新疆产胎生蜥蜴染色体的研究

采用骨髓细胞制片法对分布在新疆阿勒泰地区的胎生蜥蜴Lacerta vivipara种群的染色体进行研究。结果表明,胎生蜥蜴的染色体全部为端着丝点,性别决定机制为Z1Z1Z2Z2/Z1Z2W型,雌雄染色体数目不同,雄性胎生蜥蜴二倍体染色体的数目为36,性染色体为Z1Z1Z2Z2型,染色体组型为2n=32+Z1Z1Z2Z2;雌性胎生蜥蜴二倍体染色体的数目为35,染色体组型为2n=32+Z1Z2W,性染色体为Z1Z2W型。从组型特征来看,新疆的胎生蜥蜴种群与欧洲中北部和俄罗斯地区的种群为同一大类群。     

桓仁林蛙和桓仁产东北林蛙的染色体组型

用骨髓细胞制片法对桓仁林蛙（Rana huanrenesis）和桓仁产东北林蛙（R．dybowskii）的染色体组型进行了报道,两种林蛙的染色体数均为2n=24,都可配成12对,按照相对长度可分为3组,A组包括第1～5对,为大型染色体（相对长度〉9．0）;B组是第6对,为中型染色体（相对长度在7．0～9．0之间）;C组包括第7～12对,这一组为小型染色体（相对长度〈7．0）。在两种林蛙的染色体组型中未发现有异型性染色体。桓仁林蛙的第1、3、4、5对为中部着丝点染色体,第9对为端部着丝点染色体,其余各对为亚中部着丝点染色体。东北林蛙的第1、2、3、4、5、6、8对为中部着丝点染色体,第9对为端部着丝点染色体,其余各对为业中部着丝点染色体。两种林蛙的第11对染色体长臂有明显的次缢痕。     

黑龙江省产两种草蜥染色体组型研究

采用常规骨髓细胞制片法,对黑龙江省产黑龙江草蜥和白条草蜥的染色体组型进行分析.结果表明,两种草蜥二倍体染色体的数目均是38,由18对常染色体和1对性染色体组成.常染色体中17对为端部着丝点染色体,1对为点状染色体;性染色体为ZW 型,从核型特征看来,二者都为蜥蜴目较原始的类型.     

615小鼠染色体组型与G带带型分析

目的建立615小鼠标准染色体组型与G带染色体核型,提供可靠的细胞遗传学背景资料。方法成年615小鼠8只,雌雄各半,提取骨髓细胞,制片,镜检。确立615小鼠体细胞染色体数目。选择10个典型细胞测量染色体基本数据。G带染色。结果615小鼠的染色体数目为40条,XX为雌性,XY为雄性。所有染色体均为中部着丝点。X染色体相对长度仅次于第1对染色体,Y染色体的相对长度在第4对染色体和第5对染色体之间。G显带条数与小鼠有很大差异,接近于大鼠。结论615小鼠的核型为2n=40=2×19m＋（x）m＋（y）m,G显带共262条。     

辽宁产粗皮蛙的染色体组型研究(图版Ⅳ,下)

用骨髓细胞制片法分析了粗皮蛙的染色体组型 ,结果表明其二倍体染色体数为 2 6 ,可配成 13对 ,有5对大型染色体 (相对长度 >9)和 8对小型染色体 (相对长度 <6 5 ) ,其中 ,第 1、 5、 6、 7、 8对为中部着丝点染色体 ,第 12对为端部着丝点染色体 ,第 2、 3、 4、 9、 10、 11、 13对为亚中部着丝点染色体 ,第 4对为性染色体 ,属XY型 ,X染色体为亚中部着丝点 (相对长度为 10 70 ,臂比指数为 1 72 ) ,Y染色体为亚中部着丝点(相对长度为 12 83,臂比指数为 2 0 2 )。     

