烟草白粉病抗性基因的遗传分析

以烟草抗白粉病品种台烟7号为母本,感病品种NC89为父本,构建6个世代的群体,利用主基因 多基因混合遗传模型的分离分析方法,研究烟草白粉病的抗性遗传规律。结果表明,烟草白粉病抗性的遗传是由两对加性-显性-上位性主基因 加性-显性-上位性多基因（E-0模型）控制的。B1、B2和F2世代主基因的遗传率分别为88.05%、32.62%、84.43%,主基因遗传率很大,说明可以在抗病育种早期进行选择;B1、F2世代多基因遗传率均为0.00%,说明烟草白粉病的发生受一定环境影响。     

牡丹病程相关蛋白1表达载体的构建及遗传转化

为了对牡丹病程相关蛋白1（PsPRI）基因功能进行研究,构建了PsPRI基因超表达载体pBI121-PsPRI,通过农杆菌介导法将PsPR1基因转入普通烟草NC89中。经过抗性筛选和RT-PCR分子检测,获得含风PR1转基因植株。对转化烟草的T0代植株进行抗病性鉴定,发现转APRIJ基因烟草能轻微增强对烟草黑胫病的抗性,说明PsPRI基因具有抗烟草黑胫病原菌（Phytophthoraparasiticavar．nicotianae）的功能。     

萝卜不同抗源对黑腐病抗性的遗传分析

不同抗病基因的挖掘是作物持久抗性遗传改良的基础。本研究利用2份抗黑腐病(Xanthamonas campestris pv.campestris)萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)材料(KB10Q-22、KB10Q-24)和1份感病材料(KB10Q-33)构建了2个F2群体,采用苗期剪叶+喷雾法接种黑腐病菌Xcc8004进行抗病性鉴定。应用P1、P2、F1、F24个世代的数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传分析方法,研究了萝卜2个不同抗源抗黑腐病的遗传规律,结果表明2份材料的遗传规律不同。以KB10Q-22为母本的F1植株表现为抗病,其遗传模型为E_0模型,即2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因模型;而以KB10Q-24为母本的F1植株表现为感病,其遗传模型为D_0模型,即1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因模型。两群体主基因遗传率分别为87.73%和55.64%,抗性遗传以主基因为主。     

烟草黑胫病菌的表型组学分析

摘要:【目的】为了阐明烟草黑胫病菌的代谢表型特征。【方法】采用BIOLOG细胞表型芯片技术系统地研究了烟草黑胫病菌的细胞表型;采用PM1－10代谢板,对烟草黑胫病菌的950种代谢表型进行了测定。【结果】黑胫病菌能代谢74%的碳源、96%的氮源、100%的硫源和98%的磷源;高效代谢的碳源为有机酸类和碳水化合物类,高效代谢的氮源为氨基酸类;病原菌具有285种不同的氮源代谢通路;黑胫病菌具有广泛的适应性,能在高达1%氯化钠、3%氯化钾、5%硫酸钠、20%乙二醇、2%甲酸钠、5%尿素或2%乳酸钠中存 活;其适应pH 值范围为3.5－10,最适7.0;在多种氨基酸的作用下,烟草黑胫病菌均表现出脱羧酶和脱氨酶活性。【结论】这些代谢特征为烟草黑胫病菌进一步的生理和代谢研究提供了理论基础,并对烟草黑胫病的防治提供了新的思路。     

湖南地区新收集烟草种质资源的鉴定与遗传多样性分析

"第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动"湖南项目组经过系统调查共收集到烟草种质资源32份。本研究从收集到的烟草种质资源中筛选出23份特色种质材料,对其22个农艺性状进行鉴定和遗传多样性分析,结果表明供试种质材料遗传多样性丰富,其中数量性状的多样性指数普遍较高,多样性指数最高的3个数量性状分别是节距、叶数和叶宽,质量性状以叶形的多样性指数最高;性状变异系数最大的是叶柄,其次是株高和叶宽。对新收集烟草种质资源进行聚类分析,可以将其分为3个类群,其中第Ⅱ类群的种质叶片数多,第Ⅲ类群的植株较高,可用于高产育种实践或作为中间材料使用。对特色烟草种质进行主要病害的抗性鉴定,发现13份种质材料对黑胫病、TMV或CMV表现出抗性,其中2份种质兼抗黑胫病和TMV,可用于抗病育种。由此可见,开展烟草种质资源的普查收集工作意义重大,可以为新品种的选育提供更丰富的亲本材料或中间材料。     

