山梨酮脱氢酶模块与酮古龙酸杆菌底盘细胞的适配分析

酮古龙酸杆菌Ketogulonigenium vulgare是维生素C二步混菌发酵过程中的产酸菌。山梨酮脱氢酶(L-sorbosone dehydrogenase,缩写为SNDH)作为维生素C直接前体2-酮基-L-古龙酸(2-KGA)合成的关键酶,其作用机制并不十分清楚。借助全基因组测序抽提2个山梨酮脱氢酶基因,分别位于基因组(缩写为sndhg)和质粒(缩写为sndhp)上。通过工程化改造技术在工业产酸菌中构建山梨酮脱氢酶功能模块,比较其对2-KGA产量的影响。研究发现sndhg过表达对菌株产酸影响不明显,sndhp过表达使菌株明显产生副产物。将sndhg和sndhp分别配合辅因子PQQ合成基因pqq A,分别构建sndhg-pqq A和sndhp-pqq A模块,得到的工程菌株产酸情况与之前的结果大致相同。将4株K.vulgare工程菌株分别与内生芽孢杆菌Bacillus endophyticus混合培养传代50 d后,分离菌株进行混菌发酵,其2-KGA的转化率分别提高了15.4%、179%、0.65%和125%。表明混菌适应性进化策略是一种增加功能模块与底盘细胞适配性,进而快速获得优良性状菌种的有效方法。     

混菌发酵中与普通生酮基古龙酸菌产2-酮基-L-古龙酸相关功能蛋白的研究

目的:在混菌发酵中,筛选与小菌产2-酮基-L-古龙酸(2-KGA)相关的功能蛋白,并分析蛋白表达量的变化与产2-KGA的关系,寻找影响菌体代谢效率的关键性因素。方法:利用蛋白质组学技术,依据小菌产酸曲线,筛选与小菌产2-KGA有一定相关性的蛋白质,并利用生物信息学数据库,分析其改变与小菌代谢的关联。结果:获得了分辨率和重复性均良好的凝胶蛋白图谱,筛选出与小菌生产2-KGA密切相关的8个蛋白。结论:小菌产2-KGA强度与小菌体内抗氧化蛋白表达水平及糖代谢、能量代谢系统密切相关,推测有活性细胞色素C的含量可能为小菌产2-KGA的限制性因素。     

响应面法优化Vc二步发酵新菌系产2-酮基-L-古龙酸的培养基

以短小芽胞杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)HJ-04作为维生素C二步发酵第2步中的伴生菌,促进产酸菌产维生素C(Vitamin C,Vc)前体2-酮基-L-古龙酸(2-keto-L-gulonic acid,2-KGA)的能力强于工业生产用菌株巨大芽胞杆菌(Bacillus megaterium) B2980.采用单因素试验、Plackett-Burman(PB)试验及Box-Behnken试验对影响新菌系发酵产2-KGA的6个因素进行分析优化.结果表明,L-山梨糖、尿素、玉米浆为显著影响因子.最佳产酸条件为L-山梨糖94.95 g/L,尿素11.99 g/L,玉米浆14.13g/L.优化后产酸量提高12.31 mg/mL,产酸周期缩短6h.     

氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌中硫辛酸合成模块对维生素C一步混菌发酵的影响

在由氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌和普通生酮古龙酸杆菌构建的维生素C两菌一步发酵体系中,为了强化氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌对普通生酮古龙酸杆菌生长和产酸的促进作用,文中在氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌中构建硫辛酸合成功能模块。由含硫辛酸功能模块的氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌和普通生酮古龙酸杆菌组成的两菌一步体系,能减轻普通生酮古龙酸杆菌单菌培养时的生长抑制,强化两菌的互作关系,使维生素C前体(2-酮基-L-古龙酸,2-KGA)的产量提高到73.34 g/L(对照组为59.09 g/L),醇酸转化率提高到86.0%。研究结果为进一步优化维生素C两菌一步发酵体系提供了新思路。     

用黑曲霉发酵纤维素酶解液生产柠檬酸的研究

以麦草纤维素酶解液为原料,用黑曲霉发酵制备柠檬酸,研究了培养基组成、恒温发酵和周期变温发酵对柠檬酸发酵的影响,结果表明,适宜的培养基组成为NH4NO3 0.3%,KH2PO4 0.1%,Mg2+300×10-6,Fe2+10×10-6,此时,柠檬酸产量为10.52g/L,糖转化率为60.80%.研究还表明,添加低级醇如甲醇和乙醇有利于产酸,但添加甲醇的效果要好于添加乙醇的效果,适宜的甲醇量为2%.在恒温发酵过程中,0～8h为孢子萌发期,产酸较慢;8～24h为对数生长期,产酸增加;24h之后为菌体生长恒定期,但产酸继续增加;104h之后产酸降低.在周期变温发酵过程中,0～8h产酸较慢,8h之后产酸增加.通过对二者的比较可知,在0～16h,周期变温发酵的产酸量要高于恒温发酵的产酸量,但在16h之后,周期变温发酵的产酸量要低于恒温发酵的产酸量.     