番鸭、连城鸭及其属间杂种的体细胞染色体比较

采用胚胎组织细胞和外周血白细胞短期培养法,分析了番鸭、连城鸭及其属间杂种F_1的体细胞染色体核型。番鸭的染色体2n=78,连城鸭2n=78±。它们的第1、2对常染色体分别为亚中或中间着丝点,其余均为近端着丝点;性染色体ZZ—ZW按大小顺序排列,Z为4,W为7—8。番鸭的Z和W染色体均属近端着丝点;连城鸭的Z染色体具明显短臂,属亚端着丝点,W染色体不具短臂,属近端着丝点,杂种F_1与亲本比较,染色体数目相同,但总臂数不同;第1、2对常染色体着丝点指数和臂比介于两亲本之间,其两个同源姐妹染色体的臂比分别偏向于父本和母本;性染色体着丝点位置具备两亲本的特点,可作为鉴定属间杂种真实性的依据。     

白花败酱染色体的核型分析

用去壁低渗染色体制片方法,对白花败酱(Patrinia villosa Juss)茎尖细胞染色体制片,研究其染色体组型.结果表明:白花败酱为二倍体、体细胞染色体数目为22;染色体组型公式为2n=2x=22=10m 4sm 4st 4t,第2、3、4、5、8号染色体为中间着丝点染色体,第6、11号染色体为近中着丝点染色体,第1、10号染色体为近端着丝点染色体,第7、9号染色体为端部着丝点染色体;染色体基数x=11,该染色体组内最长与最短染色体长度比值为3.037,臂比大于2:1的染色体共4条,占总数的36.4%,则白花败酱的核型类型为2B型.     

欧斑鸠的染色体组型及G、C带研究

本文研究了繁殖于新疆的欧斑鸠的染色体组型,其2n=80,NF=110,和以报道的山斑鸠与灰斑鸠的染色体组型差异显著。通过G、C带的比较观测,雌性大染色体为30条,雄性大染色体为31条（其中第6对为不配对单体）,雄性性染色体为ZW,雄性性染色体为Z0,其去均为微小染色体。雄性染色体组型的形成和遗传机制有待进一步研究。     

金鱼(Carassius auratus)染色体组型的研究Ⅰ.鲫鱼和红龙睛金鱼染色体组型的比较

本研究利用血细胞培养的方法,分析比较了鲫鱼和红龙睛金鱼的染色体组型。研究结果表明,鲫鱼的染色体数目2n=100,由A组(中部着丝点)12对、B组(亚中着丝点)15对和C组(亚端和端部着丝点)23对染色体组成。A、B组为双臂染色体,C组为单臂染色体。染色体的总臂数为154。红龙睛金鱼二倍体的染色体数目也为100,同样分为A、B、C三组。红龙睛金鱼和鲫鱼二者不论在染色体数目上还是在染色体组型上都完全相同,很难找出它们之间明显的形态差异。鲫鱼和红龙睛金鱼雌雄个体之间,并未发现有异型的性染色体存在。     

棕色田鼠的细胞遗传学研究

本次首次报告棕色田鼠（Microtus mandarinus)的核型,核型公式为2n=50=2(M,T) 2SM 44T XX(M,SM),XY(SM,ST),发现第一对常染色体及X性染色体存在多态现象,在所研究的15只雌性个体中有7只雌性个体的细胞只有1条X性染色体,性染色体组成为XO型,核型公式为2n=49=2(M,ST) 2SM 44T＋XO,。其中X性染色体不同于雄性中的X（SM）,为M类型,本文提出的综色田鼠3种核型与Brown等人（1964）提出的Microtus oregoni的3种核型（XO,YO,XY）有异,本文还阐述了染色体多态产生的机制和探讨了XO型个体发生的机理及其繁殖。     

Sex differences in growth rates of early life stage Japanese eels Anguilla japonica under experimental conditions

To assess the relationship between growth rate of body mass and sex in the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica in the early life stage; the growth rates of males and females were compared under experimental conditions. The mean growth rate of females was significantly slower than that of males. To assess the relative priority of growth rate and sex, growth was delayed by restricted feeding, resulting in a significantly higher proportion of females in the delayed than in the normal growth group. These findings indicate that the mean growth rate of A. japonica is slower in females than in males in the early life stage around sex determination and differentiation under experimental rearing conditions. Moreover, growth rate probably has priority over sex determination, with slow growth rate increasing the probability of being female.     