黄瓜抗黑星病不同基因源的遗传分析

基于苗期人工接种鉴定结果,获得2份抗黑星病黄瓜材料(HX1,Cucumis sativus var.sativus,DI=5;HX5,C.sativusvar.xishuangbannesis,DI=38.7)和1份感病材料(HX8,C.sativus var.sativus,DI=80)。利用上述3份材料构建了2个组合(HX1×HX8,HX5×HX8)的6世代群体(P1、P2、F1、F2、B1和B2),并分别进行黑星病苗期人工接种鉴定。采用主基因+多基因联合遗传分析方法进行遗传分析,结果表明2份材料抗黑星病的遗传规律不同。组合HX1×HX8的F1单株表现为抗病,而组合HX5×HX8的F1单株基本表现为感病。HX1对黑星病的抗性符合两对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因混合遗传模型(E_1模型),HX5的抗性遗传符合加性-显性多基因模型(C模型)。在组合HX1×HX8中,两对主基因的加性效应均大于显性效应,B1、B2和F2群体的主基因遗传率分别为72.51%、98.19%和96.91%,多基因遗传率均为0,表明HX1对黑星病的抗性以主基因遗传为主;HX5对黑星病的抗性遗传以多基因的显性效应为主。     

水稻品种‘沈农606’抗稻瘟病基因定位和连锁的SRAP片段分析

选用抗稻瘟病水稻品种‘沈农606’为抗病亲本与感病品种‘丽江新团黑谷’配制杂交组合.鉴定亲本、F_1正反交及其F_2群体的抗病性的结果表明,‘沈农606’的抗性受一对显性基因控制.采用相关序列扩增多态性(SRAP)和简单序列重复(SSR)标记,以及分离体分组混合分析法(BSA)将该基因定位于8号染色体上,其与SRAP标记m5e1-500的遗传距离为2.8 cM,与SSR标记RM25的遗传距离为9.8 cM,暂命名为Pi-SN606.m5e1-500序列位于8号染色体上,它能编码大于40个氨基酸的阅读框有2个,在NCBI网站上没有比对到同源性序列。     

野生大豆对大豆花叶病毒株系SC13的抗性遗传和基因定位

大豆花叶病毒(SMV,soybean mosaic virus)病是广泛分布于我国各大豆产区的大豆主要病害之一。SMV株系SC13是我国北方大豆产区广泛分布的株系之一。为拓宽大豆对SMV的抗病种质,研究了中国大豆核心种质材料野生大豆ZYD03715对大豆花叶病毒株系SC13的抗性遗传方式,确定与栽培大豆抗源对同一株系的抗性位点间的等位性关系,并对抗性基因进行了标记定位。结果表明:野生大豆抗源ZYD03715对SMV株系SC13的抗性由1对隐性基因控制,广谱抗源科丰1号的抗性受1对显性基因控制,且两个抗源携带的抗性基因是不等位的。采用分离群体组群分析发现,野生大豆ZYD03715对SC13的抗性位点(r~ySC13)位于大豆14号染色体(B2连锁群)上,处于2个SSR标记Satt416和Satt083一侧,与其距离分别为4.1 c M和0.9 c M。利用科丰1号×南农1138-2的F_2群体,将科丰1号所携带的抗性基因(R~k_(SC13))定位在大豆2号染色体(D1b连锁群)上的Satt558和Sat_254标记之间,遗传距离分别为3.7 c M和16.1 c M。以往发现大豆对SMV不同株系的抗性都分别由1对显性基因控制,本研究在野生大豆中鉴定出隐性抗病基因,并标记定位了该隐性抗病基因,它将为大豆抗病性育种的分子标记辅助选择以及抗性基因的精细定位和克隆奠定基础。     

