多酚氧化酶抑制剂对蝴蝶兰叶外植体褐变的影响

将多酚氧化酶(PPO)抑制剂添加到酶反应液中,抗坏血酸和半胱氨酸在0.5mmol/L就完全抑制蝴蝶兰PPO活性。300mg/L柠檬酸和100~200mg/L亚硫酸氢钠分别添加到培养基中,可使蝴蝶兰外植体褐变程度降低;采用抑制剂浸泡处理外植体,对外植体褐变抑制效果最好的为50mg/L抗坏血酸,外植体在褐变发生前PPO活性低于对照。     

几种培养基及光照对蝴蝶兰叶片外植体褐变的影响

蝴蝶兰叶片外植体在MS纸桥培养基上培养10 d发生褐变率较低,1/2 MS次之,MS、B₅和N₆培养基外植体褐变率最高。MS培养基中铁盐加倍或微量元素缺乏造成外植体严重褐变,培养基积累很多褐色物质;减少琼脂含量,外植体褐变加重;添加柠檬酸可减轻外植体褐变;而添加活性炭、抗坏血酸或PVP对减轻外植体褐变无显著作用。光照强度增加外植体褐变严重。     

驱蚊香草离体微型扦插中褐变因子的调控

目的：优化驱蚊香草离体微型扦插中的防褐化技术,为驱蚊香草离体快繁提供参考。方法：以驱蚊香草带腋芽茎段为外植体,采用三元二次回归组合设计,对其多酚氧化酶（PPO）的活性和褐变率进行了研究,确定复合抑制因子在褐变调控中的最佳组合。并对PPO活性与其褐变的关系进行了回归分析。结果：调控驱蚊香草带腋芽茎段PPO活性的最佳组合为0.2%维生素C（X1）、0.25%聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）（X2）和0.4%柠檬酸（X3）,标准回归方程为Y=71.702-4.187X1-0.305X2-2.333X3＋1.339X1X2＋2.643X1X3-3.803X2X3-0.660X12-5.90X22-4.732X32,具有统计学意义;PPO活性与褐变率呈极显著的相关性,相关系数R=0.956。结论：维生素C、PVP、柠檬酸能有效地调控驱蚊香草离体微型扦插中的褐变,显著地降低了褐变率。     

O2和CO2配比对气调贮藏梨采后褐变及相关理化因子的影响

以采后'丰水'梨果实为材料,在乐扣气调试验箱中研究了O2和CO2配比对果实褐变率、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)和总酚含量的影响,以探讨适宜减轻梨气藏褐变的气体成份.结果表明:在整个贮藏过程(150 d)中,'丰水'梨果肉未发生褐变.从贮藏60 d开始,气调处理和冷藏对照果实的果皮均出现褐变,气调处理在贮藏120 d之前对果皮褐变的影响不显著,而在贮藏120～150 d内可显著减轻果皮的褐变、抑制果皮PPO和POD活性及降低总酚含量.与冷藏对照相比,气调处理可推迟果心褐变的时间,且(8%～10%)O2+3% CO2处理可完全抑制果心的褐变;气调处理亦可降低果心PPO活性、减少总酚及MDA含量;(8%～10%)O2+1% CO2处理能够显著提高果心的POD活性,而(8%～10%)O2+3% CO2处理对果实POD活性的影响不显著.可见,气调贮藏主要是通过降低'丰水'梨果皮PPO、POD活性及总酚含量来减轻组织的褐变,并以(8%～10%)O2+3% CO2处理对果实褐变因子的控制效果较理想.     

蝴蝶兰叶片外植体褐变过程中PAL基因的表达变化

研究了蝴蝶兰(Phalaenopsis sp.)叶片外植体褐变过程中PAL基因表达的变化。结果表明,在整个褐变过程中,外植体的PAL基因表达出现差异,离体培养第3天的表达明显提高,一直到第8天还维持较高表达水平,以后随着外植体褐变的加重,PAL基因表达水平逐渐降低。与对照相比,在Fe盐浓度加倍为55.6 mg L-1培养基中培养的外植体PAL基因表达水平提高发生的时间比对照早,培养第2天就明显增强,随培养天数的延长,一直维持较高的表达水平;其PAL活性也高于对照,两种培养条件下,外植体总酚含量都随着其褐变加重而增加,说明PAL基因表达与蝴蝶兰外植体褐变过程相关。     

