环境解说在景观规划设计中的作用与意义

在欧美、日本等国家及中国港台地区,环境解说已成为景观规划设计中的重要内容,如今,环境解说也已经引起了中国内地风景园林学界、业界的关注,但从对环境解说重要性的认知到规划、设计实践能力来看,环境解说还仅是中国景观规划设计表达中的一种“新语言”。从环境解说在景观规划设计中的重要性入手,结合实际案例阐述环境解说之于景观规划设计的重要性：环境解说系统能够使游客的景观理解更加深刻、丰富;对于保护地和国家公园、郊野公园等自然公园的规划设计,环境解说更是体现公园特色和个性的核心工作内容;按照传统风景观来看湿地等缺乏景观变化性、丰富性的自然空间,环境解说甚至可以成为公园游赏系统规划时的主要线索;环境解说具有辅助游客行为管理、提效资源环境保护的功能;优质的环境解说规划设计可以提升景观美感水平。     

大学与国家公园的合作伙伴关系：课堂、户外实验室与世界之窗

2016年美国国家公园系统庆祝其成立100周年。在过去的100年间,作为国家公园的合作伙伴,美国的大学一直致力于为国家公园提供科学、教育和培训方面的支持。在中小学阶段,国家公园就成为学生们的学习场所。大学生在读期间会以实习生和季节工的身份参加国家公园的实践。研究生在完成论文和论文项目时为国家公园提供必要的研究,而所有参与者也就成了传递国家公园价值的更好的老师。这种支持有助于实现公园保护目标、解决公园面临的问题。同时,为在校学生和毕业后的学生提供了丰富学习经验的平台。为此还成立了专门的行政机构,以促进学校与公园的沟通、签订合约、建立合作伙伴。美国的大学与国家公园共同创造了一种有利于学术研究和管理实践的强有力合作伙伴关系,为世界以及中国国家公园体制的建设树立了很好的榜样。     

自然保护地环境解说资源研究: 以九寨沟芦苇海解说步道为例

环境解说是自然保护地实现自然保护与环境教育目标的重要手段。目前我国自然保护地对解说资源的时空分布研究不足, 且缺乏相应的实地调查方法, 限制了解说系统的发展, 难以满足公众对自然认知的需要, 达不到环境教育的目的。开展解说资源的调查与研究, 有助于更好地展示保护地的资源独特性和重要性。本文以九寨沟国家级自然保护区芦苇海解说步道为例, 总结了解说资源的6个选择标准, 并对区域的解说资源进行调查和监测, 以期为我国自然保护地体系的环境解说资源调查和解说系统构建提供方法借鉴。芦苇海解说步道共筛选得到195种解说资源, 包括植物与菌类100种、动物62种、生态系统类型5种、地质与水文7种、天象与气候2种、文化资源19种。空间上, 植物与菌类、动物和生态系统类解说资源主要分布于内侧步道, 而文化类解说资源在外侧栈道分布更多; 时间上, 夏秋季解说资源数量最多, 冬春季较少, 且动植物与菌类解说资源的数量具有明显的季节性。基于解说资源的属性、意义和分布特点, 采用主旨式解说(thematic interpretation)方法设计了8条解说主旨, 为解说内容的组织提供参考。     

美国国家公园的创立标准

1 国家公园的资格条件在全美各地,人们努力工作以保护自然资源、保护历史遗产,并且为越来越多的人们提供休闲娱乐的机会。许多社会团体还在寻求一种途径,既保护资源又努力吸引游人以促进地方经济的发展。国家公园管理局的职责是仔细筛选审查建立新公园的申请,以确保只有那些最为著名的资源才被列入国家公园系统。一个新的国家公园无论其经济及其他条件如何,必须满足“具有全国性意义”、“适宜性”和“可行性”的标准。对该公园实施何种管理方案也应加以评估。为便于     

基于公众参与地理信息系统的城市近代公园文化服务评估研究——以上海复兴公园为例

为了建立上海近代公园文化服务指标体系 , 探究上海近代公园文化服务价值与空间分布规律,根据“千年生态系统评估报告”（MA）,采用 SPICED 指标框架建立针对上海近代公园的文化服务评估指标体系;通过自主开发的公众参与地理信息系统（PPGIS） APP 收集、分析公众对文化服务的评估意见,对复兴公园不同文化服务类型、文化服务和使用者、文化服务和公园景点空间分别进行相关性分析。研究发现,复兴公园作为近代公园,其文化服务主要体现为休闲游憩,历史遗产价值公众认知度不高;文化服务的空间分布具有差异性,公园景点空间类型与文化服务存在相关性;某些文化服务之间存在正、负两面的相关性;最后提出对近代公园更新发展策略的思考。研究基于 PPGIS 技术提高了上海近代公园保护工作的公众参与度,将文化服务评估应用于空间规划具有新意。     