烟草抗黑胫病突变体的细胞筛选

经实验我们成功地建立了在细胞水平上筛选烟草抗黑胫病突变体的筛选体系。该体系的主要内容为:γ-射线500—2000拉德诱变高度感病品种的花药后用50—80％的黑胫病菌粗毒素为选择压力,筛选出抗毒素花粉植株,用离体叶片法测定选出抗病植株,再从后代鉴定中选出抗病性能够稳定遗传的突变系。γ-射线及高浓度毒素处理均能得到抗病植株。选自感病品种的花粉植株中约有9—50％是真正抗病的。这些抗病植株中有一部分的抗病性能够稳定遗传。用该法已从感病优质品种小黄金1025及乔庄黑苗中选出6个突变系。并自N.C.628(抗)×小黄金1025(感)及N.C.628(抗)×庆胜2号(感)的F_1花粉植株中选出4个抗病系。所有的抗病系经3—4代后均表现出稳定抗性。其中一个突变体(R400)的抗性似由不完全显性多基因控制。     

Mapping of quantitative trait loci affecting resistance to Phytophthora nicotianae in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) line Beinhart-1000

Black shank, caused by Phytophthora nicotianae, is one of the most important diseases affecting tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) production worldwide. While monogenic resistance to Race 0 of this pathogen has been transferred via interspecific introgression, quantitative resistance is currently needed to provide adequate resistance to all races. The objective of this research was to gain increased insight into the inheritance of resistance in the highly-resistant cigar tobacco line, Beinhart-1000, and to identify genomic regions contributing to this resistance. A doubled haploid population was generated from a cross between Beinhart-1000 and the susceptible cultivar, Hicks. The population was evaluated for field resistance in three environments and genotyped with 206 polymorphic microsatellite markers. No doubled haploid line exhibited as high a level of resistance as Beinhart-1000. Heritability was high and multiple interval mapping suggested that at least six quantitative trait loci (QTL) may contribute to the high level of resistance in this line. The two largest QTL explained 25.4 and 20.4% of the observed phenotypic variation for end percent survival. A model including all six significant QTL explained 64.3% of the phenotypic variation and 73.1% of the genetic variation. The two major identified QTL and their associated markers may be of use for employing Beinhart-1000 as a source of black shank resistance in tobacco breeding. The major QTL on linkage group four was found to cosegregate with Abl, a gene involved in accumulation of the trichome exudate cis-abienol. The question of pleiotropy versus linkage needs to be investigated with respect to partial resistance against P. nicotianae.     

甘蓝型油菜千粒重性状的QTL初步定位研究

千粒重是油菜重要的产量相关性状之一,构建油菜遗传连锁图谱是研究其产量性状基因的前提。本研究利用小孢子培养技术,选育出了甘蓝型油菜大粒品系(G-42)和小粒品系(7-9)的纯合DH系DH-G-42和DH-7-9,其千粒重分别为6.24 g和2.42 g,二者比值达2.58。以DH-G-42为母本、DH-7-9为父本,构建了含190个单株的F2遗传作图群体,利用SSR和SRAP标记技术绘制遗传连锁图谱,该图谱共包含20个连锁群,涉及128个SSR标记和100个SRAP标记,图谱总长1546.6cM,标记间平均图距为6.78cM。本研究共检测到3个与千粒重性状相关的QTL,分别位于A9和C1连锁群,其中qSW-A9-1和qSW-A9-2贡献率分别达到10.98%和27.45%,均可视为控制粒重的主效QTL。本研究为后续进行油菜千粒重性状QTL的精细定位分析、分子标记辅助选择育种及新基因的克隆等奠定了基础。     

RAPD和SSR两种标记构建的中国对虾遗传连锁图谱

利用RAPD和SSR分子标记结合拟测交策略,对中国对虾(Fenneropenaeuschinensis)“黄海1号”雌虾与野生雄虾作为亲本进行单对杂交产生的F1代,采用RAPD和SSR两种分子标记技术初步构建了中国对虾雌、雄遗传连锁图谱。对460个RAPD引物和44对SSR引物进行筛选,共选出61个RAPD引物和20对SSR引物,用于对父母本和82个F1个体进行遗传分析。共得到母本分离标记146个(RAPD标记128个,微卫星标记18个)和父本分离标记127个(RAPD标记109个,微卫星标记18个)。雌性图谱包括8个连锁群、9个三联体和14个连锁对,标记间平均间隔为11·28cM,图谱共覆盖1173cM,覆盖率为59·36%;雄性图谱包括10个连锁群、12个三联体和7个连锁对,标记间平均间隔为12·05cM,图谱共覆盖1144·6cM,覆盖率为62·01%。中国对虾遗传图谱的构建为其分子标记辅助育种、比较基因组作图及数量性状位点的定位与克隆奠定了基础。     