降低卷丹百合组培褐变技术研究

以卷丹百合Lilium lancifolium鳞片为外植体,采用1/2MS+0.8 mg·L~(-1) 6-BA+0.2 mg·L~(-1) NAA为基本培养基,研究不同消毒时间的外植体消毒效果,探讨聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、抗坏血酸(V?)、活性炭(AC)以及光、暗两种培养条件对卷丹百合组织培养过程中褐变的影响。结果表明,用75%酒精消毒30 s、0.1%HgCl_2消毒10 min、2%NaClO消毒6 min的消毒效果最好,污染率为33.33%,成活率和诱导率均为66.67%。在培养基中加入PVP、V?、AC和暗培养均能减轻褐变的发生,其中以4.5 mg·L~(-1) PVP处理对卷丹百合褐变的抑制效果最好,外植体褐变率最低为30%,愈伤组织诱导率为70%。     

外部因子对蝴蝶兰叶片原球茎状体发生的影响

对影响蝴蝶兰叶片原球茎状体 (PL B,Protocorm - like- body)发生和植株再生的外部因子进行了研究。结果表明 :BA是决定原球茎状体发生的主要因子 ;苹果汁、香蕉汁和椰子汁明显促进原球茎状体的形成 ;在 MS+BA5mg/L+椰子汁 15%的培养基中 ,蝴蝶兰叶片原球茎状体的诱导率可达 6 0 %以上 ;活性炭可有效防止外植体叶块变褐死亡 ;多效唑 1.5mg/L可促进再生植株根的形成 ,使叶片变厚变短变绿 ,使试管苗移栽成活率达 95%以上     

抗褐变剂对雷公藤愈伤组织生长和次生代谢产物含量的影响

以雷公藤（Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f.）根愈伤组织为材料,以NT为基本培养基,添加不同浓度硫代硫酸钠、抗坏血酸、柠檬酸、硝酸银、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮以及活性炭,探讨抗褐变剂对雷公藤愈伤组织生长、抗褐化和雷公藤内酯醇及总生物碱含量的影响。结果表明：除较低浓度柠檬酸以外,其他抗褐变剂均不同程度抑制雷公藤愈伤组织的生长。培养基中添加不同浓度硫代硫酸钠、抗坏血酸、柠檬酸、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮以及活性炭,雷公藤愈伤组织褐化程度不但没有得到控制,反而使褐化加重。但所有处理中,愈伤组织中内酯醇含量明显升高,其中加入50mg/L柠檬酸处理的内酯醇含量为对照的2.4倍。培养基中加入10～50mg/L硝酸银不仅能抑制雷公藤愈伤组织褐变,内酯醇的含量也随着硝酸银浓度的增加而增加。供试抗褐变剂中除较低浓度硫代硫酸钠以外,其他处理对雷公藤总生物碱的合成起抑制作用。     

3种抗褐化剂影响水曲柳体胚发生的生理分析

水曲柳体胚发生过程中往往伴随褐化现象的产生,并且大多体胚生长在褐化的外植体上,为解析外植体褐化和体胚发生之间的联系,本研究通过在培养基中添加PVP（聚乙烯毗咯烷酮）、L-Glu（L-谷氨酸）和AgNO₃（硝酸银）,探究其对外植体褐化、体胚发生和生理生化的影响。研究结果表明：（1）低浓度（0.1、0.5 g·L^-1）PVP和100 mg·L^-1 L-Glu处理加剧了外植体褐化,但显著促进了体胚发生,并且体胚发生率高达60%以上（分别比对照组提高了6.59%、24.08%和22.88%）;（2）200 mg·L^-1 L-Glu处理有效降低了外植体褐化,褐化率为68.11%（相比对照组降低了5.83%）,但是体胚发生率降低,其发生率为46.32%（相较于对照组降低了22.8%）;（3）3种抗褐化剂处理后外植体细胞内的多酚氧化酶活性（PPO）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性均低于对照组,过氧化物酶（POD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量均高于对照组。因此,研究表明低浓度的抗褐化剂可以促进体胚发生,在这个过程中涉及到POD活性升高和MDA含量增加。本研究为解析水曲柳体胚发生伴随外植体褐化的生物学机理以及水曲柳体胚高频发生提供理论依据。     