Regional variation and the effect of lake: river area on sex distribution of American eels

Silver phase American eels, Anguilla rostrata , were collected while migrating from five rivers in Maine, U.S.A. Sex ratios varied from 49 to 98% male for these rivers and had a range of 46% over a 30 km distance between the mouths of three rivers. The proportion of male eels was inversely related to the amount of lacustrine habitat in the five drainage areas ( r =−0·95, P =0·014). A combination of these sex ratios and published data from two Nova Scotia rivers showed large variation in the proportion of male eels within 1° of latitude. Thus, the hypothesis from the literature that the distribution of the sexes is dependent upon distance of larval transport was not supported. Eels migrating from lacustrine habitats within a river were predominately female, while eels migrating from fluvial habitats were predominately male, regardless of upstream distance. Apparently river habitat influences the distribution of the sexes and may play a role in sex determination.     

Transfer of a parasitic sex factor to the nuclear genome of the host: A hypothesis on the evolution of sex-determining mechanisms in the terrestrial Isopod Armadillidium vulgare Latr.

In A. vulgare sex is usually determined either by a cytoplasmic feminizing factor (F symbiotic bacteria) or by another feminizing factor (f) which behaves like a mobile element of DNA and which seems to correspond to a fragment of bacterial DNA. By inhibiting the expression of male genes carried by the Z heterochromosome, these feminizing factors induce differentiation of neo-females [ZZ(+F) or ZZ(+f)]. Such a mechanism leads to the production of progenies whose sex ratio is highly female biased. In some populations in which F and/or f factors are present, genetic females (WZ) have disappeared and all individuals (males and females) are genetic males. However in other populations, cohabitation of ZZ(+f) neo-females and females in all points similar to genetic females is observed. Such a situation may be unstable and is not likely to be explainable only by migrations of individuals from distinct populations. Owing to certain types of crosses, in particular those which involve an artificial neo-male ( = female reversed into a functional male by an implant of androgenic gland) we show here that the f factor can be transmitted as a Mendelian gene. In these progenies Z_fZ females may appear: like WZ females, they breed broods whose sex ratio is unbiased. The hypothesis that the “F bacteria—A. vulgare” symbiosis may have led, after a complex co-evolutive process (F bacteria → f mobile element → insertion of f on Z heterochromosome), to the creation (from a male genotype) of a female genotype, is put forward. The consequences of such a phenomenon on the composition and the evolution of A. vulgare populations are examined.     

Genetic evidence for co-occurrence of chromosomal and thermal sex-determining systems in a lizard

An individual's sex depends upon its genes (genotypic sex determination or GSD) in birds and mammals, but reptiles are more complex: some species have GSD whereas in others, nest temperatures determine offspring sex (temperature-dependent sex determination). Previous studies suggested that montane scincid lizards (Bassiana duperreyi, Scincidae) possess both of these systems simultaneously: offspring sex is determined by heteromorphic sex chromosomes (XX-XY system) in most natural nests, but sex ratio shifts suggest that temperatures override chromosomal sex in cool nests to generate phenotypically male offspring even from XX eggs. We now provide direct evidence that incubation temperatures can sex-reverse genotypically female offspring, using a DNA sex marker. Application of exogenous hormone to eggs also can sex-reverse offspring (oestradiol application produces XY as well as XX females). In conjunction with recent work on a distantly related lizard taxon, our study challenges the notion of a fundamental dichotomy between genetic and thermally determined sex determination, and hence the validity of current classification schemes for sex-determining systems in reptiles.     

蜜蜂性别决定与性比调控机理研究

叙述了 4个主要蜜蜂性别决定机理的假说 :即性位点假说、基因平衡假说、蜜蜂性别决定综合假说和性基因数量决定假说。然后就蜜蜂性比由蜂王操纵 ,或是由工蜂操纵进行了论述 ,并对蜜蜂性比调控机理研究提出了一些建议     

Environmental sex reversal,Trojan sex genes,and sex ratio adjustment: conditions and population consequences

