水杨酸与植物抗非生物胁迫

本文综述了水杨酸在诱导植物抗（耐）非生物胁迫如重金属、臭氧、紫外辐射、过冷、热激、水分亏缺和盐胁迫等方面的进展,并探讨了水杨酸作用的分子、生理机制。     

水杨酸对NaCl胁迫下菊芋幼苗光合作用及离子吸收的影响

为探明水杨酸(SA)对NaCl胁迫下菊芋耐盐生理的调控作用,研究了100μmol·L-1水杨酸对不同浓度NaCl胁迫下菊芋幼苗光合响应特征及离子吸收运输的影响.结果表明:施用水杨酸不仅能够有效缓解NaCl胁迫对菊芋光合作用的抑制,促进NaCl胁迫下菊芋幼苗各种光合色素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率的增加,降低细胞间隙CO2浓度,同时也能明显降低NaCl胁迫下菊芋体内Na+的积累,促进菊芋幼苗对K+和Ca2+的吸收和向上运输,其中在100 mmol·L-1 NaCl处理下施用水杨酸处理的菊芋叶片中K+和Ca2+含量分别比未施用水杨酸处理增加了12.9％和14.7％,而Na+含量则降低了30.6％.由此证明,一定浓度外源水杨酸的施用有利于促进NaCl胁迫下菊芋幼苗光合功能的改善,以及有效维持菊芋幼苗体内矿质营养元素含量平衡,从而增强菊芋对NaCl胁迫的抗性,提高NaCl胁迫下的生产力.     

水杨酸在植物抗环境胁迫中的作用

水杨酸在植物的抗病方面发挥着重要作用。近年来的研究还表明 ,水杨酸在植物的抗冷、热、盐、干旱、臭氧、重金属等环境胁迫方面也有明显的作用。该文介绍近年来有关水杨酸在植物抗环境胁迫方面的研究进展 ,并探讨了其作用机理。     

水杨酸对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长抑制的缓解效应

研究了水杨酸对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长抑制的缓解效应及其机制。结果证明,盐胁迫条件下水杨酸能提高幼苗相对含水量,降低Na^ 、K^ 向上运输的选择性,通过促进子叶内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性降低膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量和质膜透性,缓解了盐胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制。     

外源水杨酸对干旱胁迫下小冠花种子萌发及幼芽生理特性的影响

以豆科牧草“绿宝石”小冠花为试材,研究PEG-6000(浓度8%和12%)模拟干旱胁迫下不同浓度外源水杨酸(0、0.5、1.0和2.0 mmol·L^-1)对小冠花种子萌发和幼芽生理特性的影响.结果表明: 0.5～1.0 mmol·L^-1水杨酸显著提高了干旱胁迫下小冠花种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和芽长,12%PEG胁迫下1.0 mmol·L^-1水杨酸处理小冠花幼芽干质量显著高于干旱处理.0.5～1.0 mmol·L^-1水杨酸处理显著提高了干旱胁迫下小冠花幼芽脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量,显著提高了过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性,显著降低了幼芽细胞电解质渗透率、H₂O₂含量、O₂^-·产生速率,其中以1.0 mmol·L^-1水杨酸处理效果最好.水杨酸浓度超过2.0 mmol·L^-1时对干旱胁迫没有缓解效应.表明适宜浓度的水杨酸(0.5～1.0 mmol·L^-1)可以提高小冠花幼芽渗透调节能力和抗氧化能力,促进小冠花生长,缓解干旱胁迫伤害.     

NaCl胁迫下水杨酸和阿斯匹林对小麦幼苗体内ATP含量的影响

水杨酸被广泛地用于植物抗病研究,人们发现水杨酸及其类似物往往诱导植物产生抗盐生理性状,认为水杨酸可能与植物抗盐性有关［１～７］;盐分胁迫条件下植物生长降低、代谢受到抑制的原因之一是由于盐分胁迫导致植物能量代谢失衡［８］,ＡＴＰ作为植物维持生命活动最重...     

