内蒙古典型草原禾本科植硅体形态

运用地层中植硅体组合解释过去草原植被及气候变化的关键之一,是要了解研究区现代植硅体形态及表土植硅体组合与现代植被的关系。文中研究内蒙古典型草原禾本科植物根、茎、叶、芒以及种子等不同部位的植硅体,对其中的12种主要禾本科植物叶表皮短细胞硅酸体进行分类及统计。研究表明：内蒙古典型草原禾本科叶表皮短细胞硅酸体可分为8种特殊形态类型。C3植物早熟禾亚科的叶表皮短细胞硅酸体形态多样。几乎所有早熟禾亚科都能产生圆型硅酸体,以贝加尔针茅(85．5％)、大针茅(89．7％)、克氏针茅(90％)以及芨芨草(96．6％)中的圆型硅酸体含量最丰富。针茅哑铃型主要见于针茅植物叶表皮短细胞中,克氏针茅的针茅哑铃型含量相对较高。羊草中未见针茅哑铃型硅酸体。浴草、披缄草叶表皮短细胞硅酸体以齿型为主,分别含87．3％和57．2％,齿型在硬质早熟禾中也占一定比例。沙生冰草中的脊圆型占优势,含74．4％。C3植物早熟禾亚科的叶表皮短细胞产生的截锥型硅酸体含量较少。C4植物虎尾草亚科中的糙隐子草叶表皮短细胞硅酸体以黍哑铃型、简单哑铃型、鞍型为主;黍亚科狗尾草则以黍哑铃型占优势(82．9％)。     

中国早熟禾属植物部分种叶下表皮微形态的研究

通过光学显微镜及扫描电子显微镜对中国早熟禾属20种、6亚种及2变种植物的叶下表皮微形态特征进行了观察, 以明确叶表皮微形态特征在早熟禾属植物中的分类学意义。结果显示：(1)早熟禾属植物的叶下表皮长细胞多为长筒状或纺锤形,少数短筒状,细胞壁波状弯曲或近平直;脉间具有短细胞或缺如;气孔器多数常见,副卫细胞平行形至低圆屋顶形;脉上具有刺细胞或缺如,脉间刺细胞多为缺如;脉上硅细胞单生或对生,椭圆形、肾形、新月形、近方形、长方形边缘波状弯曲或结节形;部分早熟禾属植物叶下表皮存在冠细胞。(2)早熟禾属植物叶下表皮微形态特征在长细胞的形状及其细胞壁的弯曲与否、短细胞的有无及其形状、气孔器的分布与副卫细胞的形状、刺细胞的分布、脉上硅细胞的形状、冠细胞的有无这些方面存在着一定的差异,可为该属植物种间分类提供参考依据。叶表皮微形态证据支持高原早熟禾、细叶早熟禾作为草地早熟禾亚种的处理意见。     

国产野豌豆属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其系统学意义

应用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对29种野豌豆属植物叶表皮微形态特征进行了观察。结果显示：叶表皮细胞形状有无规则形和多边形2种,垂周壁式样有深波状、浅波状和平直-弓形;表皮角质层纹饰微形态多样,大多数植物叶片表面不具有腺毛或仅中脉有,少数植物叶片表面具腺毛;部分叶表皮上有柔毛,少数植物无毛。气孔器存在于上表皮、下表皮、或上下表皮均有,形状为椭圆形、卵圆形,均为无规则型。野豌豆属植物叶表皮的这些微形态特征,在属内组间没有明确的规律性,但可为探讨本属种间的分类学及亲缘关系提供依据。     

29种中国野豌豆属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其系统学意义

应用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对29种野豌豆属植物叶表皮微形态特征进行了观察。结果显示:叶表皮细胞形状有无规则形和多边形2种,垂周壁式样有深波状、浅波状和平直-弓形;表皮角质层纹饰微形态多样,大多数植物叶片表面不具有腺毛或仅中脉有,少数植物叶片表面具腺毛;部分叶表皮上有柔毛,少数植物无毛。气孔器存在于上表皮、下表皮、或上下表皮均有,形状为椭圆形、卵圆形,均为无规则型。野豌豆属植物叶表皮的这些微形态特征,在属内组间没有明确的规律性,但可为探讨该属种间的分类学及亲缘关系提供依据。     