The great diversity of sex determination mechanisms in animals and plants ranges from genetic sex determination (GSD, e.g. mammals, birds, and most dioecious plants) to environmental sex determination (ESD, e.g. many reptiles) and includes a mixture of both, for example when an individual’s genetically determined sex is environmentally reversed during ontogeny (ESR, environmental sex reversal, e.g. many fish and amphibia). ESD and ESR can lead to widely varying and unstable population sex ratios. Populations exposed to conditions such as endocrine‐active substances or temperature shifts may decline over time due to skewed sex ratios, a scenario that may become increasingly relevant with greater anthropogenic interference on watercourses. Continuous exposure of populations to factors causing ESR could lead to the extinction of genetic sex factors and may render a population dependent on the environmental factors that induce the sex change. However, ESR also presents opportunities for population management, especially if the Y or W chromosome is not, or not severely, degenerated. This seems to be the case in many amphibians and fish. Population growth or decline in such species can potentially be controlled through the introduction of so‐called Trojan sex genes carriers, individuals that possess sex chromosomes or genes opposite from what their phenotype predicts. Here, we review the conditions for ESR, its prevalence in natural populations, the resulting physiological and reproductive consequences, and how these may become instrumental for population management.     

Dmrt1 polymorphism covaries with sex‐determination patterns in Rana temporaria

Patterns of sex‐chromosome differentiation and gonadal development have been shown to vary among populations of Rana temporaria along a latitudinal transect in Sweden. Frogs from the northern‐boreal population of Ammarnäs displayed well‐differentiated X and Y haplotypes, early gonadal differentiation, and a perfect match between phenotypic and genotypic sex. In contrast, no differentiated Y haplotypes could be detected in the southern population of Tvedöra, where juveniles furthermore showed delayed gonadal differentiation. Here, we show that Dmrt1, a gene that plays a key role in sex determination and sexual development across all metazoans, displays significant sex differentiation in Tvedöra, with a Y‐specific haplotype distinct from Ammarnäs. The differential segment is not only much shorter in Tvedöra than in Ammarnäs, it is also less differentiated and associates with both delayed gonadal differentiation and imperfect match between phenotypic and genotypic sex. Whereas Tvedöra juveniles with a local Y haplotype tend to ultimately develop as males, those without it may nevertheless become functional XX males, but with strongly female‐biased progeny. Our findings suggest that the variance in patterns of sex determination documented in common frogs might result from a genetic polymorphism within a small genomic region that contains Dmrt1. They also substantiate the view that recurrent convergences of sex determination toward a limited set of chromosome pairs may result from the co‐option of small genomic regions that harbor key genes from the sex‐determination pathway.     

Why are triploid zebrafish all male?

Adult triploid zebrafish Danio rerio has previously been reported to be all male. This phenomenon has only been reported in one other gonochoristic fish species, the rosy bitterling Rhodeus ocellatus, despite the fact that triploidy is induced in numerous species. To investigate the mechanism responsible, we first produced triploid zebrafish and observed gonad development. Histological sections of juvenile triploid gonads showed that primary growth oocytes were able to develop in the juvenile ovary, but no cortical alveolus or more advanced oocytes were found. All adult triploids examined were male (n = 160). Male triploids were able to induce oviposition by diploid females during natural spawning trials, but fertilization rates were low (1.0 ± 3.1%) compared with diploid male siblings (67.4 ± 16.6%). The embryos produced by triploid sires were aneuploid with a mean ploidy of 2.4 ± 0.1n, demonstrating that triploid males produce aneuploid spermatozoa. After confirming that adult triploids are all male, we produced an additional batch of triploid zebrafish and exposed them (and a group of diploid siblings) to 100 ng/L estradiol (E2) from 5 to 28 dpf. The E2 treated triploids and nontreated triploids were all male. The nontreated diploids were also all male, but the E2 treated diploids were 89% female. This demonstrates that triploidy acts downstream of estrogen synthesis in the sex differentiation pathway to induce male development. Based on this and the observations of juvenile gonad development in triploids, we suggest that triploidy inhibits development of oocytes past the primary growth stage, and this causes female to male sex reversal.     

Sex-linked markers and microsatellite locus duplication in the cichlid species Oreochromis tanganicae

Cichlid species of the genus Oreochromis vary in their genetic sex-determination systems. In this study, we used microsatellite DNA markers to characterize the sex-determination system in Oreochromis tanganicae. Markers on linkage group 3 were associated with phenotypic sex, with an inheritance pattern typical of a female heterogametic species (WZ-ZZ). Further, locus duplication was observed for two separate microsatellite markers on the sex chromosome. These results further advance our understanding of the rapidly evolving sex-determination systems among these closely related tilapia species.