水杨酸对盐胁迫下管花蒲公英的保护作用

以管花蒲公英为材料,研究盐分胁迫对其的生理影响及水杨酸对盐胁迫条件下的管花蒲公英的保护作用。结果表明：水杨酸能够降低盐胁迫条件下相对电导率,提高体内过氧化物酶等细胞保护性酶的活性;提高可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量,提高管花蒲公英对盐胁迫的抗逆性。     

外源水杨酸对酸雨胁迫后龙眼幼苗生理特性恢复的影响

以龙眼幼苗为材料,研究酸雨胁迫(pH 3.0)后不同浓度外源水杨酸(0、0.1、0.5、1.0和2.0 mmol·L-1)对龙眼幼苗生理特性的影响.结果表明:酸雨胁迫后龙眼幼苗叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性降低,叶绿素、蛋白质和可溶性糖含量下降,丙二醛含量升高,龙眼幼苗显示出毒害效应.0.1 ～1.0mmol·L-1外源水杨酸显著提高龙眼幼苗叶绿素、可溶性糖和蛋白质的含量,增强SOD、POD和CAT活性,降低丙二醛含量,减少幼苗所受氧化伤害的程度;其中0.5 mmol· L-1水杨酸处理效果最好,叶绿素、可溶性糖和蛋白质的含量分别比单独酸雨胁迫处理植株增加了62％、105％和177％,SOD、POD和CAT活性分别提高144％、440％和132％,丙二醛含量降低了35％;而2.0 mmol·L-1水杨酸却起到相反的作用.可见,低浓度水杨酸(0.1～1.0 mmol·L-1)能通过刺激龙眼抗氧化酶活性,减轻氧化胁迫,缓解酸雨胁迫后的毒害作用,而高浓度水杨酸(2.0 mmol·L-1)对龙眼幼苗的缓解作用下降.     

水杨酸对小白菜抗铅胁迫的诱导

0.3 mmol/L铅胁迫下小白菜（Brassica rapa var. chinensis）生长受到显著抑制,0.1 mmol/L水杨酸（salicylic acid）诱导处理能显著缓解0.3 mmol/L铅胁迫对小白菜幼苗生长的抑制;并且水杨酸对铅胁迫下小白菜的生长存在“低促高抑”效应,当水杨酸处理浓度达到1.5 mmol/L时,不但不能缓解铅对小白菜的毒害,反而加重毒害,这可能与高浓度水杨酸与铅形成的复合伤害有关。     

水杨酸对镉胁迫小麦叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以新麦18为材料,利用叶绿素荧光技术,分析水杨酸对镉胁迫叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,水杨酸处理(SA)镉胁迫小麦,根系镉含量显著下降;根长,叶绿素含量,叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、φPSⅡ、SqP和qN下降幅度显著小于CK。可见水杨酸阻止了镉进入小麦的根部,使其表现出较高的光合效率。上述结果表明水杨酸处理显著提高了小麦的耐镉特性。     

邻羟基苯甲酸胁迫对不同杉木无性系叶片膜质过氧化及渗透调节物质的化感效应

研究了杉木自毒物质邻羟基苯甲酸胁迫对2个杉木优良无性系组培苗（分别记为01号、02号）叶片的膜质过氧化及渗透物质的化感效应。结果表明：（1）与对照相比,邻羟基苯甲酸对杉木叶片MDA的化感效应表现为低浓度抑制、高浓度促进,对01号的促进效应低于02号;（2）邻羟基苯甲酸胁迫使杉木叶片电导率及伤害率增加,对照与各胁迫处理间均达显著差异（P〈0．05）,对02号伤害率及电导率的促进效应均大于01号;（3）40mg／L、80mg／L胁迫浓度对2个杉木无性系可溶性糖含量的化感效应随时间变化由抑制转为促进,对01号的促进效应更大、更早,120mg／L胁迫浓度均表现为抑制效应,对01号的抑制效应更小;（4）邻羟基苯甲酸胁迫对杉木叶片游离氨基酸含量均表现为促进效应,且随胁迫浓度升高而增大,对01号的促进效应远远大于02号。研究认为,01号杉木优良无性系具有较强的耐自毒物质胁迫的能力。     

The Root Hair Assay Facilitates the Use of Genetic and Pharmacological Tools in Order to Dissect Multiple Signalling Pathways That Lead to Programmed Cell Death

The activation of programmed cell death (PCD) is often a result of complex signalling pathways whose relationship and intersection are not well understood. We recently described a PCD root hair assay and proposed that it could be used to rapidly screen genetic or pharmacological modulators of PCD. To further assess the applicability of the root hair assay for studying multiple signalling pathways leading to PCD activation we have investigated the crosstalk between salicylic acid, autophagy and apoptosis-like PCD (AL-PCD) in Arabidopsis thaliana. The root hair assay was used to determine rates of AL-PCD induced by a panel of cell death inducing treatments in wild type plants treated with chemical modulators of salicylic acid synthesis or autophagy, and in genetic lines defective in autophagy or salicylic acid signalling. The assay demonstrated that PCD induced by exogenous salicylic acid or fumonisin B1 displayed a requirement for salicylic acid signalling and was partially dependent on the salicylic acid signal transducer NPR1. Autophagy deficiency resulted in an increase in the rates of AL-PCD induced by salicylic acid and fumonisin B1, but not by gibberellic acid or abiotic stress. The phenylalanine ammonia lyase-dependent salicylic acid synthesis pathway contributed only to death induced by salicylic acid and fumonisin B1. 3-Methyladenine, which is commonly used as an inhibitor of autophagy, appeared to influence PCD induction in all treatments suggesting a possible secondary, non-autophagic, effect on a core component of the plant PCD pathway. The results suggest that salicylic acid signalling is negatively regulated by autophagy during salicylic acid and mycotoxin-induced AL-PCD. However, this crosstalk does not appear to be directly involved in PCD induced by gibberellic acid or abiotic stress. This study demonstrates that the root hair assay is an effective tool for relatively rapid investigation of complex signalling pathways leading to the activation of PCD.     

