鼎湖山针阔叶混交林冠层下方CO2通量及其环境响应

精确估算典型森林生态系统冠层下方CO₂通量（Fcb）对验证陆地生态系统碳平衡模型具有重要意义。采用开路涡度相关法对鼎湖山针阔叶混交林Fcb进行定位测定,根据1周年数据分析Fcb及其对环境要素的响应特征,结果表明：(1) 白天Fcb呈下降趋势表明地表植被全年具有光合能力,但总体上地表植被和土壤表现为CO2排放源;(2) Van’t Hoff方程、Arrhenius方程和Lloyd-Taylor方程均可以较好反映土壤温度(Ts)与Fcb的关系,其中仅Lloyd-Talor方程能够反映温度因子敏感性指标Q10随温度的变异性特征;(3) Lloyd-Talor方程模拟的Fcb完全由Ts控制,而连乘模型由Ts和土壤水分(Ms)控制,可以反映水热条件的综合影响,对Fcb具有更强的拟合能力;(4)在Ms较大时连乘模型对Fcb的估算高于Lloyd-Talor方程,反之在干旱时段连乘模型模拟结果低于Lloyd-Talor方程,表明当存在水分胁迫时,Ms可以成为影响Fcb的主导因子;(5) 2003年鼎湖山针阔叶混交林Fcb总量((787.4±296.8)gCm^-2a^-1)比静态箱-气相色谱法测得的土壤呼吸偏低17%。与箱式法相比,涡度相关法通量测定结果普遍存在偏低估算现象。     

鼎湖山针阔叶混交林生态系统呼吸及其影响因子

精确估算典型森林生态系统呼吸(Reco)对评价生态系统碳平衡具有重要意义。采用开路涡度相关法对鼎湖山针阔叶混交林Reco进行定位测定,根据2003~2004年数据采用多种呼吸模型对Reco进行估算并分析Reco对环境要素的响应特征,结果表明:(1)Reco受土壤温度、湿度和冠层气温、相对湿度共同影响,Reco对环境因子的响应模式存在季节性差异,总体上土壤温度是驱动Reco的主要因子。(2)描述Reco与温度因子的关系模式中,指数方程、Van’tHoff方程、Arrhenius方程和Lloyd-Talor方程,统计意义上具有同等的能力,从温度敏感性指标Q10看,Lloyd-Talor方程比其他方程更适合于描述Reco对温度的响应特征。(3)由土壤温度(Ts)和土壤含水量(Ms)驱动的连乘耦合模型,能综合反映Ts、Ms对Reco的协同作用。在Ms较高时段,连乘模型模拟的Reco高于Tloyd-Taylor方程,而在Ms较低时段连乘模型的结果低于Tloyd-Taylor方程,但二者没有统计意义上的显著差异。(4)鼎湖山混交林2003年Reco年总量,基于白天涡度相关通量观测资料的模型估算结果为1100~1135.6gCm-2a-1,比基于夜间通量资料估算结果(921~975gCm-2a-1)增加12%~25%。采用白天通量资料估算Reco,对克服夜间涡度相关法通量测定结果偏低问题具有积极意义,为进一步可靠评估净生态系统CO2交换(NEE)奠定方法基础。     

鼎湖山针阔叶混交林地表温室气体排放的日变化

利用静态箱 -气相色谱法对鼎湖山针阔叶混交林地表 3种温室气体 CO2 、CH4 、N2 O通量进行了原位观测 .结果表明 ,鼎湖山针阔叶混交林地表为 CO2 、N2 O的排放源 ,为 CH4 的弱汇 ,通量日变幅分别是 4 88.99～ 70 0 .5 7,0 .0 4 9～ 0 .10 8mg/ (m2· h)和- 0 .0 2 5～ - 0 .0 5 3mg/ (m2 · h) ;地表凋落物分解释放 CO2 约占总排放的 1/ 3;凋落物层和林下灌木对 CH4 和 N2 O的通量无明显影响 ;CO2 、N2 O的 9∶ 0 0观测值与其日平均值有明显差异     