QTL analysis for resistance to bacterial wilt (Burkholderia caryophylli) in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) using an SSR-based genetic linkage map

Bacterial wilt (Burkholderia caryophylli (Burkholder) Yabuuchi et al.) is one of the most damaging diseases during carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cultivation in Japan. To find molecular markers for use in marker-assisted selection, we constructed a simple sequence repeat (SSR)-based genetic linkage map of carnation using an F₂ population of 90 plants derived from a cross between a highly resistant line (85-11) and a susceptible cultivar (Pretty Favvare). To develop a large number of SSR markers, we constructed four new SSR-enriched genomic libraries and conducted expressed sequence tag analysis. We mapped 178 SSR loci into 16 linkage groups. The map covered 843.6?cM, with an average distance of 6.5?cM between two loci. This is the first report of a genetic linkage map based mainly on SSR markers in the genus Dianthus. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis identified one locus for resistance to bacterial wilt in linkage group (LG) B4. The locus explained 63.0% of the phenotypic variance for resistance to bacterial wilt. The SSR markers CES1161 and CES2643 that were closest to the QTL were efficient markers for selecting lines with resistance derived from line 85-11. A positional comparison using SSR markers as anchor loci revealed that LG B4 corresponded to LG A6 in a previously constructed map. We found that the position of the resistance locus derived from line 85-11 was similar to that of the major resistance locus observed for a highly resistant wild species, Dianthus capitatus ssp. andrzejowskianus.     

Integration of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers into a molecular linkage map of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers have been successfully used for genomic mapping, DNA fingerprinting, and marker-assisted selection in many plant species. Here we report the first successful assignment of 15 SSR markers to the Phaseolus vulgaris molecular linkage map. A total of 37 SSR primer pairs were developed and tested for amplification and product-length polymorphism with BAT93 and Jalo EEP558, the parental lines of an F7 recombinant inbred (RI) population previously used for the construction of a common bean molecular linkage map. Sixteen of the SSRs polymorphic to the parental lines were analyzed for segregation and 15 of them were assigned to seven different linkage groups, indicating a widespread distribution throughout the bean genome. Map positions for genes coding for DNAJ-like protein, pathogenesis-related protein 3, plastid-located glutamine synthetase, endochitinase, sn-glycerol-3 phosphate acyltransferase, NADP-dependent malic enzyme, and protein kinase were determined for the first time. Addition of three SSR loci to linkage group B4 brought two separated smaller linkage groups together to form a larger linkage group. Analysis of allele segregation in the F7 RI population revealed that all 16 SSRs segregated in the expected 1:1 ratio. These SSR markers were stable and easy to assay by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). They should be useful markers for genetic mapping, genotype identification, and marker-assisted selection of common beans.     

Construction of a genetic linkage map in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fenneropenaeus chinensis</Emphasis> (Osbeck) using RAPD and SSR markers

The primary genetic linkage maps of Fenneropenaeus chinensis (Osbeck) were constructed by using the “two-way pseudo-testcross” strategy with RAPD and SSR markers. Parents and F1 progeny were used as segregating populations. Sixty-one RAPD primers and 20 pairs of SSR primers were screened from 460 RAPD primers and 44 pairs of SSR primers. These primers were used to analyze the parents and 82 progeny of the mapping family. About 146 primers (128 RAPDs, 18 microsatellites) in the female and 127 primers (109 RAPDs, 18 microsatellites) in the male were segregating markers. The female linkage map included eight linkage groups, nine triplets and 14 doublets, spanning 1,173 cM with the average marker density of 11.28 cM, and the observed coverage was 59.36%. The male linkage map included 10 linkage groups, 12 triplets and seven doublets, spanning 1,144.6 cM with the average marker density of 12.05 cM, and the observed coverage was 62.01%. The construction of the F. chinensis genetic linkage maps here opened a new prospect for marker-assisted selection program, comparative genomics and quantitative trait loci (QTL) gene location and cloning.     

