoprotein isolated in the presence of 0.2 M-NaCl (concentration 10-97 mg/ml) had the same overall mechanical gel structure as those preparations extracted in the presence of proteinase inhibitors. This gel structure was seen to collapse following proteolysis of both preparations or after acid treatment of the glycoprotein isolated in the presence of 0.2 M-NaCl, consistent with the breakdown in size of the polymeric glycoprotein. Treatment of PSM gel with 0.2 M-2-mercaptoethanol caused a surprising increase in gel strength, which was further markedly increased on removal of the reducing agent by dialysis. An association of reduced subunits of PSM was observed by gel filtration after removal of 0.2 M-2-mercaptoethanol. These results point to intermolecular disulphide exchange occurring on reduction of these PSM glycoprotein preparations. These results demonstrate that gel formation in PSM glycoprotein is similar to that for other gastrointestinal mucus glycoproteins from stomach to colon. Gel formation in PSM, as in other mucins, depends on polymerization of subunits.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Cot/tpl2-MKK1/2-Erk1/2 controls mTORC1-mediated mRNA translation in Toll-like receptor-activated macrophages

Cot/tpl2 is the only MAP3K that activates MKK1/2-Erk1/2 in Toll-like receptor–activated macrophages. Here we show that Cot/tpl2 regulates RSK, S6 ribosomal protein, and 4E-BP phosphorylation after stimulation of bone marrow–derived macrophages with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), poly I:C, or zymosan. The dissociation of the 4E-BP–eIF4E complex, a key event in the cap-dependent mRNA translation initiation, is dramatically reduced in LPS-stimulated Cot/tpl2-knockout (KO) macrophages versus LPS-stimulated wild-type (Wt) macrophages. Accordingly, after LPS activation, increased cap-dependent translation is observed in Wt macrophages but not in Cot/tpl2 KO macrophages. In agreement with these data, Cot/tpl2 increases the polysomal recruitment of the 5´ TOP eEF1α and eEF2 mRNAs, as well as of inflammatory mediator gene–encoding mRNAs, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and KC in LPS-stimulated macrophages. In addition, Cot/tpl2 deficiency also reduces total TNFα, IL-6, and KC mRNA expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages, which is concomitant with a decrease in their mRNA half-lives. Macrophages require rapid fine control of translation to provide an accurate and not self-damaging response to host infection, and our data show that Cot/tpl2 controls inflammatory mediator gene–encoding mRNA translation in Toll-like receptor–activated macrophages.     

Importance of the phosphocholine linkage on sphingomyelin molecular properties and interactions with cholesterol; a study with phosphate oxygen modified sphingomyelin-analogues

We have characterized the molecular properties and membrane behavior of synthetically modified sphingomyelin analogues, modified on the oxygen connecting the phosphocholine group to the ceramide backbone. The oxygen was replaced with an S-atom (S-PSM), an NH-group (NH-PSM) or a CH(2)-group (CH(2)-PSM). Diphenylhexatriene and Laurdan anisotropy experiments showed that an S-linkage increased and NH- and CH(2)-linkages decreased the stability of PSM-analogue bilayer membranes as compared to PSM. When the polarity of the interface was probed using Laurdan, S-PSM appeared to have a lower polarity as compared to PSM whereas NH-PSM and CH(2)-PSM had higher polarities of their respective interfaces. Fluorescence quenching-studies with cholestatrienol showed that all compounds formed SM/cholesterol-rich domains. The S-PSM/cholesterol and PSM/cholesterol domains displayed a similar thermostability, whereas NH-PSM/cholesterol and CH(2)-PSM/cholesterol domains were less thermostable. DSC on vesicles containing the PSM-analogues showed a more complex melting behavior as compared to PSM, whereas equimolar mixtures of the PSM-analogues and PSM showed almost ideal mixing with PSM for NH- and S-PSM. Our data show that the properties of the bond linking the phosphocholine head group to the 1-hydroxyl on the ceramide molecule is important for the stability of SM/SM and SM/cholesterol interactions.