长江安庆段河流湿地生态系统呼吸及其影响因子

研究湿地生态系统呼吸(Reco)对评价湿地生态系统碳汇功能具有重要的意义.采用涡度相关法对位于长江中游河流湿地的杨树人工林生态系统进行了长期的定位观测,根据2005-07-23～2007-12-15的数据对Reco进行估算,并分析Reco对主要环境因子的响应特征.结果表明:(1)Reco具有明显的季节变化,每年的最大值出现在8月份,最小值出现在1月份,Reco受空气温度、土壤温度和土壤含水量共同影响,总体上看空气温度是驱动Reco的主要因子;(2)在几种模拟生态系统呼吸的模型中,Van't Hoff方程、Arrhenius方程、Lloyd-Talor方程在统计意义上具有同等的能力,由空气温度和土壤含水量共同驱动的连乘模型对Reco的拟合效果最好;(3)使用连乘模型估算的2006年生态系统呼吸总量为1074.7 gC·m-2·a-1,2007年为1127.0 gC·m-2·a-1,与亚热带和温带的森林站点的测定值相接近.     

鼎湖山针阔叶混交林CO2浓度及通量变化特征

该研究采用珠三角典型森林植被生态系统的鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林通量观测站2012年CO2通量资料和气象资料,分析了CO2通量、净生态系统CO2交换量及CO2浓度的变化特征,及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明:(1) CO2浓度日变化呈“一峰一谷”变化形态,在夜间或日出前后出现最大值,在午后到达最小值; CO2通量日变化呈“单谷”曲线,在白天中午前后到达最小值(负值),夜间和早晨较高(正值)。(2) CO2通量季节平均值的高低依次为春季夏季冬季秋季,CO2浓度季节平均值的高低次序则为冬季春季秋季夏季,即非生长季高于生长季节,这可能与植物物候的季节变化所引起的CO2源汇强度改变有关。(3) 2012年鼎湖山森林生态系统的CO2年均浓度为664.7 mg·m-3,CO2通量年均值为-0.079 mg·m-2·s-1,NEE为-611 g C·m-2·a-1,表明鼎湖山针阔叶混交林近年来处于快速生长过程中,具有较强的碳汇功能。(4) CO2通量及浓度与气温、饱和水气压差均成显著负相关关系,其中CO2浓度与气温的相关性最高,其次为饱和水汽压差,表明气温和饱和水汽压差是影响CO2浓度和通量的关键气象因子。受人类活动及气候变化的影响,近年来鼎湖山森林生态系统的碳汇功能有所增强。     

黄河小浪底人工混交林冠层CO2储存通量变化特征

基于黄河小浪底人工混交林2008年的CO2浓度和碳通量数据,分析了不同天气条件下CO2浓度在时间和空间上的变化特征,对比了CO2浓度廓线法和涡度相关法估算的CO2储存通量,研究了CO2储存通量的日、季变化特征。结果表明:人工混交林冠层上方月平均CO2浓度具有明显的季节变化规律。月平均CO2浓度最大值出现在3月(370μmol/mol),最低值出现在8月(347μmol/mol)。涡度相关法估算的CO2储存通量比廓线法所得结果偏低9%。生长季,冠层CO2储存通量和净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)日平均值分别为-0.0004和-0.091 mg CO2m-2s-1,冠层CO2储存通量在NEE中仅占0.4%。2008年CO2储存通量和NEE分别为-46.1、-1133 g CO2m-2a-1。在年尺度上,CO2储存通量占NEE的4.1%。因此,在日和年尺度上计算黄河小浪底人工混交林NEE时,CO2储存通量可以忽略。     

鼎湖山主要森林生态系统地表CH4通量

利用静态箱-气相色谱法对鼎湖山3种处于演替不同阶段的森林类型-季风常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和马尾松林-的地表CH₄通量进行了为期一年的原位观测和研究,结果表明:3种林型地表吸收CH₄通量按从大到小的顺序为:季风林>混交林>松林,不同林型间的CH₄通量差异与森林土壤的性质有密切关系,即土壤容重越小、有机质含量与土壤温度和湿度都没有明显的相关性,但在旱季土壤温度成为控制地表CH₄通量的主要因子.     