小麦叶片细胞的研究——冬小麦个体发育过程中叶肉细胞及其它类型细胞结构变化的观察

冬小麦农大183植株的主茎在其个体发育过程中共生长13—14片叶片。随着叶位的上升,各叶片的叶面积,叶鞘面积及各叶片所有各类型细胞的形态和结构互有差异,并反映出逐步复杂化的规律,尤其是叶肉细胞;在返青以前的低叶位叶片中,它们的叶肉细胞,三环以下的占80%左右,在高叶位的叶片中,随着叶位上升,多环细胞的类型随着增多。在旗叶中,四环以上的细胞占77%,并常看到多环而又有分枝的细胞。高叶位的叶鞘、小穗的护颖和稃片等绿色组织中的绿色细胞都有着和叶肉细胞相同的峰谷腰环(图1)形态。高叶位的表皮细胞形态也比低叶位的表皮细胞复杂。经过低温春化处理的冬小麦春播植株的第七叶片(旗叶)叶肉细胞类型的组合与秋播植株旗叶(第十三叶)一样。未经春化处理的春播植株第七叶虽然生长时间及生态环境和上述二种植株的旗叶相同,但其叶片细胞的形态和组合却和年前秋播植株的越冬前低叶位叶片相同。这说明了叶片细胞的组成主要决定于内在的生长发育规律。     

水杉(杉科)的叶表皮结构

研究了采自北京,上海和聊城（山东省）的水杉叶片,叶上下表皮细胞特征一级;从叶顶部到基部,表皮细胞壁有“直-弯曲-直”的趋势,但具有直或稍微弯曲的表皮细胞壁的区域只占整个表皮面积的很小部分,气孔的数量和分布在叶的上下表面明显不同;在某些叶片,上下表面均有气孔分布,但上表面只有1-100个气孔分布在叶片顶部或极少数分布在基部,气孔分布区只占整个上表皮面积的一小部分,有些叶片上表皮无气孔分布,在所有获得的表皮中,下表皮气孔数量睡分布变化不大,中脉两侧从顶部到基部各分布3-8列气孔,没有发现叶片上表面气孔有无或分布差异与北京,上海和聊城三个采集点之间以及与叶片在同一植株不同位置的相关性,杉科的许多属种在叶片的形态和排列上相似。化石标本又多为枝叶形式,有时难以区分,水杉叶表皮结构的研究为杉科化石植物的分类,提供了表皮特征的参照标准。同时气孔参数的获得为研究大气二氧化碳浓度的变化提供了相关数据。     

梯牧草属(Phleum)叶表皮微形态特征研究

利用扫描电子显微镜对禾本科梯牧草属及其近缘属共17属35种2变种植物的叶片上下表皮微形态特征进行了研究。结果显示,梯牧草属植物叶片上下表皮脉间长细胞都为长筒形或长菱形,细胞壁平直或弯曲,脉上硅细胞结节形,气孔副卫细胞平行形,脉上刺细胞常见,脉间偶见或缺失,无乳突,无微毛;同时,根据叶表皮微形态性状构建了系统发育树,结果表明梯牧草属与早熟禾族聚为一支,显示其亲缘关系较近,而与燕麦族、剪股颖族和虉草族的亲缘关系则相对较远,因此叶表皮微形态证据支持将梯牧草属置于早熟禾族中。     

小麦的穗领在系统演化和个体发育中形成过程的初步探讨

小麦的穗领有三种类型:领腹完全敞开的U形穗领、领腹完全闭合的O形穗领和领腹呈V型交叉的V形穗领。穗领是系统演化中顶生叶叶鞘减化后的遗迹,也是个体发育中穗轴基部第一侧生小穗下苞叶原始体的痕迹。在一定条件下,从穗领可以长出叶鞘和叶片,穗轴基部节间可以变为茎节间,穗领腋内的小穗可以变为腋芽、带柄分枝穗或分枝花序。其余侧生小穗下都有一个领腹完全敞开的U形小穗领,其形态与U形穗领相似。它们是系统演化中二次轴分枝花序的苞叶叶鞘减化后的遗迹,也是个体发育中苞原始体的痕迹。一定条件下,从小穗领也可以长出叶鞘和叶片。穗轴基部节间变茎的同时,基部几个小穗若发生向圆锥花序的部分返祖变异,随着变异程度加深,从穗领和小穗领逐渐形成叶鞘和叶片。说明在系统演化中。顶生叶和苞叶先减化叶片,后减化叶鞘,最后形成穗领和小穗领。小麦祖先的花序与茎叶之间没有明显的界限。     