不同激素对青钱柳外植体和愈伤组织褐化的影响

以青钱柳(Cyclocarya paliurus)叶片为研究材料, 采用单因素完全随机试验法比较不同激素(6-BA、GA₃和NAA)浓度组合对叶片外植体褐化的影响; 在此基础上, 分别采用二因素、单因素完全随机试验法比较6-BA+NAA不同浓度组合、不同基本培养基对愈伤组织褐化的影响。结果表明, 改良MS+1.0 mg?L ^-1 6-BA+1.0 mg?L ^-1 GA₃+0.3 mg?L ^-1 NAA是抑制青钱柳叶片外植体褐化的最佳培养基, 其褐化率为0, 愈伤组织诱导率100%; 改良MS+0.5 mg?L ^-1 6-BA+0.2 mg?L ^-1 NAA是抑制愈伤组织褐化的最佳培养基, 其褐化率为0, 愈伤组织增殖倍数达4.80倍, 愈伤组织呈黄绿色或黄色, 颗粒状, 颗粒小而紧密、质硬且表面干燥。该方法有效解决了青钱柳叶片外植体和愈伤组织褐化问题, 为青钱柳组织培养褐化控制提供了一条简单高效的离体培养途径, 也为青钱柳叶片离体再生体系的建立奠定基础。     

Alleviation of browning in oak explants by chemical pretreatments

Meristems from 25–90-year-old oak (Quercus robur L. andQ. petraea Matt.) trees and seed embryos were pretreated with polyvinyl pyrrolidone, ascorbic acid, cysteine and citric acid solutions. Tissues were cultured mostly on a WPM medium supplemented with different combinations and concentrations of growth regulators. All the different pretreatments showed a positive effect against the otherwise very rapid and harmful browning of the explants but ascorbic acid (100 mg dm^?3) proved to be the most effective. Shooting was induced from seed embryos and meristems originating from adult trees. Rooted plantlets were obtained from explants of seed embryos.     

水杨酸、乙酰水杨酸对番茄幼苗叶片中PPO和POD的诱导作用

以番茄品种改良美国908和合作906为试验材料,研究了水杨酸(SA)和乙酰水杨酸(ASA)喷雾处理6-7叶期幼苗后,叶片内多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性在120 h内的变化.结果显示:SA和ASA对2个番茄品种的适宜诱导浓度分别为1 mmol/L和1.39 mmol/L;SA和ASA对PPO活性的诱导效果无显著差异,但对POD活性的诱导效果SA极显著强于ASA;合作906的PPO活性增幅显著大于改良美国908,而POD活性增幅却显著小于改良美国908,且合作906对诱导处理反应更敏感.研究表明,SA和ASA能显著提高番茄幼苗叶片的PPO、POD活性,而酶活性变化在品种和诱导剂间有显著差异.     

High polyphenol oxidase activity and low titratable acidity in browning bamboo tissue culture

Summary Tissue browning that frequently results in the early death of bamboo shoots in vitro correlated directly with polyphenol oxidase (PPO, EC 1.10.3.1) activity and inversely with titratable acidity. It was unrelated to the level of endogenous phenols. During the course of culture, timing of PPO activity paralleled that of explant browning. Browning was highest among shoots cultured in a medium of pH 8, which was consistent with the pH optinum of the bamboo enzyme. The pH optimum was first determined with the crude enzyme, then verified with two purified isozymes. Stability of the bamboo PPO was also highest at pH 10. PPO activities of the severely browning Dendrocalamus latiflorus, the moderately browning Phyllostachys nigra, and the relatively non-browning Bambusa oldhamii were inhibited strongly by ascorbic acid, cysteine, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, and sodium sulfite. But characterization of bamboo PPO according to enzyme inhibitors was not possible because enzyme extracts of the three species gave varied responses to the traditional substances. Nutrient medium addenda of some PPO inhibitors, namely ascorbic acid, cysteine, kojic acid, and thiourea, mainly enhanced browning. However, ferulic acid at 3 mM and lower concentrations reduced the number of brown shoots per culture, although not the percentage of cultures that browned. Polyvinylpyrrolidone failed completely to suppress browning. The two purified isozymes showed different temperature optima for PPO activity: 60°C and 65°C. The purified isozymes displayed a substrate preference for dopamine, or a cathecol oxidase characteristics.     