鼎湖山五种植被类型群落生物量及其径级分配特征

根据鼎湖山自然保护区14次群落样地调查数据和生物量估算方程,研究了5种植被类型的乔木(DBH≥1cm)生物量及其径级分配特征。结果显示:(1)最近一次群落调查中,沟谷雨林、山地常绿阔叶林、南亚热带常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和马尾松林的生物量分别为472.9t·hm^-2,165.1t·hm^-2,290.4t·hm^-2,164.1t·hm^-2和122.5t·hm^-2;(2)生物量径级分配的结果表明,鼎湖山14次植被调查的生物量径级分配总体上存在3种主要的分布类型,分别为递减分布、倒钟型分布和递增分布。鼎湖山生物量径级分配特征规律与其他地区研究结果一致。     

鼎湖山马尾松、荷木混交林生态系统碳素积累和分配特征

选取鼎湖山保护区3个马尾松9Pinus massoniana),荷木（Schima superba)针阔混交林样地,研究其生态系统的碳素积累和分配特征。结果表明,鼎湖山马尾松,荷木混交林乔木尾生物量（thm^-2)为：174.41-270.11。平均227.36,且均以马尾松的生物量居多（占54.9%-84.4%)。林下层植物生物量和地表现存凋落物量（thm^-2)分别为7.41-28.28和7.06-11.56。平均14.41和9.03。三个混交林生态系统总碳贮量（thm^-2)分别为146.35,215.30和205.79。平均为189.15,其中植被层碳贮量贡献率最大,依次占62.9%,61.9%和69.9%。平均65.0%;土壤层贡献率次之,依次占34.3%,35.5%和28.5%。平均32.8%;而地表现存凋落物层的贡献最小,仅占2.8%,2.6%和1.6%。平均为2.3%。此外,本文还对该生态系统植被碳吸存潜力进行了讨论。     

中国森林生态系统地表径流调节特征

径流调节是森林生态系统重要生态服务功能之一,包含着大气、水分、植被和土壤等生物物理过程,其变化将直接影响区域气候水文、植被和土壤等状况,是区域生态系统状况的重要指示器。在区域尺度上评估森林生态系统地表径流特征,对于科学认识和合理保护森林生态系统水源涵养功能具有重要意义。以森林生态系统定位监测数据为基础,探讨地表径流与降水,径流系数与植被的关系,建立径流系数与植被的回归方程,分析全国森林生态系统地表径流调节特征。结果表明:(1)各森林类型地表径流与降水相关性显著,其对地表径流的影响为37%—76%。此外,径流系数与植被也显著相关,其对径流系数的解释能力为27%—47%。(2)基于植被覆盖数据,通过植被与径流系数回归方程估算全国森林生态系统的地表径流调节特征。全国各森林生态系统径流调节能力存在差异,强弱顺序为:落叶针叶林落叶阔叶林针阔混交林常绿针叶林常绿阔叶林。     

Race and Racism in America and in Anthropology

Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview . Audrey Smedley
Anthropology and Race . Eugenia Shanklin     

Electroejaculation in chimpanzees and gorillas and artificial insemination in chimpanzees

Electroejaculation was performed in 3 chimpanzees, 1 pygmy chimpanzee, and 2 gorillas with an instrument that delivers a modified sine wave current with a frequency of 24 Hz. The current stimuli were applied by a rectal probe with longitudinal electrodes. The electrical parameters varied from 6 to 12 V and from 30 to 40 mA for response of erection and lay between 8 and 18 V and between 40 and 145 mA during semen emission. Eleven chimpanzee semen samples showed the following data (x ± SD): total volume 1.9 ± 1.3 ml, volume of the liquid fraction 0.3 ± 0.2 ml, spermatozoa per ejaculate 743 ± 376 × 10⁶, sperm motility 52.7 ± 9.6%, morphologically abnormal spermatozoa 12.2 ± 7.5%. From an adult gorilla, three semen samples were collected, in each case without spermatozoa. The electrostimulation of a 6-year-old gorilla led to an erection, but not to semen emission. Three female chimpanzees were inseminated with fresh or frozen semen, each of them within three different estrous cycles. None of these inseminations led to a pregnancy.     