国家公园研学旅行适宜性评价指标体系构建与实证研究

国家公园兼具自然生态系统保护与教育、游憩等社会文化功能，是自然性、体验性和课程性研学旅行的潜在活动场所之一。研学旅行为国家公园的教育、游憩价值实现提供路径参考。基于"内在价值-外在条件"分析框架，根据独立性、全面性、科学性及可操作原则，选择教育价值、游憩价值、环境条件、相关设施及服务等4个因子构建国家公园研学旅行适宜性评价指标体系，并以钱江源国家公园为例进行实证分析。结果表明，国家公园的研学旅行利用应首先考虑教育价值，在完善教育、游憩等相关设施及服务的同时兼顾环境承载力及利益相关者态度等环境条件，最后考虑游憩价值；钱江源国家公园的研学旅行利用具有良好的教育及游憩价值基础，中小学生的研学旅行需求与利益相关者的支持态度等提供了外在环境条件保障，但在教育、交通及安全等方面的设施及服务有待改善。研究结果可为国家公园及其他场地的研学旅行利用规划与管理提供参考。     

新形势下的中国自然保护区

<正>2019年6月,中共中央办公厅和国务院办公厅印发了《关于建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系的指导意见》,明确提出要"建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系",这实际上是对现有自然保护地体系的一次重新"洗牌"。今后中国的自然保护地只有国家公园、自然保护区和自然公园3大类。新的格局下,将以国家公园为主体,自然保护区为基础,自然公园为补充,     

构建中国国家公园体系路径中的挑战与机遇

新的国家公园体系是中国在自然和文化遗产保护方面迈出的重要一步,为自然和文化遗产保护提供了重要的基石,同时也为游客提供了全新的体验机会。“为什么（建立国家公园体系）”“怎么样（国家公园体系未来有哪些特征）”和“做什么（来建立国家公园体系）”是帮助建立国家公园体系、应对相关挑战和机遇的3条可行路径。此外,为了同步整合这3条路径,还需要一条路径解决政策和程序方面的问题。值得一提的是,在“为什么”方面,国家公园体系不仅应当保护生态完整性,也应当致力于提供转变性的游客体验机会。这些体验能够激励游客学习,掌握更多的信息,激励他们去探索更多地方。而“做什么”的问题涉及路径的其他方面,其中最重要的是要在充满不确定性和变化的全球背景下建立规划和管理的能力。     

英国国家公园合作伙伴管理模式研究——以苏格兰凯恩戈姆斯国家公园为例

以凯恩戈姆斯国家公园为例,对英国国家公园“合作伙伴”（Partnership）管理模式进行深入研究。首先对其合作伙伴管理模式进行总体介绍;然后对土地管理、社区发展、自然保护、商业发展等4种合作伙伴管理模式进行分析,包括制度背景、公园管理局及主题合作伙伴组织的责权利等;最后总结为3方面特点,合作伙伴责权利的法律制度保障、合作伙伴对象和内容的多元化、国家公园管理机构在核心责权利中的主导性;并提出中国国家公园建立“国家主导、共同参与”的管理体制可借鉴之处。     

论国家公园建设的公众参与

公众参与是一种提高公众积极性和主动权的新型管理策略,应用于保护地管理已数十年,迄今已贯穿于许多国家的国家公园管理环节中,成为国家公园治理的必然趋势。我国现行的保护地管理体系实行属地管理,其建设和管理在实际中多为政府行为,鲜有的公众参与也多为非规范的、被动的。本文梳理并提炼了保护地管理中公众参与的起源、内涵及特征,在借鉴国外保护地管理公众参与实践经验的基础上,依照公众参与程度的高低,将国家公园建设管理的公众参与途径分为信息反馈、咨询、协议与合作4个层次;提出了我国国家公园的公众参与途径,旨在为我国国家公园体制的建设管理提供参考。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.