棘托竹荪子实体多酚氧化酶特性及其抑制剂的研究

以邻苯二酚为底物采用分光光度法对棘托竹荪(Dictyophora echinovolvata)子实体多酚氧化酶的酶学特性和不同抑制剂对多酚氧化酶活性的影响进行了研究。结果表明,棘托竹荪子实体多酚氧化酶的最适反应pH为8.0,最适反应温度为45℃,高温短时处理能显著抑制多酚氧化酶的活性;L-半胱氨酸(L-Cys)、氯化钠(NaCl)、维生素C(Vc)和柠檬酸(C6H8O7)等对多酚氧化酶均有抑制作用。经正交实验筛选的抑制剂组合(5.0 g/L L-Cys、20.0 g/L NaCl、1.5 g/L Vc、10.0 g/L C6H8O7)可以完全抑制多酚氧化酶的活性。     

In vitro regeneration of a mature leguminous liana (Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arnott)

An in vitro propagation protocol has been developed from mature lianas of Bauhinia valii. Browning was the major obstacle in the establishment of cultures. Explants collected during the growing season (April–June) showed maximum browning; however, browning was minimal during the dormant phase. This problem was circumvented by soaking the sterilized explants in a solution of antioxidant (50 mg l^–1 ascorbic acid+75 mg l^–1 citric acid). The explants were thereafter transferred to culture room conditions after an initial incubation in the dark at 4 °C for 48 h. Shoot proliferation (58%), shoot number (4.5) and shoot length (35 mm) was best in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2.5 μM kinetin + 100 mg l^–1 adenine sulfate. Seasonal fluctuations significantly affected the proliferation potential of the explants. March– April was found to be the best season for shoot initiation. Microshoots were rooted on a half-strength, growth regulator-free, agar-gelled Murashige and Skoog medium after a dip in half-strength MS liquid medium containing 1-naph-thaleneacetic acid + indole-3-butyric acid (10 μM). Rooted plantlets were potted and acclimatized under culture room conditions for 4 weeks before transfer to a polyhouse. Received: 9 March 1998 / Revision received: 14 August 1998 / Accepted: 23 September 1998     

A transgenic apple callus showing reduced polyphenol oxidase activity and lower browning potential

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is responsible for enzymatic browning of apples. Apples lacking PPO activity might be useful not only for the food industry but also for studies of the metabolism of polyphenols and the function of PPO. Transgenic apple calli were prepared by using Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying the kanamycin (KM) resistant gene and antisense PPO gene. Four KM-resistant callus lines were obtained from 356 leaf explants. Among these transgenic calli, three calli grew on the medium containing KM at the same rate as non-transgenic callus on the medium without KM. One callus line had an antisense PPO gene, in which the amount and activity of PPO were reduced to half the amount and activity in non-transgenic callus. The browning potential of this line, which was estimated by adding chlorogenic acid, was also half the browning potential of non-transgenic callus.     

水杨酸对香荚兰抗逆相关酶的活性和丙二醛含量的影响

对大田栽培的香荚兰植株进行不同浓度的水杨酸(SA)处理,结果表明：较低浓度(25～100mg/L)的SA,使其叶片的SOD、POD、PAL和PPO活性增加,MDA含量降低,抗逆性增强;而较高浓度的SA(150～200mg/L)则抑制了这些酶的活性、使MDA含量升高,抗逆性减弱。     

Role of Chlorogenic Acid Quinone and Interaction of Chlorogenic Acid Quinone and Catechins in the Enzymatic Browning of Apple

Chlorogenic acid (CQA) is one of the major polyphenols in apple and a good substrate for the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in apple. Apple contains catechins as well as CQA, and the role of CQA quinone and its interaction with catechins in the enzymatic browning of apple were examined. Browning was repressed and 2-cysteinyl-CQA was formed when cysteine was added to apple juice. CQA quinone was essential for browning to occur. Although catechins and CQA were oxidized by PPO, some catechins seemed to be non-enzymatically oxidized by CQA quinone.