Degradation and conversion of somatostatin in normal and diabetic rats in vivo and in vitro

Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the portal and jugular veins of streptozotocin diabetic rats was compared with that in normal control rats. In the diabetic group, somatostatin levels in the portal (p less than 0.05) and jugular (p less than 0.01) veins were both elevated compared with those in the control group. Moreover, the degree of elevation was greater in the jugular vein than in the portal vein. To further investigate the role of the liver in the clearance of somatostatin-28 in vivo, 2 micrograms of somatostatin-28 was administered as a bolus into the external jugular vein of intact and functionally hepatectomized rats. The mean half-time of somatostatin-28 was significantly longer in intact diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.05). The functional hepatectomy did not cause a significant difference in the half-time in diabetic rats but made it longer in control rats. These results suggest that the longer half-time of somatostatin-28 in diabetic rats in vivo is due to its slower hepatic clearance. The hepatic clearance of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 was further studied in vitro using a recirculating liver perfusion method. The hepatic clearance of 1.2 nM of either somatostatin-28 or somatostatin-14 was significantly lower in diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.01). This indicates that elevated plasma somatostatin levels in diabetic rats are caused at least in part by decreased hepatic clearance of somatostatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Trajectories and Constraints in Brain Evolution in Primates and Cetaceans

A negative allometric relationship between body mass (BM) and brain size (BS) can be observed for many vertebrate groups. In the past decades, researchers have proposed several hypotheses to explain this finding, but none is definitive and some are possibly not mutually exclusive. Certain species diverge markedly (positively or negatively) from the mean of the ratio BM/BS expected for a particular taxonomic group. It is possible to define encephalization quotient (EQ) as the ratio between the actual BS and the expected brain size. Several cetacean species show higher EQs compared to all primates, except modern humans. The process that led to big brains in primates and cetaceans produced different trajectories, as shown by the organizational differences observed in every encephalic district (e.g., the cortex). However, these two groups both convergently developed complex cognitive abilities. The comparative study on the trajectories through which the encephalization process has independently evolved in primates and cetaceans allows a critical appraisal of the causes, the time and the mode of quantitative and qualitative development of the brain in our species and in the hominid evolutionary lineage.     

Variation in infectivity and aggressiveness in space and time in wild host-pathogen systems: causes and consequences

Variation in host resistance and in the ability of pathogens to infect and grow (i.e. pathogenicity) is important as it provides the raw material for antagonistic (co)evolution and therefore underlies risks of disease spread, disease evolution and host shifts. Moreover, the distribution of this variation in space and time may inform us about the mode of coevolutionary selection (arms race vs. fluctuating selection dynamics) and the relative roles of G × G interactions, gene flow, selection and genetic drift in shaping coevolutionary processes. Although variation in host resistance has recently been reviewed, little is known about overall patterns in the frequency and scale of variation in pathogenicity, particularly in natural systems. Using 48 studies from 30 distinct host–pathogen systems, this review demonstrates that variation in pathogenicity is ubiquitous across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Quantitative analysis of a subset of extensively studied plant–pathogen systems shows that the magnitude of within‐population variation in pathogenicity is large relative to among‐population variation and that the distribution of pathogenicity partly mirrors the distribution of host resistance. At least part of the variation in pathogenicity found at a given spatial scale is adaptive, as evidenced by studies that have examined local adaptation at scales ranging from single hosts through metapopulations to entire continents and – to a lesser extent – by comparisons of pathogenicity with neutral genetic variation. Together, these results support coevolutionary selection through fluctuating selection dynamics. We end by outlining several promising directions for future research.     

Deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in wheat and by-products in Argentina

The deoxynivalenol and nivalenol contamination in wheat and by-products obtained through milling was analized by Trucksess method slightly modified in the proportion of acetonitrile—water (3:1). Only one sample of wheat showed deoxynivalenol contamination, 1,200μg/kg. No samples obtained in different stages of the milling were contaminated with deoxynivalenol or nivalenol. In the commercial wheat flours the levels found ranged between 400 and 800μg/kg, as follows: 400μ/kg, 5 samples; 800jug/kg, 1 sample.