中国云南巨竹属一新种

描述了中国巨竹属一新种——小巨竹GigantochloacallosaN．H．Xia,Y．Zeng＆R．S．Lin并绘制了图版。该种与Gigantochloaparvifolia（Brandisex Gamble）T．Q．Nguyen相似,区别在于此种各部分较G．parvifolia较小;箨鞘背面贴生深褐色与银灰色短硬毛,箨舌高2～3mm,全缘;叶舌高2～3mm,全缘;叶鞘背面与叶柄连接处一侧有一高2～3mm的半圆形薄鳞片状突起。     

越香竹——香竹属一新种

报导了从云南省金平县用种子(种子来源于越南莱州省的燕汤)繁殖的幼苗引入四川长宁县栽培的香竹属一新种越香竹(Chimonoca lamus peregrinus Yiet L.S.Ma)。新种与马关香竹(Ch.makuanensis Hsuehet Yi)相近似[1,3～5],但节间幼时微被灰粉,密被紫色小点,在分枝一侧中下部或基部扁平,并具纵脊和沟槽,无毛,刺状气生根较短,长约1～3mm,箨鞘短于节间长度,无不同颜色的纵条纹,箨舌三角形、"山"字形或稀近于截平形,高1～2mm,小枝具叶(4)6～8枚,叶鞘口繸毛2～4枚,长3～4mm,叶片下面淡绿色;也近似角香竹(Ch.bicorniculatusS.F.LietZ.P.Wang)[2,4,5],不同在于节间无毛,在分枝一侧中下部或基部扁平,并具纵脊与沟槽,节上气生根刺离生,箨鞘顶端两侧低于或远低于中部,箨舌高1～2mm,小枝具叶(4)6～8枚,叶片长8.5～13cm,宽6～10mm,次脉3(4)对,笋期在春季和秋季,易于区别。     

Silicon Deposition in the Roots, Culm and Leaf of Phalaris canariensis L

Silicon deposition in the roots, culm and leaf of canary grass(Phalaris canariensis L.) was investigated using light microscopy,scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis. In adventitious roots grown in solution silicon was concentratedin four endodermal walls. Silicon was not detected in the endodermisof aerial adventitious roots, but was present in the epidermisand outer cortical cell layers. Silicon deposition in the culm mainly took place in the epidermis,and particularly in epidermal papillae. The silica deposition pattern in the leaf was typical of thesub-group Festucoideae. The leaf blade showed deposits in costalprickle hairs and wavy rods, but few intercostal deposits. Inthe ligule deposition was confined to isolated groups of pricklehairs on the abaxial surface. The major sites of silica depositionin the leaf sheath were the stomatal subsidiary cells, papillaeand intercostal idioblasts. Prickle hairs were much less commonin the sheath than the blade, and costal wavy rods appearedto be absent in the sheath. Phalaris canariensis L., canary grass, silicification, root, culm, leaf, electron probe microanalysis     

不同水分管理下优质稻花后植株碳氮流转与籽粒生长及品质的相关性

以桂华占、八桂香为材料,在干湿交替灌溉、亏缺灌溉、淹水灌溉3种水分条件下,研究优质稻花后植株碳氮流转与籽粒生长及品质的相关性。结果表明:不同水分管理下,桂华占和八桂香花后碳氮流转与籽粒的生长间存在密切相关。主要表现在:(1)茎鞘和叶片干物质转运对籽粒干物质积累的贡献率为16.86%～25.68%,花后茎叶干物质运转速度和运转率与籽粒起始灌浆势呈显著甚至极显著正相关;籽粒最大灌浆速率、活跃灌浆期、持续灌浆时间与叶片干物质运转速度和运转率呈极显著正相关,与茎鞘干物质运转速度和运转率呈极显著负相关;(2)茎鞘碳同化物转运对籽粒的产量和淀粉产量的贡献率则为干湿交替灌溉>亏缺灌溉>淹水灌溉;但叶片碳同化物转运对籽粒的产量和淀粉产量的贡献率则为淹水灌溉>亏缺灌溉>干湿交替灌溉;茎叶可溶性糖积累量的减少和籽粒直链淀粉含量和积累量增加是同步的,且茎叶可溶性糖积累量快速递减期(花后3～12d)与直链淀粉含量和积累量快速递增期(花后6～12d)同步;(3)茎鞘和叶片氮素转运对籽粒氮素积累的贡献率为44.05%～117.66%,叶片总氮转运对籽粒氮素积累的贡献率大于茎鞘,茎鞘和叶片氮同化物对籽粒氮素的贡献率以淹水灌溉处理的最大,亏缺灌溉处理的次之,干湿交替灌溉处理的最小。     