水杨酸和阿斯匹林对小麦幼苗生长过程中盐害的缓解作用

以小麦为材料,研究盐分胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的影响以及水杨酸和阿斯匹林对小麦幼苗生长过程中盐害的缓解作用。结果表明,水杨酸和阿斯匹林能够相对提高盐分胁迫条件下小麦幼苗叶片的相对含水量,降低叶片质膜透性和盐害对细胞膜的伤害,提高幼苗体内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶等细胞保护酶的活性,抑制过氧化作用产物丙二醛的积累;同时发现外源水杨酸和阿斯匹林还能够提高幼苗体内ＡＴＰ的含量,维持幼苗能量代谢和供应的正常进行,从而提高小麦对盐分胁迫的适应性     

水杨酸和阿斯匹林对小麦盐害的缓解作用

盐胁迫条件下水杨酸和阿斯匹林能提高小麦种子发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数,降低幼苗叶片质膜透性和盐胁迫对细胞膜的伤害,提高幼苗体内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶等细胞保护酶的活性,减少膜脂过氧化作用产物丙二醛的积累,降低根系Ｎａ＋和提高根系Ｋ＋ 的向上运输选择性。所有这些变化都有利于缓解盐胁迫对小麦的伤害,提高其对盐胁迫的适应性。     

Effects of salicylic and jasmonic acid on phospholipase D activity and the level of active oxygen species in soybean seedlings

Plant cell metabolism reactions upon biotic stress conditions are initiated via cellular signaling systems. At the same time, signaling pathways of phytohormonal mediators of biotic stress induction, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid, and their intracellular activities are implemented in cooperation with lipid-derived regulatory elements. In this work we have found that salicylic acid treatment evoke activation of phospholipase D responsible for the production of second messenger phosphatidic acid. Mediators of the defense reactions also affected the balance of active oxygen species and in particular induced accumulation of endogenous hydrogen peroxide and changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxidases, and superoxide dismutase). Our results point out to the interactions between lipid signaling enzymes and cellular antioxidant systems required for realization of primary adaptation responses to biotic stress mediators in plants.     

Growth-promoting bacteria and natural regulators mitigate salt toxicity and improve rapeseed plant performance

Salinity is a major environmental stress that limits plant production and portraits a critical challenge to food security in the world. In this research, the impacts of plant growth–promoting bacteria (Pseudomonas RS-198 and Azospirillum brasilense RS-SP7) and foliar application of plant hormones (salicylic acid 1 mM and jasmonic acid 0.5 mM) on alleviating the harmful effects of salt stress in rapeseed plants (Brassica napus cv. okapi) were examined under greenhouse condition. Salt stress diminished rapeseed biomass, leaf area, water content, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chlorophyll content, while it increased sodium content, endogenous salicylic and jasmonic acids, osmolyte production, H₂O₂ and O₂^•− generations, TBARS content, and antioxidant enzyme activities. Plant growth, nutrient content, leaf expansion, osmolyte production, and antioxidant enzyme activities were increased, but oxidative and osmotic stress indicators were decreased by bacteria inoculation + salicylic acid under salt stress. Antioxidant enzyme activities were amplified by jasmonic acid treatments under salt stress, although rapeseed growth was not generally affected by jasmonic acid. Bacterial + hormonal treatments were superior to individual treatments in reducing detrimental effects of salt stress. The best treatment in rectifying rapeseed growth under salt stress was combination of Pseudomonas and salicylic acid. This combination attenuated destructive salinity properties and subsequently amended rapeseed growth via enhancing endogenous salicylic acid content and some essential nutrients such as potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium.

     

The role of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid in pathogen defence

Phytohormones are not only instrumental in regulating developmental processes in plants but also play important roles for the plant's responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In particular, abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid have been shown to possess crucial functions in mediating or orchestrating stress responses in plants. Here, we review the role of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid in pathogen defence responses with special emphasis on their function in the solanaceous plant potato.