5-酮基-D-葡萄糖酸发酵生产的工艺条件优化

葡萄糖酸氧化杆菌可将葡萄糖转化为5-酮基-D-葡萄糖酸(5-KGA),而5-KGA是重要食品添加剂L(+)-酒石酸的合成前体。为提高5-KGA产量及其对葡萄糖的转化率,对5-KGA发酵生产的工艺条件进行优化。在摇瓶水平最适的培养基和培养条件下,5-KGA最高产量为19.7 g/L,较优化前提高43.8%。在5 L发酵罐上控制恒定pH值5.5、溶氧浓度15%条件下,5-KGA产量达到46.0 g/L,较摇瓶最高产量提高1.3倍,应用葡萄糖流加工艺,5-KGA最高产量达到75.5 g/L,转化率超过70%,与已见报道的最高水平相比提高了32.0%,为实现微生物发酵生产5-KGA、进而合成L(+)-酒石酸的工业化提供了切实有效的途径。     

混合菌发酵L-山梨糖生产Vc前体2-酮基-L-古龙酸研究进展

利用混合菌发酵L-山梨糖生产2-酮基-L-古龙酸(2-KCA),再经化学转化合成维生素C(Vc),是我国工业生产Vc的主要途径,具有简化工艺,减少污染,降低能耗等诸多优点.从菌系组合、菌种选育、代谢途径与酶学特性、工程菌构建、伴生作用机制及发酵工艺等方面出发,综述混合菌发酵L-山梨糖生产Vc前体2-KGA的研究现状和最新进展,并提出进一步研究和探索的方向.     

酮古龙酸菌与呼吸链偶联的2-KGA代谢途径研究进展

酮古龙酸菌可将底物L-山梨糖转化为维生素C的前体2-酮基-L-古龙酸(2-KGA)。该菌共存在5种反应参与2-KGA代谢,包括:1D-山梨醇氧化为L-山梨糖;2L-山梨糖氧化为L-山梨酮;3L-山梨酮(吡喃型)氧化为2-KGA;4L-山梨酮(呋喃型)氧化为维生素C。52-KGA还原为L-艾杜糖酸。其中L-山梨糖/L-山梨酮脱氢酶(SSDH)参与反应123,L-山梨糖脱氢酶(SDH)参与反应23,L-山梨酮脱氢酶(SNDH)参与反应34,醛脱氢酶(ALDH)参与反应3,2-KGA还原酶(2-KGR)参与反应5。SDH/SSDH/ALDH属于Ⅰ型醌酶,其辅酶为1分子PQQ;SNDH属Ⅱ型醌酶,与PQQ、heme C共同构成quinohemoproteins,2种醌酶均分布于周质空间中与呼吸链相偶联,意味着这种膜上直接氧化过程伴随ATP产生,使得菌体可以利用环境中的底物实现快速供能。     

新疆罗布泊周边地区极端环境嗜盐菌的研究

为了研究分析新疆罗布泊周边地区pH值5-6的盐湖嗜盐古菌资源。从湖中分离筛选出一批嗜盐古菌,对其进行了生理生化特性研究,发现其中6株菌的生理特性和产酶特性比较特殊,并采用PCR方法扩增出其16SrRNA基因（16S rDNA）,并测定了基因的核苷酸序列。基于16S rDNA序列的同源性比较以及16S rDNA序列的系统发育学研究表明,菌株B20-RDX是盐盒菌属Haloarchaeon属中新种成员,GenBank登录号为FJ561285,该菌株为革兰氏阴性菌,最适盐浓度25%,最适pH 8.0,能产过氧化氢酶、淀粉酶,对四环素有抗性,能利用精氨酸和丁二酸盐。迄今为止,国内极少有关罗布泊周边地区极端环境微生物研究的报道,该研究可为今后研究同类极端环境中新的物种资源开发应用以及微生物多样性研究提供素材和参考。     

产碱菌属的一个新种

从土样中分离得到编号为E54的革兰氏阴性短杆菌。其形态、生理生化特性与假单胞菌属及产碱闺属的近似种均不相同。该菌株无鞭毛,无PHB颗粒形成。氧化酶阳性,氧化葡萄糖产酸,还原硝酸盐但无反硝化作用。产生精氨酸双水解酶,但不产生脲酶和色氯酸脱氨酶。石蕊牛奶产碱并还原n不水解淀粉和明胶。能利用多种碳源。DNA中G十C含量为6 8．65mol％。I)NA DNA杂交结果与产碱菌属更接近c因此,将其定为新种,命名为产酮产碱菌(Alcalige-nes ketogenes sp. Nov. Yin et Cai)。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.