Silicon enhances growth independent of silica deposition in a low-silica rice mutant, lsi1

To examine whether silica bodies are essential for silicon-enhanced growth of rice seedlings, we investigated the response of rice, Oryza sativa L., to silicon treatment. Silicic acid treatment markedly enhanced the SPAD (soil plant analytical development) values of leaf blades and the growth and development of leaves and lateral roots in cvs. Hinohikari and Oochikara, and a low-silicon mutant, lsi1. Combination of ethanol–benzene displacement and staining with crystal violet lactone enabled more detailed histochemical analysis to visualize silica bodies in the epidermis under bright-field microscopy. Supply of silicon induced the development of motor cells and silica bodies in epidermal cells in Hinohikari and Oochikara but not or marginal in lsi1. X-ray analytical microscopy detected silicon specifically in the leaf sheath, the outermost part of the stem, and the leaf blade midrib, suggesting that silicon is distributed to tissues involved in maintaining rigidity of the plant to prevent lodging, rather than being passively deposited in growing tissues. Silicon supplied at high dose accumulated in all rice seedlings and enhanced growth and SPAD values with or without silica body formation. Silicon accumulated in the cell wall may play an important physiological role different from that played by the silica deposited in the motor cell and silica bodies.     

ELECTRON PROBE ANALYSIS OF SILICON AND OTHER ELEMENTS IN LEAF EPIDERMAL CELLS OF THE RICE PLANT (ORYZA SATIVA L.)

By means of electron probe analysis, the effects of significant amounts of accumulation of silicon on the accumulation of calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, phosphorous, iron, and sodium in the silica cells of rice leaves are described. The silica cells of both the surfaces of the leaf blade and leaf sheath were studied. Silicon accumulation in the silica cells appears to decrease the amount of accumulation of potassium on both the surfaces of the leaf blade and sheath. The effect of significant amounts of silicon accumulation on the accumulation of other elements in a particular cell varies in different organs or on different surfaces of the organ of the same plant. Magnesium, manganese, iron, and phosphorus could not be detected in the adaxial epidermis of the leaf sheath and magnesium and iron in the adaxial epidermis of the leaf blade. Manganese, magnesium, and phosphorus were not detected in the abaxial epidermis of the leaf blade nor iron in the abaxial epidermis of the leaf sheath. Sodium was not revealed in either surface of the leaf blade and leaf sheath. Possible mechanisms for the effects of silicon accumulation on the accumulation of these elements in rice leaf epidermal cells are discussed.     

竹亚科刚竹属植物的修订(Ⅳ)——Phyllostachys hispida的恢复及其近缘种的分类

在模式标本考证、居群调查和引种栽培的基础上,确认毛壳竹(Phyllostachys hispida S.C.Li,S.H.Wu et S.Y.Chen)与乌竹(P.varioauriculata S.C.Li et S.H.Wu)在新秆性状、秆箨颜色、箨舌高度及颜色、叶鞘毛被上有较大的区别,应作为独立的竹种看待。小叶光壳竹(P.varioauriculata var.glabrata G.H.Lai)也因新秆下部一段呈扁圆形、秆箨基部具长柔毛,叶片很小等特征而明显不同于乌竹,应提升为一个独立的竹种,但由于存在晚出同名问题而给出新名称P.microphylla G.H.Lai。同时还描述了毛壳竹的一新变种,即光壳竹(P.hispida var.glabrivagina G.H.Lai)。日本所产的姬淡竹与毛壳竹属于同一种系,因其学名P.humilis Muroi为一裸名,应予废弃。     

Infection process of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis on the roots and culms of rice