Development of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and construction of an SSR-based linkage map in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)

In order to develop simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in Italian ryegrass, we constructed a genomic library enriched for (CA)n-containing SSR repeats. A total of 1,544 clones were sequenced, of which 1,044 (67.6%) contained SSR motifs, and 395 unique clones were chosen for primer design. Three hundred and fifty-seven of these clones amplified products of the expected size in both parents of a two-way pseudo-testcross F₁ mapping population, and 260 primer pairs detected genetic polymorphism in the F₁ population. Genetic loci detected by a total of 218 primer pairs were assigned to locations on seven linkage groups, representing the seven chromosomes of the haploid Italian ryegrass karyotype. The SSR markers covered 887.8 cM of the female map and 795.8 cM of the male map. The average distance between two flanking SSR markers was 3.2 cM. The SSR markers developed in this study will be useful in cultivar discrimination, linkage analysis, and marker-assisted selection of Italian ryegrass and closely related species.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

Microsatellite markers for powdery mildew resistance in pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Powdery mildew is a common disease of field pea, Pisum sativum L., and is caused by the ascomycete fungus Erysiphe pisi. It can cause severe damage in areas where pea is cultivated. Today breeders want to develop new pea lines that are resistant to the disease. To make the breeding process more efficient, it is desirable to find genetic markers for use in a marker-assisted selection (MAS) strategy. In this study, microsatellites (SSR) were used to find markers linked to powdery mildew resistance. The resistant pea cultivar '955180' and the susceptible pea cultivar 'Majoret' were crossed and F2 plants were screened with SSR markers, using bulked segregant analysis. A total of 315 SSR markers were screened out of which five showed linkage to the powdery mildew resistance gene. No single marker was considered optimal for inclusion in a MAS program. Instead, two of the markers can be used in combination, which would result in only 1.6% incorrectly identified plants. Thus SSR markers can be successfully used in marker-assisted selection for powdery mildew resistance breeding in pea.     

A SSR-based composite genetic linkage map for the cultivated peanut (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Arachis hypogaea</Emphasis> L.) genome

Background  

The construction of genetic linkage maps for cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) has and continues to be an important research goal to facilitate quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis and gene tagging for use in a marker-assisted selection in breeding. Even though a few maps have been developed, they were constructed using diploid or interspecific tetraploid populations. The most recently published intra-specific map was constructed from the cross of cultivated peanuts, in which only 135 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were sparsely populated in 22 linkage groups. The more detailed linkage map with sufficient markers is necessary to be feasible for QTL identification and marker-assisted selection. The objective of this study was to construct a genetic linkage map of cultivated peanut using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers derived primarily from peanut genomic sequences, expressed sequence tags (ESTs), and by "data mining" sequences released in GenBank.     

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers survey of the cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genome: towards an SSR-based molecular genetic map of cassava

The development of PCR-based, easily automated molecular genetic markers, such as SSR markers, are required for realistic cost-effective marker-assisted selection schemes. This paper describes the development and characterization of 172 new SSR markers for the cassava genome. The placement of 36 of these markers on the existing RFLP framework map of cassava is also reported. Two similar enrichment methods were employed. The first method yielded 35 SSR loci, for which primers could be designed, out of 148 putative DNA clones. A total of 137 primer pairs could be designed from 544 putative clones sequenced for the second enrichment. Most of the SSRs (95%) were di-nucleotide repeats, and 21% were compound repeats. A major drawback of these methods of SSR discovery is the redundancy – 20% duplication; in addition, primers could not be designed for many SSR loci that were too close to the cloning site – 45% of the total. All 172 SSRs amplified the corresponding loci in the parents of the mapping progeny, with 66% of them revealing a unique allele in at least one of the parents, and 26% having unique alleles in both of the parents. Of the 36 SSRs that have been mapped, at least 1 was placed on 16 out of the 18 linkage groups of the framework map, indicating a broad coverage of the cassava genome. This preliminary mapping of the 36 markers has led to the joining of a few small groups and the creation of one new group. The abundance of allelic bridges as shown by these markers will lead to the development of a consensus map of the male- and female-derived linkage groups. In addition, the relatively higher number of these allelic bridges, 30% as against 10% for RFLPs in cassava, underscores SSR as the marker of choice for cassava. The 100% primer amplification obtained for this set of primers also confirms the appropriateness of SSR markers for use in cassava genome analysis and the transferability of the technology as a low-cost approach to increasing the efficiency of cassava breeding. Current efforts are geared towards the generation of more SSR markers to attain a goal of 200 SSR markers, or 1 SSR marker every 10 cM. Received: 15 November 1999 / Accepted: 14 April 2000