Crown sheath rot, caused by the ascomycete Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis that infects the root and the base of the culm of rice, causes early grains maturation, tiller death and reduced yield. As a paucity of information exists in the literature on the rice‐G. graminis var. graminis interaction at the microscopic level, this study aimed to gain novel insights into the infection process of this pathogen in the root and culm of rice using both light and scanning electron microscopy. In the roots, the fungus initially colonized the epidermal, exodermal and sclerenchyma cells. At 15 days after inoculation (dai), fungal hyphae colonized the cortex and clusters of perithecia were observed in the roots. At 20 dai, the fungus reached the central cylinder, and an intense fungal colonization at the base of the culm was observed that resulted in the formation of a mycelial mat on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the leaf sheaths. At 25 dai, fungal growth was noticed in the parenchyma cells, vascular bundles and airspaces. Perithecia emerged through the base of prophyllum and from the first leaf sheath at 30 dai. The results of this study provide new insights into the infection process of G. graminis var. graminis in rice and may help to find better control measures in reducing crown sheath rot development.     

中国看麦娘属植物叶表皮微形态研究

看麦娘属是禾本科早熟禾亚科的重要类群,中国分布有8种。该研究采用光学显微镜和电子扫描电镜,对中国看麦娘属7种植物的叶下表皮(含叶鞘下表皮)微形态特征进行观察并探讨其分类学意义。结果表明：(1)看麦娘属叶鞘下表皮长细胞的形状呈长筒状或短筒状,深波状弯曲的细胞壁,脉间短细胞密布,单生或对生,形状多为新月形或椭圆形,脉区硅细胞为椭圆形,平行形或低圆屋顶形的气孔器,看麦娘属叶鞘下表皮特征高度一致,分类价值不大。(2)看麦娘属植物叶下表皮和叶鞘下表皮的显微结构存在很大不同,看麦娘属植物叶下表皮长细胞多为长筒状或短筒状或长菱形,平周壁平直或不明显弯曲,脉间区短细胞分布或无,脉区刺毛密布,脉间区有或无刺细胞的分布,平行形的气孔器,脉区分布的硅细胞多为长方形边缘呈波状弯曲。看麦娘属植物叶下表皮的不同主要体现在脉间区长细胞的形状及平周壁的弯曲与否,脉间区短细胞出现或无,脉间区刺细胞的分布数量以及气孔器的列数。7种植物的叶表皮微形态的分类检索表据此列出。依据叶表皮微形态划分的组与根据外部特征划分的组并不完全一致。但是,由于该文仅研究了7种,叶表皮微形态对于看麦娘属的分类意义还需要更深入的研究。     

贵州西部箭竹属一新种

报道了贵州西部竹亚科箭竹属一新种,它被命名为威宁箭竹（Fargesia weiningensis Yi et L.Yang）。这个新种近似秦岭箭竹（F.qinlingensis Yi et J.X.Shao,但秆高达6 m,髓呈锯屑状;秆芽仅边缘具短纤毛;枝条较粗,直径达3 mm;箨鞘背面刺毛较密,小横脉不发育,箨舌繸毛长达1.5 cm,箨片常内卷,全部外翻;叶鞘纵脉间无小横脉,上部纵脊明显,叶片较大,长达15.5 cm,宽达1.5 cm,易于区别。     

Micromorphology of the leaf epidermis in taxa of the Agropyron-Elymus complex (Poaceae)

WEBB, M. E. & ALMEIDA, M. T., 1990. Micromorphology of the leaf epidermis in taxa of the Agropyron-Elymus complex (Poaceae). A comparative analysis by scanning electron microscopy was carried out on both leaf epidermes (adaxial and abaxial) of Elymus pychnanthus (Godr.) Meld, and Agropyron glaucum Roemer & Schultes.
The adaxial epidermes of E.pychnanthus and A. glaucum are similar in the position and the shape of the long cells, silica bodies and costal and papillate prickles. They differ in the higher number of silica cells in E. pychnanthus and in the presence of intercostal hooks in A. glaucum.
The abaxial epidermes of both species are similar in the shape of interstomatal cells, silica bodies and papillate prickles. They differ in the distribution of the stomata and in the contact zones of the long cells. Elymus pychnanthus and A. glaucum differ also in the trichomes situated along the margins of the leaf blade.
These micromorphological differences, especially those of the abaxial epidermis, are useful taxonomic features.